Reflectg on the Women of Browr v. Gayle | New-York Historil Society

Contents:

• BROWR V. GAYLE, 352 U.S. 903
• 'BROWR V. GAYLE'
• BROWR V. GAYLE: COURT CASE, ARGUMENTS, IMPACT
• BROWR V. GAYLE: THE WOMEN BEFORE ROSA PARKS
• <EM>BROWR V. GAYLE</EM>, CLASS ACTN LAWSU
• GAYLE V. BROWR
• CLTTE {LOR:#595959;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:600;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:0.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.25REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}} A{-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:HER;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;} A:HOVER{LOR:#A00000;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;}CLTTE COLV IS AN ACTIVIST WHO WAS A PNEER THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT ALABAMA DURG THE 1950S. SHE REFED TO GIVE UP HER SEAT ON A B MONTHS BEFORE ROSA PARKS' MORE FAMO {MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;} SPAN{LE-HEIGHT:1.6;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;}{FONT-STYLE:NORMAL;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;FONT-FAY:RALAS,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;LOR:#323232;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.3;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;TEXT-TRANSFORM:PALIZE;}{PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;FONT-FAY:RALAS,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;LOR:#323232;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.3;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;TEXT-TRANSFORM:PALIZE;}{BORR-RADI:50%;VERTIL-ALIGN:MIDDLE;MARG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;OBJECT-F:VER;}BY {-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:HER;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;}{LOR:#A00000;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;} {DISPLAY:LE-BLOCK;TEXT-TRANSFORM:UPPERSE;MARG-LEFT:0.625REM;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;}UPDATED: MAR 26, {DISPLAY:-WEBK-BOX;DISPLAY:-WEBK-FLEX;DISPLAY:-MS-FLEXBOX;DISPLAY:FLEX;}{MARG-BOTTOM:0.9375REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 64REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(100VW - (1REM * 2));MARG-LEFT:1REM;MARG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(-1 * 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - (LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 2 * 1REM)) / -2);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 90REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / 2);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / -2) - 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 2);MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 + 1REM)) / -2) - LC(2 * 1REM));}[DATA-HAS-SPONSOR] {MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);MARG-RIGHT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);}}{JTIFY-SELF:CENTER;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG-LEFT:-50VW;MARG-RIGHT:-50VW;WIDTH:100VW;LEFT:50%;RIGHT:50%;}}{HEIGHT:TO;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO LC(50% - 50VW);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO;}}{POSN:RELATIVE;HEIGHT:TO;}{POSN:RELATIVE;WIDTH:100%;HEIGHT:100%;OBJECT-F:VER;VERTIL-ALIGN:TOP;}{LE-HEIGHT:1;MARG-TOP:0.3125REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 73.75REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0.9375REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0;}}{PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;LOR:#595959;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;}GETTY {FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{PADDG-LEFT:3.5REM;PADDG-RIGHT:3.5REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MAX-WIDTH:45.25REM;MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 73.75REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 100REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}} EM{FONT-STYLE:ALIC;FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;}{CLEAR:BOTH;NTENT:" ";DISPLAY:BLOCK;FONT-SIZE:0.7REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.5REM;HEIGHT:0REM;VISIBILY:HIDN;}{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;} EM{FONT-STYLE:ALIC;FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;}(1939-){LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:800;LETTER-SPACG:0.02EM;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;MARG-TOP:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}} B, STRONG{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;} EM, I{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-STYLE:ALIC;}WHO IS CLTTE COLV? CLTTE COLV IS A CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVIST WHO, BEFORE {-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:#A00000;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;}{LOR:#595959;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;}ROSA PARKS, REFED TO GIVE UP HER B SEAT TO A WHE PASSENGER. SHE WAS ARRTED AND BEME ONE OF FOUR PLATIFFS BROWR V. GAYLE, WHICH LED THAT MONTGOMERY'S SEGREGATED B SYSTEM WAS UNNSTUTNAL. COLV LATER MOVED TO NEW YORK CY AND WORKED AS A NURSE'S AI. SHE RETIRED 2004.EARLY LIFECOLV WAS BORN ON SEPTEMBER 5, 1939, MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. GROWG UP ONE OF MONTGOMERY'S POORER NEIGHBORHOODS, COLV STUDIED HARD SCHOOL. SHE EARNED MOSTLY AS HER CLASS AND ASPIRED TO BEE PRINT ONE DAY. ON MARCH 2, 1955, COLV WAS RIDG HOME ON A CY B AFTER SCHOOL WHEN A B DRIVER TOLD HER TO GIVE UP HER SEAT TO A WHE PASSENGER. SHE REFED, SAYG, "IT'S MY NSTUTNAL RIGHT TO S HERE AS MUCH AS THAT LADY. I PAID MY FARE, 'S MY NSTUTNAL RIGHT." COLV FELT PELLED TO STAND HER GROUND. "I FELT LIKE SOJOURNER TTH WAS PHG DOWN ON ONE SHOULR AND HARRIET TUBMAN WAS PHG DOWN ON THE OTHER—SAYG, 'S DOWN GIRL!' I WAS GLUED TO MY SEAT," SHE LATER TOLD NEWSWEEK.ARRTED FOR VLATG SEGREGATN LAWSAFTER HER REFAL TO GIVE UP HER SEAT, COLV WAS ARRTED ON SEVERAL CHARG, CLUDG VLATG THE CY'S SEGREGATN LAWS. FOR SEVERAL HOURS, SHE SAT JAIL, PLETELY TERRIFIED. "I WAS REALLY AAID, BEE YOU JT DIDN'T KNOW WHAT WHE PEOPLE MIGHT DO AT THAT TIME," COLV LATER SAID. AFTER HER MISTER PAID HER BAIL, SHE WENT HOME WHERE SHE AND HER FAY STAYED UP ALL NIGHT OUT OF NCERN FOR POSSIBLE RETALIATN.THE NATNAL ASSOCIATN FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE BRIEFLY NSIRED G COLV'S SE TO CHALLENGE THE SEGREGATN LAWS, BUT THEY CID AGAST BEE OF HER AGE. SHE ALSO HAD BEE PREGNANT AND THEY THOUGHT AN UNWED MOTHER WOULD ATTRACT TOO MUCH NEGATIVE ATTENTN A PUBLIC LEGAL BATTLE. HER SON, RAYMOND, WAS BORN MARCH 1956.IN URT, COLV OPPOSED THE SEGREGATN LAW BY CLARG HERSELF NOT GUILTY. THE URT, HOWEVER, LED AGAST HER AND PUT HER ON PROBATN. DPE THE LIGHT SENTENCE, COLV ULD NOT PE THE URT OF PUBLIC OPN. THE ONCE-QUIET STUNT WAS BRAND A TROUBLEMAKER BY SOME, AND SHE HAD TO DROP OUT OF LLEGE. HER REPUTATN ALSO MA IMPOSSIBLE FOR HER TO FD A JOB.PLATIFF 'BROWR V. GAYLE'DPE HER PERSONAL CHALLENG, COLV BEME ONE OF THE FOUR PLATIFFS THE BROWR V. GAYLE SE, ALONG WH AURELIA S. BROWR, SIE MCDONALD AND MARY LOUISE SMH (JEANATTA REE, WHO WAS IALLY NAMED A PLATIFF THE SE, WHDREW EARLY ON DUE TO OUTSI PRSURE). THE CISN THE 1956 SE, WHICH HAD BEEN FILED BY FRED GRAY AND CHARL D. LANGFORD ON BEHALF OF THE AFOREMENTNED AIN AMERIN WOMEN, LED THAT MONTGOMERY'S SEGREGATED B SYSTEM WAS UNNSTUTNAL.TWO YEARS LATER, COLV MOVED TO NEW YORK CY, WHERE SHE HAD HER SEND SON, RANDY, AND WORKED AS A NURSE'S AI AT A MANHATTAN NURSG HOME. SHE RETIRED 2004.LEGACY AND 'CLTTE COLV GO TO WORK'MUCH OF THE WRG ON CIVIL RIGHTS HISTORY MONTGOMERY HAS FOCED ON THE ARRT OF PARKS, ANOTHER WOMAN WHO REFED TO GIVE UP HER SEAT ON THE B, NE MONTHS AFTER COLV. WHILE PARKS HAS BEEN HERALD AS A CIVIL RIGHTS HEROE, COLV'S STORY HAS RECEIVED LTLE NOTICE. SOME HAVE TRIED TO CHANGE THAT. RA DOVE PENNED THE POEM "CLTTE COLV GO TO WORK," WHICH LATER BEME A SONG. PHILLIP HOOSE ALSO WROTE ABOUT HER THE YOUNG ADULT BGRAPHY CLTTE COLV: TWICE TOWARD JTICE.WHILE HER ROLE THE FIGHT TO END SEGREGATN MONTGOMERY MAY NOT BE WILY REGNIZED, COLV HELPED ADVANCE CIVIL RIGHTS EFFORTS THE CY. "CLTTE GAVE ALL OF MORAL URAGE. IF SHE HAD NOT DONE WHAT SHE DID, I AM NOT SURE THAT WE WOULD HAVE BEEN ABLE TO MOUNT THE SUPPORT FOR MRS. PARKS," HER FORMER ATTORNEY, FRED GRAY, TOLD {BORR:0;BORR-BOTTOM:TH SOLID BLACK;MARG:1.875REM 0;CLEAR:BOTH;}QUICK FACTS

BROWR V. GAYLE, 352 U.S. 903

Gayle challenged the Alabama state statut and Montgomery, Alabama, cy ordanc requirg segregatn on Montgomery b.

Gayle on 1 Febary 1956, two days after segregatnists bombed Kg’s hoe.

Gayle, the cy’s chief of police, reprentativ om Montgomery’s Board of Commissners, Montgomery Cy L, Inc., two b drivers, and reprentativ of the Alabama Public Service Commissn. Gayle challenged the nstutnaly of a state statute, the se was brought before a three-judge U.

'BROWR V. GAYLE'

Gayle. Gayle, is one of the most signifint ton Amerin civil rights history, but has largely been left out of civil rights stctn. Gayle offers an opportuny to get to know this cril se, the unherald women behd , and s wir relatnship to the boytt and the csa for racial equaly.

Gayle, was the mayor of Montgomery at the time.

BROWR V. GAYLE: COURT CASE, ARGUMENTS, IMPACT

Gayle challenged the nstutnaly of a state statute, was heard by a three-judge panel, cludg Frank Johnson, who would overturn Governor Gee Wallace’s 1965 attempts to block the march om Selma. Gayle, legally endg racial segregatn on public transportatn the state of Alabama. Gayle lg would not be ma official until December 20, when was served to cy officials.

BROWR V. GAYLE: THE WOMEN BEFORE ROSA PARKS

Gayle (1956) was a District Court se that legally end segregatn on public b Montgomery, Alabama.

Gayle, Montgomery, Alabama's chief of policeKey Qutns: Can the state of Alabama enforce the separate-but-equal doctre on public transportatn? Gayle, the cy's chief of police, Montgomery’s Board of Commissners, Montgomery Cy L, Inc., and reprentativ of the Alabama Public Service Commissn. Gayle and the Supreme Court's cisn to cle review marked the end of the Montgomery B Boytt.

<EM>BROWR V. GAYLE</EM>, CLASS ACTN LAWSU

Gayle spurred a number of urt s that rulted the tegratn of rtrants, swimmg pools, parks, hotels, and ernment hog.

Gayle, 142 F. Gayle 352 U. Gayle—that a district urt and, eventually, the U.

Gayle was filed U. Gayle, et.

GAYLE V. BROWR

Gayle, on behalf of five female platiffs: Aurelia Browr, Sie McDonald, Jeata Ree, Cltte Colv, and Mary Louise Smh.

CLTTE {LOR:#595959;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:600;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:0.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.25REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}} A{-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:HER;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;} A:HOVER{LOR:#A00000;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;}CLTTE COLV IS AN ACTIVIST WHO WAS A PNEER THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT ALABAMA DURG THE 1950S. SHE REFED TO GIVE UP HER SEAT ON A B MONTHS BEFORE ROSA PARKS' MORE FAMO {MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;} SPAN{LE-HEIGHT:1.6;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;}{FONT-STYLE:NORMAL;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;FONT-FAY:RALAS,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;LOR:#323232;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.3;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;TEXT-TRANSFORM:PALIZE;}{PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;FONT-FAY:RALAS,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;LOR:#323232;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.3;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;TEXT-TRANSFORM:PALIZE;}{BORR-RADI:50%;VERTIL-ALIGN:MIDDLE;MARG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;OBJECT-F:VER;}BY {-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:HER;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;}{LOR:#A00000;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;} {DISPLAY:LE-BLOCK;TEXT-TRANSFORM:UPPERSE;MARG-LEFT:0.625REM;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;}UPDATED: MAR 26, {DISPLAY:-WEBK-BOX;DISPLAY:-WEBK-FLEX;DISPLAY:-MS-FLEXBOX;DISPLAY:FLEX;}{MARG-BOTTOM:0.9375REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 64REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(100VW - (1REM * 2));MARG-LEFT:1REM;MARG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(-1 * 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - (LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 2 * 1REM)) / -2);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 90REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / 2);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / -2) - 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 2);MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 + 1REM)) / -2) - LC(2 * 1REM));}[DATA-HAS-SPONSOR] {MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);MARG-RIGHT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);}}{JTIFY-SELF:CENTER;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG-LEFT:-50VW;MARG-RIGHT:-50VW;WIDTH:100VW;LEFT:50%;RIGHT:50%;}}{HEIGHT:TO;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO LC(50% - 50VW);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO;}}{POSN:RELATIVE;HEIGHT:TO;}{POSN:RELATIVE;WIDTH:100%;HEIGHT:100%;OBJECT-F:VER;VERTIL-ALIGN:TOP;}{LE-HEIGHT:1;MARG-TOP:0.3125REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 73.75REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0.9375REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0;}}{PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;LOR:#595959;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;}GETTY {FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{PADDG-LEFT:3.5REM;PADDG-RIGHT:3.5REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MAX-WIDTH:45.25REM;MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 73.75REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 100REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}} EM{FONT-STYLE:ALIC;FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;}{CLEAR:BOTH;NTENT:" ";DISPLAY:BLOCK;FONT-SIZE:0.7REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.5REM;HEIGHT:0REM;VISIBILY:HIDN;}{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;} EM{FONT-STYLE:ALIC;FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;}(1939-){LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:800;LETTER-SPACG:0.02EM;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;MARG-TOP:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}} B, STRONG{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;} EM, I{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-STYLE:ALIC;}WHO IS CLTTE COLV? CLTTE COLV IS A CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVIST WHO, BEFORE {-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:#A00000;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;}{LOR:#595959;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;}ROSA PARKS, REFED TO GIVE UP HER B SEAT TO A WHE PASSENGER. SHE WAS ARRTED AND BEME ONE OF FOUR PLATIFFS BROWR V. GAYLE, WHICH LED THAT MONTGOMERY'S SEGREGATED B SYSTEM WAS UNNSTUTNAL. COLV LATER MOVED TO NEW YORK CY AND WORKED AS A NURSE'S AI. SHE RETIRED 2004.EARLY LIFECOLV WAS BORN ON SEPTEMBER 5, 1939, MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. GROWG UP ONE OF MONTGOMERY'S POORER NEIGHBORHOODS, COLV STUDIED HARD SCHOOL. SHE EARNED MOSTLY AS HER CLASS AND ASPIRED TO BEE PRINT ONE DAY. ON MARCH 2, 1955, COLV WAS RIDG HOME ON A CY B AFTER SCHOOL WHEN A B DRIVER TOLD HER TO GIVE UP HER SEAT TO A WHE PASSENGER. SHE REFED, SAYG, "IT'S MY NSTUTNAL RIGHT TO S HERE AS MUCH AS THAT LADY. I PAID MY FARE, 'S MY NSTUTNAL RIGHT." COLV FELT PELLED TO STAND HER GROUND. "I FELT LIKE SOJOURNER TTH WAS PHG DOWN ON ONE SHOULR AND HARRIET TUBMAN WAS PHG DOWN ON THE OTHER—SAYG, 'S DOWN GIRL!' I WAS GLUED TO MY SEAT," SHE LATER TOLD NEWSWEEK.ARRTED FOR VLATG SEGREGATN LAWSAFTER HER REFAL TO GIVE UP HER SEAT, COLV WAS ARRTED ON SEVERAL CHARG, CLUDG VLATG THE CY'S SEGREGATN LAWS. FOR SEVERAL HOURS, SHE SAT JAIL, PLETELY TERRIFIED. "I WAS REALLY AAID, BEE YOU JT DIDN'T KNOW WHAT WHE PEOPLE MIGHT DO AT THAT TIME," COLV LATER SAID. AFTER HER MISTER PAID HER BAIL, SHE WENT HOME WHERE SHE AND HER FAY STAYED UP ALL NIGHT OUT OF NCERN FOR POSSIBLE RETALIATN.THE NATNAL ASSOCIATN FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE BRIEFLY NSIRED G COLV'S SE TO CHALLENGE THE SEGREGATN LAWS, BUT THEY CID AGAST BEE OF HER AGE. SHE ALSO HAD BEE PREGNANT AND THEY THOUGHT AN UNWED MOTHER WOULD ATTRACT TOO MUCH NEGATIVE ATTENTN A PUBLIC LEGAL BATTLE. HER SON, RAYMOND, WAS BORN MARCH 1956.IN URT, COLV OPPOSED THE SEGREGATN LAW BY CLARG HERSELF NOT GUILTY. THE URT, HOWEVER, LED AGAST HER AND PUT HER ON PROBATN. DPE THE LIGHT SENTENCE, COLV ULD NOT PE THE URT OF PUBLIC OPN. THE ONCE-QUIET STUNT WAS BRAND A TROUBLEMAKER BY SOME, AND SHE HAD TO DROP OUT OF LLEGE. HER REPUTATN ALSO MA IMPOSSIBLE FOR HER TO FD A JOB.PLATIFF 'BROWR V. GAYLE'DPE HER PERSONAL CHALLENG, COLV BEME ONE OF THE FOUR PLATIFFS THE BROWR V. GAYLE SE, ALONG WH AURELIA S. BROWR, SIE MCDONALD AND MARY LOUISE SMH (JEANATTA REE, WHO WAS IALLY NAMED A PLATIFF THE SE, WHDREW EARLY ON DUE TO OUTSI PRSURE). THE CISN THE 1956 SE, WHICH HAD BEEN FILED BY FRED GRAY AND CHARL D. LANGFORD ON BEHALF OF THE AFOREMENTNED AIN AMERIN WOMEN, LED THAT MONTGOMERY'S SEGREGATED B SYSTEM WAS UNNSTUTNAL.TWO YEARS LATER, COLV MOVED TO NEW YORK CY, WHERE SHE HAD HER SEND SON, RANDY, AND WORKED AS A NURSE'S AI AT A MANHATTAN NURSG HOME. SHE RETIRED 2004.LEGACY AND 'CLTTE COLV GO TO WORK'MUCH OF THE WRG ON CIVIL RIGHTS HISTORY MONTGOMERY HAS FOCED ON THE ARRT OF PARKS, ANOTHER WOMAN WHO REFED TO GIVE UP HER SEAT ON THE B, NE MONTHS AFTER COLV. WHILE PARKS HAS BEEN HERALD AS A CIVIL RIGHTS HEROE, COLV'S STORY HAS RECEIVED LTLE NOTICE. SOME HAVE TRIED TO CHANGE THAT. RA DOVE PENNED THE POEM "CLTTE COLV GO TO WORK," WHICH LATER BEME A SONG. PHILLIP HOOSE ALSO WROTE ABOUT HER THE YOUNG ADULT BGRAPHY CLTTE COLV: TWICE TOWARD JTICE.WHILE HER ROLE THE FIGHT TO END SEGREGATN MONTGOMERY MAY NOT BE WILY REGNIZED, COLV HELPED ADVANCE CIVIL RIGHTS EFFORTS THE CY. "CLTTE GAVE ALL OF MORAL URAGE. IF SHE HAD NOT DONE WHAT SHE DID, I AM NOT SURE THAT WE WOULD HAVE BEEN ABLE TO MOUNT THE SUPPORT FOR MRS. PARKS," HER FORMER ATTORNEY, FRED GRAY, TOLD {BORR:0;BORR-BOTTOM:TH SOLID BLACK;MARG:1.875REM 0;CLEAR:BOTH;}QUICK FACTS

Gayle and the four women whose ttimony nvced the feral urt system that segregatn on cy b was unnstutnal, g their stori to reflect on the makg of historil narrativ about women the Civil Rights Movement. Gayle that fed segregatn on b as unnstutnal everywhere. Gayle those stori belong to four black women: Aurelia S.