Gay rights movement | Defn & History | Branni

Contents:

• LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENR, AND QUEER MUNY
• GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S HEALTH ISSU
• WHY ARE THERE GAY MEN?
• GAY PORN GAM: FREE GAY SEX GAM ONLE
• LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR HEALTH
• GAY RIGHTS
• SEXUALY CAROL R. EMBER MILAGRO ESBAR NOAH ROSSEN SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 ABSTRACT SEXUAL REPRODUCTN IS PART OF THE BLOGIL NATURE OF HUMANS, SO MAY BE SURPRISG HOW MUCH SEXUALY VARI CROSS-CULTURALLY. INED, SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR HETEROSEXUAL SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE AND PRACTICE OF HOMOSEXUALY. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY. DOWNLOAD: PDF | EPUB (EBOOK) TABLE OF CONTENTS SEXUALY GENERAL PATTERNS OF PERMISSIVENS OR RTRICTIVENS PREMARAL SEX WHAT FLUENC ATTUS AND PRACTIC TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX? CONSEQUENC OF VARIATN PREMARAL SEX NORMS EXTRAMARAL SEX WHAT PREDICTS ATTUS AND BEHAVR TOWARDS EXTRAMARAL SEX? WHAT FACTORS PREDICT A DOUBLE STANDARD RATHER THAN A SGLE STANDARD FOR HBANDS AND WIV? SEX HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAG SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY SEX TABOOS AFTER CHILDBIRTH WHAT PREDICTS SUCH LONG (MORE THAN ONE YEAR) TABOOS? WHY IS SEX, EVEN MARRIAGE, NSIRED DANGERO? ARE THERE NORMS PARTNERS MT FOLLOW DURG TERURSE? HOMOSEXUALY HOW MON IS HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR AND WHAT, IF ANYTHG, DO WE KNOW ABOUT ATTRACTN? WHAT DO CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH FD REGARDG HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR? SOME CHILDHOOD EXPERIENC PREDICT MORE MALE HOMOSEXUALY WHAT WE DON’T KNOW EXERCIS USG EHRAF WORLD CULTUR CATN CREDS PHOTO CREDS GLOSSARY REFERENC SEXUALY IN HUMANS, JT LIKE OTHER SEXUALLY REPRODUCG SPECI, SEXUAL BEHAVR IS ERNED MANY RPECTS BY BLOGY. AFTER ALL, NO SOCIETY N SURVIVE WHOUT SUCCSFUL REPRODUCTN. BUT SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE FOR NON-REPRODUCTIVE SEX. GIVEN SO MUCH VARIATN, APPEARS THAT CULTURE FLUENC MUCH OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVR. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY. COURTSHIP UNFOLDS THE NRE CULTURAL CENTER KAMPALA, UGANDA. IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNRSTAND THAT SOCIETI CHANGE OVER TIME, SOMETIM RAPIDLY, SO WHEN WE TALK ABOUT AN ASPECT OF A PARTICULAR SOCIETY, SUCH AS GREE OF TOLERANCE FOR PREMARAL SEX, WE NEED TO NSIR THE TIME AME OF REFERENCE. IN THE UNED STAT, FOR EXAMPLE, ATTUS TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX HAVE GENERALLY BEE LS RTRICTIVE. BEE OF SUCH CHANG, CROSS-CULTURAL STUDI ALMOST ALWAYS FOC ON ONE SPECIFIC TIME PERD (AND UALLY A SPECIFIC PLACE) FOR EACH SOCIETY. GENERAL PATTERNS OF PERMISSIVENS OR RTRICTIVENS ARE SOCIETI GENERALLY NSISTENT THEIR ATTUS AND PRACTIC? CAN THEY BE GENERALLY CHARACTERIZED AS PERMISSIVE OR RTRICTIVE? THERE DO APPEAR TO BE SOME NSISTENCY WH RPECT TO HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVR. SOCIETI THAT ARE RTRICTIVE ABOUT EXTRAMARAL SEX TEND TO ALSO HAVE RTRICTIVE PREMARAL SEX NORMS FOR GIRLS, RTRICT TALK ABOUT SEX, AND BELIEVE THAT SEX IS DANGERO OR TOO MUCH SEX IS BAD (BROU 1975; FRAYSER 1985) CONMNATN OF EXTRAMARAL SEX, A LOW CINCE OF BOTH PREMARAL AND EXTRAMARAL SEX, AND AVOIDANCE OF SEX DURG MENSTATN GENERALLY -OCCUR (BROU AND GREENE 1976). WHY? THE FDGS SUGGT A GENERAL PATTERN OF AVOIDANCE AND ANXIETY ABOUT HETEROSEXUAL SEX. HOWEVER, HETEROSEXUAL ATTUS DO NOT GENERALLY PREDICT HOMOSEXUAL ATTUS. FOR EXAMPLE, RTRICTIVENS ABOUT PREMARAL SEX DO NOT PREDICT RTRICTIVENS OR PERMISSIVENS REGARDG HOMOSEXUALY. ONE OF THE FEW SIGNIFINT RELATNSHIPS IS BETWEEN THE PREVALENCE OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY AND NEGATIVE ATTUS TOWARD MALE EXTRAMARAL SEX. TH, SOCIETI THAT ARE GENERALLY PERMISSIVE ABOUT HETEROSEXUALY ARE NOT NECSARILY PERMISSIVE ABOUT HOMOSEXUALY (BROU AND GREENE 1976). PREMARAL SEX THE SPECTM OF ATTUS TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX IS VERY WI AND RANG OM RTRICTIVE, WHERE PREMARAL SEXUAL TERURSE IS PROHIBED AND PUNISHED, TO PERMISSIVE, WHERE SEXUAL TERURSE IS TOLERATED OR EXPECTED (MURDOCK 1967; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991). AMONG THE MOST RTRICTIVE SOCIETI ARE THOSE THAT HAVE TTS OF VIRGY AT MARRIAGE; AMONG THE MOST PERMISSIVE ARE SOCIETI THAT ACTIVELY PROMOTE . FOR EXAMPLE, THE LEPCHA OF INDIA, AS SCRIBED THE 1930S BY GORER (1938, 161), BELIEVED THAT A GIRL WOULD NOT VELOP TO SEXUAL MATURY WHOUT HAVG PRR SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS. EVEN THOUGH MOST SOCIETI ARE GENERALLY TOLERANT OF PREMARAL SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS (APOSTOLOU 2017A; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991), THERE TENDS TO BE A SLIGHT DOUBLE STANDARD—MORE THAN 60 PERCENT OF SOCIETI APPROVE OF PREMARAL SEX FOR MAL, BUT ONLY ABOUT 45 PERCENT APPROVE OF FOR FEMAL (BROU 2004). ALTHOUGH SOCIETI WH GREATER FEMALE PENNCE TEND TO HAVE MORE LENIENT PREMARAL SEXUAL NORMS FOR MAL AND FEMAL, GENR DOUBLE STANDARDS ARE PRENT BOTH RTRICTIVE AND PERMISSIVE SOCIETI (HORNE 2004). THERE IS AN IMMENSE PRSURE FOR FEMALE BUT NOT MALE CHASTY, PARTICULARLY THE CIRCUM-MEDERRANEAN REGN (BOURGUIGNON AND GREENBM 1973; TEXTOR 1967). YOUNG TROBRIAND MEN PERFORM A CELEBRATORY DANCE BEFORE A GAME OF CRICKET ON KAVA ISLAND PAPUA NEW GUEA. THE DANC ARE KNOWN TO BE PECIALLY SEXUAL, AND GEARED TOWARDS THE FEMALE SPECTATORS YOU N SEE WATCHG JT BEYOND THE PERFORMERS. WHAT FLUENC ATTUS AND PRACTIC TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX? SOCIETAL PLEXY--MORE SOCIAL PLEXY GENERALLY PREDICTS MORE RTRICTIVENS. SOCIETI WH TENSIVE AGRICULTURE, LARGER MUNI, CLASS STRATIFITN, AND STATE ANIZATN TEND TO PROHIB PREMARAL SEX AND HAVE LOWER RAT OF SUCH SEX (MURDOCK 1964; TEXTOR 1967; BROU 1975). A RELATED FDG IS THAT WHEN MARRIAG VOLVE WEALTH TRANSFERS, PREMARAL SEX IS LS TOLERATED (ROSENBLATT, FUGA, AND MCDOWELL 1969; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991). EVEN AMONGST HUNTER-GATHERERS, SOCIETI WH GREATER SOCIAL PLEXY TEND TO BE MORE RTRICTIVE (KOROTAYEV AND KAZANKOV 2003). WHY? IN SOCIETI WH MORE EQUALY, PARENTS (PARTICULARLY MORE ELE PARENTS) MAY TRY TO MIMIZE THE POSSIBILY THAT THEIR ADOLCENTS WILL BEE TERTED PEOPLE OM THE WRONG “STATN” LIFE, OR EVEN WORSE, FOR A DGHTER TO GET PREGNANT BY A MATE THAT IS NSIRED UNSUABLE FOR MARRIAGE (EMBER AND EMBER 2019, 224). CONSISTENT WH THE IA THAT PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS IS RELATED TO PARENTS TRYG TO NTROL SEXUALY, APOSTOLOU (2017A) FDS THAT RAT FOR PREMARAL SEX ARE MUCH LOWER SOCIETI THAT PRACTICE ARRANGED MARRIAG. PREMARAL SEX REGULATN TENDS TO BE STRICTER SOCIETI WH PATRILEAL SCENT AND PATRILOL RINCE RATHER THAN SOCIETI WH MATRILEAL SCENT AND MATRILOL RINCE (GOETHALS 1971; MART AND VOORHI 1975; HORNE 2004). WHY? GOETHALS (1971; SEE ALSO HORNE 2004) SUGGTS THAT WHEN A SOCIETY IS MATRILOL AND MATRILEAL, PREMARAL SEX THAT RULTS PREGNANCY IS LS PROBLEMATIC BEE A WOMAN WOULD REMA WH OR NEAR HER NATAL FAY FOR HER LIFETIME, WHEREAS SHE WOULD NOT HAVE SUCH SUPPORT A PATRILOL/PATRILEAL SOCIETY. ANXIETY ABOUT SEX OR TERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS CHILDHOOD PREDICTS MORE PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS. SOCIETI THAT PUNISH YOUNG CHILDREN FOR LACKG MOSTY, FOR ENGAGG SEXUAL PLAY, OR FOR MASTURBATG, ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS (TEXTOR 1967; STEPHENS 1972; BROU 1975). HOWEVER, THIS FDG BEGS THE QUTN OF WHY PARENTS GENERALLY OWN ON SEXUAL EXPRSIVY THE FIRST PLACE. CONTROLLG FOR SOCIAL PLEXY AND SOCIAL STRATIFITN, SOCIETI WHERE BABI SPEND MORE THAN HALF THEIR DAY CLOSE BODY NTACT WH A RETAKER ARE MUCH MORE LIKELY TO ALLOW PREMARAL SEX (BROU 1975). WHY? ATTACHMENT THEORY SUGGTS THAT STRONG ATTACHMENT TO RETAKERS FANCY PROMOT GREATER FORT WH TIMACY AND TST OF OTHERS LATER LIFE (BROU 1975). SOCIETI WH OPEN HO OR THOSE LACKG WALLS ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE PERMISSIVE SEXUAL NORMS AND HIGHER RAT OF PREMARAL RELATNSHIPS (MAXWELL 1967). WHY? MAXWELL (1967) POTS OUT THAT WHERE SOCIETI LACK PRIVACY FOR ENGAGG SEXUAL TERURSE, CHILDREN ARE LIKELY TO OBSERVE SEXUAL BEHAVR OM AN EARLY AGE; PRUMABLY CHILDREN AND LATER ADULTS BEE MORE FORTABLE WH SEXUAL ACTIVY BEE OF THIS EXPOSURE. CONSEQUENC OF VARIATN PREMARAL SEX NORMS SOCIETI WH MORE PREMARAL SEX ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE TONOMY SELECTG THEIR MARAL PARTNER (BROU 1983). MORE LIKELY TO VALUE ROMANTIC LOVE ( MUNCK AND KOROTAYEV 1999). MORE LIKELY TO HAVE STABLE MARRIAG AND LOWER RAT OF DIVORCE, AT LEAST WH RPECT TO FEMAL, THAN THOSE WHO DO NOT ENGAGE PREMARAL SEX (BROU 1983; BROWN AND L 2012). EXTRAMARAL SEX THE HASTA AP (MEETG OF THE HANDS), THE INDIAN MARRIAGE CEREMONY SYMBOLIZ A NEW UNBREAKABLE BOND BETWEEN THE UPLE. SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE OF SEXUALY OUTSI OF MARRIAGE. A SLIGHT MAJORY OF SOCIETI NMN EXTRAMARAL SEX FOR BOTH SEX, BUT A DOUBLE STANDARD FAVOR OF HBANDS APPLI ABOUT 65% OF SOCIETI—EXTRAMARAL SEX IS EHER ALLOWED FOR HBANDS BUT NOT WIV, OR, HBANDS ONLY RECEIVE D PUNISHMENT, WHEREAS WIV RECEIVE SEVERE PUNISHMENT. HOWEVER, THAT DO NOT MEAN THAT EXTRAMARAL SEX IS RARE FOR WOMEN. IN FACT TIMAT OF EXTRAMARAL SEXUAL BEHAVR ARE NSIRABLY OUT OF SYNC WH CULTURAL ATTUS. FOR EXAMPLE, WHILE 88 PERCENT OF SOCIETI NMN SUCH SEX FOR WOMEN, EXTRAMARAL SEX IS REPORTED TO OCCUR AT LEAST OCSNALLY BY WIV ABOUT 75 PERCENT OF SOCIETI (BROU AND GREENE 1976; BROU 2004). IF EXTRAMARAL SEX OCCURS FAIRLY EQUENTLY, IS NOT SURPRISG THAT ALMOST ALL DIVIDUALS ACROSS SOCIETI WORRY ABOUT THEIR PARTNER'S SEXUAL ACTIVI AND ACTIVELY TRY TO CURTAIL AN AFFAIR THAT IS NDUCTED WHOUT THEIR PERMISSN. RARELY IS AN AFFAIR MET WH DIFFERENCE (JANKOWIAK, NELL, AND BUCKMASTER 2002). MAL AND FEMAL HAVE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT STRATEGI—WOMEN ARE MORE APT TO E SOCIAL OR PHYSIL DISTANCG; MEN ARE MORE APT TO E VLENCE (ALTHOUGH WOMEN MONLY RORT TO VLENCE TOO). IN MORE PLEX SOCIETI, HIGHER THORI ARE MORE OFTEN APPEALED TO BY MEN. WHILE EXTRAMARAL SEX IS UALLY OWNED UPON A MAJORY OF CULTUR, THERE ARE QUE A FEW (ABOUT 40%) THAT ALLOW EXTRAMARAL SEX FOR WIV. MUCH OF IS STUTNALIZED, SUCH AS BEG ALLOWED DURG CERTA CEREMONI, OR A MON PRACTICE KNOWN AS “WIFE SHARG.” WIFE SHARG CLUS A WOMAN HAVG SEX WH OTHER MEN THE HBAND’S CLAN OR AGE-GRA, WH SPECIFIC OTHER MEN SUCH AS A BROTHER--LAW, OR AS AN ACT OF HOSPALY (BROU 2004). WE KNOW RELATIVELY LTLE TERMS OF HOW WOMEN FEEL ABOUT THE ARRANGEMENTS. WHAT PREDICTS ATTUS AND BEHAVR TOWARDS EXTRAMARAL SEX? EXTRAMARAL SEX IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR POLYGYNO SOCIETI (WILSON 2008). SOCIETI WH HIGH LEVELS OF SEXUAL JEALOY ARE GENERALLY OPPOSED TO EXTRAMARAL SEX (HUPKA AND RYAN 1990). WHY? EVOLUTNARY PSYCHOLOGISTS NTEND THAT WHEN RELATNSHIPS ARE NOT STABLE, PEOPLE WILL TAKE THE NECSARY MEANS TO PROTECT THE BOND WH THEIR PARTNER, SUCH AS BEG EXPLIC OF THEIR EXTRAMARAL SEX VIEWS AND OPNS. SOCIETI WH SMALLER MUNI ARE LS LIKELY TO HAVE PUNISHMENT FOR EXTRAMARAL SEX THAN THOSE CI AND TOWNS (TEXTOR 1967). SOCIETI WH LS SIRE FOR CHILDREN AND LOW OPPOSN TO ABORTN ARE MORE LIKELY TO PERM EXTRAMARAL SEX (TEXTOR 1967). SOCIETI ALLOWG ROMANTIC LOVE ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE ACCEPTG OF EXTRAMARAL SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS (TEXTOR 1967; MUNCK AND KOROTAYEV 1999). IN RPONSE TO PARTNER FILY, MAL TEND TO RORT TO PHYSIL VLENCE WHEREAS FEMAL ARE MORE LIKELY TO DISTANCE THEMSELV OM THEIR PARTNERS (JANKOWIAK, NELL, AND BUCKMASTER 2002). WHAT FACTORS PREDICT A DOUBLE STANDARD RATHER THAN A SGLE STANDARD FOR HBANDS AND WIV? CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH SUGGTS THAT A DOUBLE STANDARD IS PREDICTED BY A LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO (BROU 1980) MALE SECURY AND FENSIVENS (BROU 1980) DITED BY HIGH GRE OF MALE BOASTG MEN’S HO SEGREGATN OF THE SEX CHOR LOW FATHER PRENCE CHILDHOOD WHY? TO EXPLA THE RELATNSHIPS, BROU (1980) DISCS TWO PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI. THE FIRST IS RELATED TO THE IA THAT THE OEDIP PLEX WILL BE STRONGER WHEN A YOUNG BOY HAS A LOT OF NTACT WH THE MOTHER EARLY LIFE AND THE FATHER STAYS AWAY BEE OF A LONG (YEAR OR MORE) PROHIBN ON MARAL SEX AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. PRUMABLY A BOY EXPERIENC NSIRABLE DISTRS WHEN THE TABOO PERD IS OVER AND THE CHILD IS DISPLACED OM THE MOTHER WHEN THE FATHER RETURNS. ANY FUTURE THREAT OF LOSS LATER LIFE, SUCH AS A WIFE FDG LOVE ELSEWHERE, MAY ALSO ENGENR NSIRABLE DISTRS. THEREFORE IS ARGUED THAT TO TRY TO PREVENT SUCH DISTRS, MAL CREATE STRONG PROHIBNS TO KEEP WIV OM HAVG AFFAIRS. BUT WHY SHOULD MAL BE ALLOWED TO HAVE EXTRAMARAL SEX (WHICH CREAT A DOUBLE STANDARD)? THE SEND THEORY SUGGTS THAT WHEN FATHERS AND OTHER MALE MOLS ARE RELATIVELY ABSENT A BOY’S UPBRGG, MAL WILL HAVE MORE NCERN ABOUT THEIR SEXUAL INTY, CLUDG SEXUAL PERFORMANCE. HENCE THEY WILL OFTENTIM ENGAGE HYPERMASCULE OR EXAGGERATED MASCULE BEHAVRS AS A FENSIVE MECHANISM. THIS MAY CLU HAVG AFFAIRS TO “PROVE” THEIR VIRILY WHILE AT THE SAME TIME RTRICTG THE EXTRAMARAL SEXUALY OF THEIR WIV WHICH ULD THREATEN THEIR EGOS (BROU 1980). SEX HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAG ALL SOCIETI BELIEVE HAVG CHILDREN, SO IS NOT SURPRISG THAT MOST SOCIETI THK EQUENT SEX DURG MARRIAGE IS SIRABLE, BUT MAY BE SURPRISG THAT ABOUT 23 PERCENT OF SOCIETI BELIEVE THAT TOO MUCH SEX IS A BAD IA. BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHIC REPORTS, CTOMARY EQUENCI OF MARAL SEX RANGE OM FIVE OR SIX TIM A DAY SOME SOCIETI TO TWO OR THREE TIM A MONTH. THE MOST MON REPORTED EQUENCY IS ONCE A DAY, EXCLUDG EXPLIC TABOO PERDS. A MAJORY OF SOCIETI HAVE SOME MARAL SEX TABOOS. THE MAY CLU THE PROHIBN OF SEX AT CERTA TIM OF DAY, CERTA LOTNS, DURG MENSTATN, BEFORE WAR, HUNTG, OR FISHG EXPEDNS, OR DURG CERTA LIFE EVENTS SUCH AS AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD (BROU 2004). SEE THE MENARCHE SECTNS OF THE ADOLCENCE MODULE FOR A DISCSN OF MENSTAL TABOOS. SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY IN SOME SOCIETI IS THOUGHT BT TO AVOID SEX DURG PREGNANCY TO ENHANCE THE HEALTH OF THE FET (MONTGOMERY 1974). IN OTHER SOCIETI, SUCH AS THE AZAN OF CENTRAL AI, IS THOUGHT THAT TERURSE DURG PREGNANCY HELPS PROMOTE A HEALTHY CHILD (LAGAE 1926). SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY ARE MORE LIKELY (AND ARE LONGER) IN POLYGYNO, RATHER THAN MONOGAMO SOCIETI (AYR 1967). IN TROPIL OR SUB-TROPIL ENVIRONMENTS (TEXTOR 1967). A MAN AND WOMAN EMBRACE ANTICIPATN OF THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. CULTUR VARY GREATLY THE DURATN OF PREGNANCY SEX TABOOS, IF PRENT. SEX TABOOS AFTER CHILDBIRTH SEX BETWEEN A HBAND AND WIFE IS UALLY AVOID FOR SOME TIME AFTER THE WIFE GIV BIRTH, THE RANGE OF WHICH IS TYPILLY SPECIFIED BY CTOM OR TABOO. IN MANY S THE POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO IS MORE THAN A YEAR, SOMETIM FOR SEVERAL YEARS. FOR EXAMPLE, TRADNALLY AMONGST THE YOBA OF NIGERIA A SEX TABOO LASTED FOR ABOUT THREE YEARS (FEYISETAN 1990). THE YOBA SAY THE PURPOSE OF THE TABOO IS TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF THE NURSG CHILD. WHAT PREDICTS SUCH LONG (MORE THAN ONE YEAR) TABOOS? WHEN THE STAPLE FOOD OR FOODS A SOCIETY ARE LOW ON PROTE (WHG 1964). WHY? WHG THEORIZED THAT THE LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO IS AN ADAPTATN TO TROPIL ENVIRONMENTS WHERE ADULT DIETS ARE LOW PROTE. IN SUCH ENVIRONMENTS, TODDLERS ARE VULNERABLE TO KWASHRKOR, A PROTE-FICIENCY DISEASE. HOWEVER, IF A MOTHER ULD POSTPONE A NEW PREGNANCY AND NURSE A CHILD FOR A LONG TIME, THE CHILD HAS MUCH BETTER SURVIVAL CHANC. IN THE ABSENCE OF EFFECTIVE NTRACEPTN, ABSTENCE (A LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO) IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY OF PREVENTG A NEW PREGNANCY. SOCIETI WH LONG TABOOS ALSO TEND TO BE POLYGYNO AND HAVE UNILEAL SCENT (SCIER 1972; WHG 1964). SOCIETI WH MENSTAL TABOOS TEND TO HAVE LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS (CARROLL 1982). WHY IS SEX, EVEN MARRIAGE, NSIRED DANGERO? BROU (2004) TIMAT THAT 23 PERCENT OF SOCIETI BELIEVE THAT TOO MUCH SEX IS A BAD IA. THE NUMBER OF SUCH SOCIETI WH THE BELIEFS IS PERHAPS SURPRISG GIVEN THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS NECSARY FOR A SOCIETY’S SURVIVAL. THE IA THAT SEX IS DANGERO IS EXPRSED BY MEGGT’S (1964, 210) REPORT OF MAE ENGA (OM NEW GUEA) BELIEFS: “…EVERY EJACULATN PLET HIS VALY, AND OVER-DULGENCE MT DULL HIS MD AND LEAVE HIS BODY PERMANENTLY EXHSTED AND WHERED.” SCEN OM THE KAMA SUTRA (ONE OF THE OLST AND MOST POPULAR GUIS TO THE TECHNIQU OF SEX) A HDU TEMPLE. HERE WE SEE A SI OF SEX AND SEXUALY BEYOND THE PURELY MECHANIL OR TABOO. SCE MANY SOCIETI BELIEVE HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS PROBLEMATIC DURG CERTA TIM (SUCH AS BEFORE MARRIAGE, DURG MENSTATN, OR AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD), REARCHERS WHO WANT TO STUDY FEAR OF HETEROSEXUAL SEX HAVE NCENTRATED ON BELIEFS REGARDG MARAL SEX DURG NON-TABOOED TIM. RELATIVELY LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE BELIEFS REGARDG SEXUALY, SO MOST OF THE REARCH FOC ON MALE BELIEFS. MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN IS PREDICTED BY MEN TYPILLY MARRYG WOMEN OM “ENEMY” MUNI (EMBER 1978). WHY? MEGGT (1964), TRYG TO EXPLA VARIABLE BELIEFS ABOUT SEX NEW GUEA, SUGGTED THAT THERE SEEMED TO BE A RELATNSHIP BETWEEN “MARRYG ENEMI” AND MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN. IN THE ENGA AREA, WHERE MEGGT DID HIS FIELDWORK, WARFARE IS CLOSE TO HOME, OFTEN BETWEEN NEIGHBORG MUNI, AND IS THE SAME MUNI OM WHICH MEN MT FD MARRIAGEABLE PARTNERS. MEGGT (1964, 218) BELIEV THIS STCTURE SETS UP AN EQUATN OF “FEMY, SEXUALY, AND PERIL” . THE PRACTICE OF MARRYG ENEMI APPLI TO MANY SOCIETI OUTSI NEW GUEA AND MORE BROADLY PREDICTS FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN (EMBER 1978). SEVERE FOOD SRCY (EMBER 1978). WHY? ANOTHER NEW GUEA ETHNOGRAPHER, LNBM (1972), SUGGTED THAT A CULTURAL BELIEF THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS DANGERO N ACT AS A POPULATN NTROL MECHANISM AND IS THEREFORE ADAPTIVE SOCIETI THAT HAVE SUFFICIENT ROURC TO SUPPORT THE POPULATN. THE RELATNSHIP BETWEEN FOOD SHORTAGE AND MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WAS SUPPORTED C. R. EMBER’S (1978) WORLDWI SAMPLE. MALE BABI SLEEPG CLOSER PROXIMY TO THEIR MOTHERS THAN THEIR FATHERS (EMBER 1978). WHY? TWO DIFFERENT PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI ARE ED TO EXPLA THIS RELATNSHIP. THE FIRST SUGGTS THAT ANY NDN THAT EXAGGERAT A BOY’S ATTRACTN TO HIS MOTHER AND SUBSEQUENT FEAR OF THE FATHER (THE OEDIP PLEX) WOULD CREASE SEXUAL ANXIETY GENERALLY AND MORE SPECIFILLY THE IA THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS DANGERO (STEPHENS 1962). THE SEND THEORY, “SEX INTY NFLICT” THEORY, POSTULAT THAT IAL CLOSENS BETWEEN A MALE BABY AND HIS MOTHER SETS UP IAL UNNSC FEME INTIFITN. IF THE SOCIETY IS MALE DOMATED, A BOY GRADUALLY WILL REALIZE THAT MAL HAVE MORE STAT AND POWER AND HE WILL SUBSEQUENTLY VELOP A SENDARY MALE INTIFITN. THIS SETS UP A NFLICT SEX INTY. A MON RPONSE TO THIS NFLICT IS TO FEND AGAST THE UNNSC FEME INTIFITN AND MANIFT FEAR OF, AND ANTAGONISM TOWARD WOMEN (WHG 1965). BOTH PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI RECEIVED SUPPORT AS MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN TENDS TO BE PRENT SOCIETI WHERE BOYS SLEEP CLOSER TO THEIR MOTHERS, MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN TENDS TO BE PRENT (EMBER 1978). HOW DO ALL THE FACTORS—MARRYG ENEMI, FOOD SHORTAGE, AND SLEEPG ARRANGEMENTS F TOGETHER? MARRYG ENEMI IS THOUGHT TO BE THE MECHANISM THAT SETS UP EMOTNAL AND PHYSIL DISTANCE BETWEEN A MAN AND HIS WIFE, CLUDG SLEEPG APART, AND IS LIKELY THAT PSYCHOLOGIL MECHANISMS LEAD TO MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN (EMBER 1978). ALTERNATIVELY KAHARA (1981), G THE THEORY OF “RECIPROL HIBN,” SUGGTS WAYS THAT FOOD SHORTAGE MAY BE A DIRECT NTRIBUTOR TO MEN’S FEAR OF SEX. AS MENTNED EARLIER, NMNATN OF EXTRAMARAL SEX, A LOW CINCE OF BOTH PREMARAL AND EXTRAMARAL SEX, AND MENSTAL TABOOS GENERALLY -OCCUR (BROU AND GREENE 1976). WHY? THE FDGS SUGGT A GENERAL PATTERN OF AVOIDANCE AND ANXIETY ABOUT HETEROSEXUAL SEX. ARE THERE NORMS PARTNERS MT FOLLOW DURG TERURSE? FEMAL HAVE MORE ACTIVE ROL DURG TERURSE MATRILEAL AND AVUNCULOL SOCIETI WHEREAS THEY TEND TO BE SEXUALLY SUBMISSIVE PARTNERS PATRILEAL SOCIETI (ECKHARDT 1971). WHY? ACRDG TO FEMIST THEORY, FEMAL FACE GREATER OPPRSN PATRIARCHAL SOCIETI DUE TO THE NORMATIVE POWER DYNAMICS THAT ARE HIGHLY BENEFICIAL TO MAL. THE SPECTM REGARDG PRIVACY DURG TERURSE RANG OM HAVG AMPLE PRIVACY DWELLGS FAR OM OTHERS, TO MIMAL PRIVACY SHARG A ROOM WH A PARTN, TO NO PRIVACY SHARG SPACE WHOUT A PARTN (COZBY AND ROSENBLATT 1971). SOCIETI WHERE TWO PARTNERS HAVE GREATER ROMANTIC LOVE ALSO TEND TO HAVE MORE PRIVACY (COZBY AND ROSENBLATT 1971). HOMOSEXUALY STUDYG HOMOSEXUALY CROSS-CULTURALLY IS PLITED. THE FIRST PLITN IS THAT WTERN SOCIETI, HOMOSEXUALY REFERS TO SEX BETWEEN MAL OR SEX BETWEEN FEMAL. BUT THIS NCEPT OF HOMOSEXUALY PENDS ON THE CULTURAL IA THAT THERE ARE ONLY TWO GENRS. IF A SOCIETY REGNIZ THREE OR MORE GENRS, THE NCEPT OF HOMOSEXUALY MIGHT SIMPLY MEAN SEX WH DIVIDUALS WHO SHARE THE SAME GENR SIGNATN, REGARDLS OF THEIR BLOGIL SEX. THE SEND PLITN IS THAT ENGAGG SEXUAL BEHAVR WH THOSE OF THE SAME BLOGIL SEX OR SAME GENR TEGORY DO NOT NECSARILY IMPLY SEXUAL ATTRACTN. HAM, GARFIELD, AND GARFIELD (2017) E THE TERM “MALE ANDROPHILIA” TO SCRIBE MAL’ ATTRACTN TO AND AROAL BY OTHER MAL. THE DISTCTN BETWEEN ATTRACTN AND BEHAVR IS QUE IMPORTANT DISCSG MALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR CROSS-CULTURALLY BEE QUE A FEW SOCIETI HAVE MANDATED HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS FOR SOME PHASE OF THE LIFE CYCLE, SUCH AS DURG MALE IATN CEREMONI. IN SUCH S, ALL IAT WOULD BE EXPECTED TO PARTICIPATE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR, WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE SEXUALLY ATTRACTED TO MAL. THE THIRD PLITN IS THAT MANY SCHOLARS SUGGT THE NEED TO DISTGUISH DIFFERENT KDS OF HOMOSEXUALY. CG A TYPOLOGY SUGGTED OVER 50 YEARS AGO, CARDOSO AND WERNER (2004; REFERRG TO GORER 1966) DISCS THREE BROAD TYP OF SYSTEMS FOR MALE HOMOSEXUALY: 1) GENR-STRATIFIED; 2) AGE-STRATIFIED; AND 3) EGALARIAN. IN GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, SOME MEN TAKE ON A SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE (“PATHIC”) ROLE, OFTEN ADOPT FEMALE DRS OR ROL, AND ARE UALLY DISTGUISHED OM OTHER MEN, EVEN OM MEN WHO HAVE SEX WH THEM. IN NTRAST, THOSE WHO TAKE THE ACTIVE OR SERTOR ROLE, ARE NOT NSIRED DIFFERENT OM OTHER MEN. IN AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, OLR MEN TABLISH SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS WH BOYS, OFTEN SERVG AS THEIR MENTORS. WHEN THE “BOYS” ARE OLR THEY MAY TAKE ON THEIR OWN YOUNGER PARTNERS. BUT THE RELATNSHIPS ARE NOT PATIBLE WH MARRYG WOMEN AND OFTEN FUNCTN AS PART OF A LIFE CYCLE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE OLR MALE MAY MARRY A WOMAN WHEN HIS “BOY” PARTNER THE RELATNSHIP IS OLD ENOUGH TO TAKE ON HIS OWN “BOY” PARTNER. VIGELAND SCULPTUR PTURE A VARIETY OF HUMAN RELATNSHIPS CLUDG HOMOSEXUALY. IN NTRAST TO THE AGE-STRATIFIED AND GENR SYSTEMS, EGALARIAN SYSTEMS DO NOT HAVE IMPORTANT POWER DIFFERENC BETWEEN HOMOSEXUAL PARTNERS. EGALARIAN SYSTEMS CLU HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE AMONGST ADOLCENTS WH MARRIAGE TO WOMEN AFTERWARDS, OR THE FORMG A “RA” RELATNSHIP BETWEEN MEN THAT N LAST A LIFETIME EVEN THOUGH THE MEN TYPILLY MARRY. IRONILLY, THE THIRD TYPE OF EGALARIAN HOMOSEXUALY, THE “GAY” SYSTEM, WHILE MON WTERN SOCIETI, IS THE RART TYPE OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY THE ETHNOGRAPHIC RERD. IN “GAY” HOMOSEXUALY, DIVIDUALS GRADUALLY REGNIZE THEIR SEXUAL ATTRACTN TO MAL AND AFTER “G OUT,” HAVE SEX WH OTHER “GAY” DIVIDUALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFETIM, SOMETIM EXCLIVELY WH ONE HOMOSEXUAL PARTNER. THE “GAY” SYSTEM IS THE ONLY TYPE OF HOMOSEXUALY LARGELY PATIBLE WH MARRIAGE TO WOMEN. HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR IS EASIER TO DOCUMENT THAN ATTRACTN. (OF URSE, THE SAME DISTCTN BETWEEN ATTRACTN AND PRACTICE ULD BE SAID OF HETEROSEXUAL SEX; MANY SOCIETI EVERYONE IS EXPECTED TO MARRY SOMEONE OF THE OPPOSE SEX REGARDLS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATN AND ATTRACTN.) HOW MON IS HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR AND WHAT, IF ANYTHG, DO WE KNOW ABOUT ATTRACTN? COUNTRY STUDI BASED ON SURVEYS OF DIVIDUALS SUGGT THAT MALE ANDROPHILIA OCCURS ABOUT 2 TO 4 PERCENT OF THE POPULATN ALMOST EVERY UNTRY. HAM, GARFIELD, AND GARFIELD (2017), G ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA, TIMATE THAT 58 PERCENT OF NONDTRIAL SOCIETI EXHIB SOME MALE ANDROPHILIA, ALTHOUGH MALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR OCCURS ABOUT 90 PERCENT OF SOCIETI. (NOTE THAT THE MALE ANDROPHILIA FIGURE IS LIKELY TO BE AN UNR-REPORT SCE CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH ON NONDTRIAL POPULATNS IS UALLY BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHER REPORTS RATHER THAN ON TERVIEWS WH DIVIDUALS.) FEMALE HOMOSEXUALY HAS BEEN LS STUDIED CROSS-CULTURALLY, BUT BLACKWOOD (1984; REPORTED BLACKWOOD AND WIERGA 1999) LOTED 95 SOCIETI WH FEMALE HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS, MANY MORE SOCIETI THAN PEOPLE EXPECTED. WHAT DO CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH FD REGARDG HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR? ACCEPTANCE OF HOMOSEXUALY IS ASSOCIATED WH GREATER EQUENCY OF THE BEHAVR (MTURN, GROSSE, AND HAIR 1969) HIGHER EQUENCI OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY WILL OCCUR SOCIETI THAT HAVE STUTNALIZED MALE TRANSVTISM (GRAY AND ELLGTON 1984). A RELATED FDG IS THAT SOCIETI MORE ACCEPTG OF HOMOSEXUALY ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE ALTERNATIVE GENR ROL OCCUPIED BY TRANSGENRED ANDROPHILIC MAL (VANRLAAN, REN, AND VASEY 2013). WHY? ASSUMG THAT ALL SOCIETI HAVE SOME DIVIDUALS WH HOMOSEXUAL CLATNS, SUCH SEXUALY WILL LIKELY BE EXPRSED UNLS IS SUPPRSED BY CULTURAL DICTAT. MUNROE, WHG, AND HALLY (1969) FOUND THAT STUTNALIZED MALE TRANSVTISM WAS RELATED TO THE PRENCE OF LS RIGID GENR TEGORI. IF SO, SUCH SOCIETI ARE ALSO MORE LIKELY TO ALLOW EXPRSN OF HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE TYPE OF HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR BEG PREDICTED IS “GENR-STRATIFIED” HOMOSEXUALY SCE CRAPO (1995) FOUND THAT SOCIETI WH GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY HAD LS RIGID SEX DISTCTNS, WHILE SOCIETI WH AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY HAD MORE RIGID SEX DISTCTNS. AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY IS MORE LIKELY PATRILEAL SOCIETI, WHEREAS GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY IS MORE LIKELY SOCIETI THAT ARE NOT PATRILEAL (CRAPO 1995). WHY? NOTG THAT AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY ALSO GO WH THE TYPE OF POLYGYNY WHERE MOSTLY WEALTHY MEN HAVE MULTIPLE WIV, CRAPO (1995) SUGGTS THAT THIS TYPE OF HOMOSEXUAL SYSTEM REMOV YOUNG MAL OM THE MARRIAGE MARKET. THEY HAVE TO WA THEIR TURN AND PROVE THEMSELV TO BE WORTHY. HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE IS MORE LIKELY SOCIETI OF HIGHER SOCIAL PLEXY. MORE SPECIFILLY, IS MORE LIKELY IN AGROPASTORAL SOCIETI OR AGRICULTURAL SOCIETI RATHER THAN AMONGST HUNTER-GATHERERS (BARBER 1998 APOSTOLOU (2017B)). WHY? THE TWO THORS HAVE VERY DIFFERENT THEORI. BARBER POSTULAT THAT MATERNAL STRS IS HIGHER MORE PLEX SOCIETI AND ALSO THAT SUCH STRS IS ASSOCIATED WH MORE HOMOSEXUALY. APOSTOLOU ARGU THAT MORE PLEX SOCIETI UALLY ARRANGE MARRIAG ORR TO ENSURE HEIRS FOR PROPERTY HERANCE. WHILE ARRANGED MARRIAG MAY TRACT OM HOMOSEXUALLY-CLED DIVIDUALS BEG ALLOWED TO HAVE HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS ON A PERMANENT BASIS, APOSTOLOU ARGU THAT ACTUALLY ALLOWS THE EQUENCY OF HOMOSEXUAL TENNCI BEE THOSE DIVIDUALS WH SUCH TENNCI WILL STILL REPRODUCE THEIR MARAL RELATNSHIP. IN MORE SOCIALLY STRATIFIED SOCIETI (BARTH, CROCHET, AND RAYMOND 2015) WHY? THE THORS ARGUE THAT SOCIALLY STRATIFIED SOCIETI A WOMAN’S REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS IS ENHANCED BY BEG ABLE TO MARRY TO A HIGHER SOCIAL CLASS. MALE HOMOSEXUALY ULD BE ADAPTIVE IF A MALE’S LSENED REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS ENHANC A SISTER’S OR ANOTHER FEMALE RELATIVE’S REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS. IN BLOGY, THE TERM “SEXUALLY ANTAGONISTIC” GENE IS ED TO DITE A GENE THAT HAS DIFFERENT EFFECTS DIFFERENT DIVIDUALS. SOME CHILDHOOD EXPERIENC PREDICT MORE MALE HOMOSEXUALY HOMOSEXUALY IS POSIVELY ASSOCIATED WH LOW IAL SEX DULGENCE CHILDHOOD AND HIGH SEVERY OF SEX TRAG (MTURN, GROSSE, AND HAIR 1969). HIGHER EQUENCY OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY IS ASSOCIATED WH FEWER MALE CHILDHOOD PANNS OR MORE MIXED-SEX PLAY GROUPS (WERNER 1979). WHY? WERNER’S THEORY WOULD SUGGT THAT HOMOSEXUAL TENNCI OR TERTS ARE SUPPRSED BY THE PRENCE OF MALE PANNS. THIS WOULD ALLU TO A CULTURE OF MASCULY THAT EMPHASIZ HETEROSEXUALY AND SOCIALIZ AGAST HOMOSEXUALY. A MIXED PLAY GROUP ALSO SUGGTS MORE GENR EQUALY AND PERHAPS THE POSSIBILY THAT MAL WOULD BE ALLOWED TO EMOTNALLY OR PHYSILLY EXPLORE THEIR HOMOSEXUALY. LOWER LEVELS OF FATHER-FANT VOLVEMENT ARE ASSOCIATED WH BOTH AGE-STRATIFIED AND GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE (CRAPO 1995). WHAT WE DON’T KNOW VERY LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE HOMOSEXUALY. THERE IS NOT THAT MUCH SCRIPTIVE RMATN ETHNOGRAPHY ABOUT THE SUBJECT, SO IS NOT CLEAR IF SUCH SEXUALY IS SIMPLY NOT DISCSED, MAKG SEEM LS PREVALENT, OR WHETHER IS NOT AS MON AS MALE HOMOSEXUALY. SOME REARCH BY MURRAY (2002; CED CARDOSO AND WERNER 2004) SUGGTS THAT FEMALE GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, LIKE MALE GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, OCCURS SOCIETI WH FEWER SEX DISTCTNS. THERE IS REARCH ON WHAT PREDICTS MEN BELIEVG THAT SEX WH WOMEN IS DANGERO, BUT LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ATTUS OF WOMEN. DO THEY SHARE THE SAME BELIEFS ABOUT THEMSELV? OR ARE THEIR BELIEFS DIFFERENT? SIARLY, HOW DO WOMEN FEEL ABOUT “WIFE SHARG,” WHICH IS OFTEN ARRANGED BY MEN? MOST REARCH ON MALE HOMOSEXUALY DID NOT NSIR THE DIFFERENT TYP OF HOMOSEXUALY. WOULD THERE STILL BE THE SAME PREDICTORS? LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE QUALY OF THE MARAL RELATNSHIP. DO ANY OF THE VARIATN SOCIETAL CTOM (SUCH AS PROHIBG PREMARAL SEX) AFFECT THE QUALY OF THE MARAL RELATNSHIP? EXERCIS USG EHRAF WORLD CULTUR EXPLORE SOME TEXTS AND DO SOME PARISONS G THE EHRAF WORLD CULTUR DATABASE. THE EXERCIS N BE DONE DIVIDUALLY OR AS PART OF CLASSROOM ASSIGNMENTS. SEE THE TEACHG EHRAF EXERCISE ON SEXUALY  FOR SUGGTNS. CATN THIS SUMMARY SHOULD BE CED AS: EMBER, CAROL R., MILAGRO ESBAR, AND NOAH ROSSEN. 2019. “SEXUALY” C. R. EMBER, ED. EXPLAG HUMAN CULTURE. HUMAN RELATNS AREA FIL , ACCSED [GIVE DATE]. CREDS THANKS TO MATTHEW LONGRE, TAHLISA BROUGHAM, AND ABBE MCCARTER FOR HELP WH PHOTO SELECTN AND ABBE MCCARTER FOR EDORIAL ASSISTANCE. PHOTO CREDS COURTSHIP THE NRE CULTURAL CENTER PHOTO BY KARNDU NAGARJUN CC BY 2.0 VIA FLICKR. TROBRIAND MEN’S CRICKET DANCE PHOTO BY TERRY ALLEN VIA SMUGMUG. INDIAN HASTA AP CEREMONY PHOTO BY RAJH KOIRI VIA PIXABAY. PREGNANCY UPLE PHOTO BY GUILLERMO BARRS L VALLE CC 2.0 VIA FLICKR. KAMA SUTRA BY KANDU NAGARJUN OM BANGALORE, INDIA CC BY 2.0, VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. VIGELAND SCULPTURE PHOTOS BY ERW SCHOONRWALDT CC BY 2.0 VIA FLICKR. GLOSSARY AVUNCULOL RINCE A PATTERN OF RINCE WHICH A MARRIED UPLE LOV WH OR NEAR THE HBAND’S MOTHER’S BROTHER. MATRILEAL SCENT THE LE OF SCENT THAT AFFILIAT DIVIDUALS WH K OF BOTH SEX RELATED TO THEM THROUGH WOMEN; AT BIRTH AN DIVIDUAL AFFILIAT WH THEIR MOTHER’S K GROUP. MATRILOL RINCE A PATTERN OF MARAL RINCE WHICH UPL TYPILLY LIVE WH OR NEAR THE WIFE’S PARENTS. PATRILEAL SCENT THE LE OF SCENT THAT AFFILIAT DIVIDUALS WH K OF BOTH SEX RELATED TO THEM THROUGH MEN; AT BIRTH AN DIVIDUAL AFFILIAT WH THEIR FATHERS’S K GROUP. PATRILOL RINCE  A PATTERN OF MARAL RINCE WHICH UPL TYPILLY LIVE WH OR NEAR THE HBAND’S PARENTS. 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STEWARD, 399–410. . ———. 1967. “POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS.” PAIUMA 13: 143–47. MURRAY, STEPHEN. 2002. HOMOSEXUALI. CHIGO: UNIVERSY OF CHIGO PRS. ROSENBLATT, PL C., STEPHEN S. FUGA, AND KENH V. MCDOWELL. 1969. “WEALTH TRANSFER AND RTRICTNS ON SEXUAL RELATNS DURG BETROTHAL.” ETHNOLOGY 8: 319–28. SCIER, JEAN-FRANIS. 1972. “CORRELAT OF THE LONG POSTPARTUM TABOO: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY.” CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 13 (2): 238–49. . SCHLEGEL, ALICE, AND HERBERT BARRY III. 1991. ADOLCENCE: AN ANTHROPOLOGIL INQUIRY. NEW YORK: THE FREE PRS. STEPHENS, WILLIAM N. 1962. THE OEDIP COMPLEX: CROSS-CULTURAL EVINCE. THE FREE PRS. ———. 1972. A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF MOSTY. BEHAVR SCIENCE NOT. SAGE PUBLITNS. TEXTOR, ROBERT B. 1967. “A CROSS-CULTURAL SUMMARY: PREMARAL SEXUAL RELATNS.” IN A CROSS-CULTURAL SUMMARY. NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT: HRAF PRS. VANRLAAN, ZHIYUAN, DOUG P. REN, AND PL L. VASEY. 2013. “MALE ANDROPHILIA THE ANCTRAL ENVIRONMENT: AN ETHNOLOGIL ANALYSIS.” HUMAN NATURE 24: 375–401. . WERNER, DENNIS. 1979. “A CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE ON THEORY AND REARCH ON MALE HOMOSEXUALY.” JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALY 4: 345–62. WHG, BEATRICE B. 1965. “SEX INTY CONFLICT AND PHYSIL VLENCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.” AMERIN ANTHROPOLOGIST 67 (6): 123–40. . WHG, JOHN W. M. 1964. “EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON CERTA CULTURAL PRACTIC.” IN EXPLORATNS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: ESSAYS HONOUR OF GEE PETER MURDOCK., EDED BY W.H. GOONOUGH, 511–44. MCGRAW-HILL. WILSON, CHRISTOPHER G. 2008. “MALE GENAL MUTILATN: AN ADAPTATN TO SEXUAL CONFLICT.” EVOLUTN AND HUMAN BEHAVR 29 (3): 149–64. . ABOUT HUMAN RELATIONS AREA FILES HUMAN RELATNS AREA FIL, INC. (HRAF) IS AN TERNATNALLY REGNIZED ANIZATN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY. FOUND 1949 AT YALE UNIVERSY, HRAF IS A NOT-FOR-PROF MEMBERSHIP NSORTIUM OF UNIVERSI, LLEG, AND REARCH STUTNS. ITS MISSN IS TO ENURAGE AND FACILATE THE CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF HUMAN CULTURE, SOCIETY AND BEHAVR THE PAST AND PRENT.EHRAF DATABASESEHRAF WORLD CULTUREHRAF ARCHAEOLOGYCONTACT HRAFTEL: 203-764-9401TEL: 1-800-520-4723FAX: 203-764-9404GENERAL INQUIR: TECHNIL SUPPORT: © 2023 HUMAN RELATNS AREA FIL, INC.ABOUT EHCACCSIBILYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSHOW TO CE TERMS OF USE WDOW.__INITIAL_STATE__={"CE":{"DOCID":FALSE,"DISPLAY":FALSE,"LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"CHOICE":FALSE,"MSAGE":"","DATA":[],"STYL":[{"NAME":"CHIGO-THOR-DATE","DISPLAY":"CHIGO MANUAL OF STYLE 17TH EDN (THOR DATE)"},{"NAME":"APA","DISPLAY":"APA 7TH EDN"},{"NAME":"MORN-LANGUAGE-ASSOCIATN","DISPLAY":"MLA 9TH EDN"},{"NAME":"HARVARD1","DISPLAY":"HARVARD REFERENCE FORMAT 1 (THOR DATE)"}],"STYLEINX":0},"DOCUMENT":{"DOCID":FALSE,"DATA":[],"LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"ERROR":FALSE},"DOCUMENTS":{"DATA":[],"QF":"ABSTRACT^4 THOR^3 TLE^3 TEXT","HL":{},"HLFL":"TLE,ABSTRACT","FL":"ID,TLE,THOR,HOST_TLE,MATERIAL_TYPE,PUB_YEAR,HYPO_ID,ABSTRACT,CURRENT_STAT","API":","SUGGTERAPI":","JSONFACET":{"SOURCE":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"MATERIAL_TYPE","LIM":5,"MUNT":0}},"PUBLISHED":{"RANGE":{"FIELD":"PUB_YEAR","GAP":25,"START":1900,"END":2023}},"AUTHOR":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"THOR_FACET","LIM":5}},"SUBJECTS":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"OCM_TERMS_FACET","LIM":5}},"SAMPLE":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"SAMPLE_FACET","LIM":7}}},"SORTOPTNS":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE (OLST FIRST)","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+ASC"},{"NAME":"AUTHOR","VAL":"ALPHA_THOR+ASC"},{"NAME":"TLE","VAL":"ALPHA_TLE+ASC"}],"LK":"LOAD_DOCUMENTS_SUCCESS","LAST_MODIFIED":FALSE},"HOME":{"MOBILENAV":FALSE},"HYPOTH":{"DATA":[],"QF":"HYPOTHIS^5 VAR_NAME^4 OCM_TERMS^3 TEXT","HLFL":"ABSTRACT,HYPOTHIS","FL":"ID,HYPOTHIS,VAR_NAME,DOCUMENT_TLE,ABSTRACT,SUPPORT,PUB_YEAR,THOR,DOC_ID","API":","SUGGTERAPI":","JSONFACET":{"SOURCE":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"MATERIAL_TYPE","LIM":5,"MUNT":0}},"PUBLISHED":{"RANGE":{"FIELD":"PUB_YEAR","GAP":25,"START":1900,"END":2023}},"AUTHOR":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"THOR_FACET","LIM":5}},"SUPPORTED":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"SUPPORT_FACET","LIM":4,"MUNT":0}},"SUBJECTS":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"OCM_TERMS_FACET","LIM":5}}},"SORTOPTNS":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE (OLST FIRST)","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+ASC"},{"NAME":"AUTHOR","VAL":"ALPHA_THOR+ASC"},{"NAME":"HYPOTH","VAL":"ALPHA_HYPOTHIS+ASC"}],"LK":"LOAD_HYPOTHESES_SUCCESS","LAST_MODIFIED":FALSE},"HYPOTHIS":{"HYPOID":FALSE,"DATA":[],"LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"ERROR":FALSE,"RELATED":[]},"OCM":{"TERMID":FALSE,"DISPLAY":FALSE,"LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"DATA":[]},"SEARCH":{"API":FALSE,"CURRENTPAGE":1,"FACETS":[],"FILTER":FALSE,"FL":[],"FQ":{},"QF":"","HLFL":"","HELP":FALSE,"JSONFACET":[],"LAST_MODIFIED":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"LOADG":FALSE,"NUMFOUND":0,"PAGECOUNT":0,"LK":FALSE,"QTIME":0,"QUERY":"","RULTSAS":"LIST","ROWS":10,"SEARCHTOOLS":FALSE,"SORTBY":{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},"SORTOPTNS":{"DOCUMENTS":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE (OLST FIRST)","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+ASC"},{"NAME":"AUTHOR","VAL":"ALPHA_THOR+ASC"},{"NAME":"TLE","VAL":"ALPHA_TLE+ASC"}],"HYPOTHESES":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE (OLST FIRST)","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+ASC"},{"NAME":"AUTHOR","VAL":"ALPHA_THOR+ASC"},{"NAME":"HYPOTH","VAL":"ALPHA_HYPOTHIS+ASC"}],"VARIABLES":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"VARIABLE NAME","VAL":"ALPHA_NAME+ASC"},{"NAME":"NUMBER OF OCM TERMS","VAL":"NUM_OCM_IDS+SC"},{"NAME":"NUMBER OF HYPOTH","VAL":"NUM_HYPO_IDS+SC"},{"NAME":"NUMBER OF DOCUMENTS","VAL":"NUM_DOC_IDS+SC"}]},"SUGGTNS":[],"SUGGTERAPI":FALSE,"SUGGTNSINX":FALSE,"VIEWOPTNS":[{"NAME":"LIST"},{"NAME":"TABLE"}],"LISTENFORSUGGTNS":FALSE},"SUMMARY":{"NAME":"SEXUALY","TLE":"SEXUALY","PUBLISHED":"SEPTEMBER 26, 2019","SCRIPTN":"SEXUAL REPRODUCTN IS PART OF THE BLOGIL NATURE OF HUMANS, SO MAY BE SURPRISG HOW MUCH SEXUALY VARI CROSS-CULTURALLY. INED, SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR HETEROSEXUAL SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE AND PRACTICE OF HOMOSEXUALY. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY.","THOR":" CAROL R. EMBER","LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":TE,"URL":","DATA":" SEXUALY CAROL R. EMBER MILAGRO ESBAR NOAH ROSSEN SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 ABSTRACT SEXUAL REPRODUCTN IS PART OF THE BLOGIL NATURE OF HUMANS, SO MAY BE SURPRISG HOW MUCH SEXUALY VARI CROSS-CULTURALLY. INED, SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR HETEROSEXUAL SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE AND PRACTICE OF HOMOSEXUALY. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY. DOWNLOAD: PDF | EPUB (EBOOK) TABLE OF CONTENTS SEXUALY GENERAL PATTERNS OF PERMISSIVENS OR RTRICTIVENS PREMARAL SEX WHAT FLUENC ATTUS AND PRACTIC TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX? CONSEQUENC OF VARIATN PREMARAL SEX NORMS EXTRAMARAL SEX WHAT PREDICTS ATTUS AND BEHAVR TOWARDS EXTRAMARAL SEX? WHAT FACTORS PREDICT A DOUBLE STANDARD RATHER THAN A SGLE STANDARD FOR HBANDS AND WIV? SEX HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAG SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY SEX TABOOS AFTER CHILDBIRTH WHAT PREDICTS SUCH LONG (MORE THAN ONE YEAR) TABOOS? WHY IS SEX, EVEN MARRIAGE, NSIRED DANGERO? ARE THERE NORMS PARTNERS MT FOLLOW DURG TERURSE? HOMOSEXUALY HOW MON IS HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR AND WHAT, IF ANYTHG, DO WE KNOW ABOUT ATTRACTN? WHAT DO CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH FD REGARDG HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR? SOME CHILDHOOD EXPERIENC PREDICT MORE MALE HOMOSEXUALY WHAT WE DON’T KNOW EXERCIS USG EHRAF WORLD CULTUR CATN CREDS PHOTO CREDS GLOSSARY REFERENC SEXUALY IN HUMANS, JT LIKE OTHER SEXUALLY REPRODUCG SPECI, SEXUAL BEHAVR IS ERNED MANY RPECTS BY BLOGY. AFTER ALL, NO SOCIETY N SURVIVE WHOUT SUCCSFUL REPRODUCTN. BUT SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE FOR NON-REPRODUCTIVE SEX. GIVEN SO MUCH VARIATN, APPEARS THAT CULTURE FLUENC MUCH OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVR. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY. COURTSHIP UNFOLDS THE NRE CULTURAL CENTER KAMPALA, UGANDA. IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNRSTAND THAT SOCIETI CHANGE OVER TIME, SOMETIM RAPIDLY, SO WHEN WE TALK ABOUT AN ASPECT OF A PARTICULAR SOCIETY, SUCH AS GREE OF TOLERANCE FOR PREMARAL SEX, WE NEED TO NSIR THE TIME AME OF REFERENCE. IN THE UNED STAT, FOR EXAMPLE, ATTUS TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX HAVE GENERALLY BEE LS RTRICTIVE. BEE OF SUCH CHANG, CROSS-CULTURAL STUDI ALMOST ALWAYS FOC ON ONE SPECIFIC TIME PERD (AND UALLY A SPECIFIC PLACE) FOR EACH SOCIETY. GENERAL PATTERNS OF PERMISSIVENS OR RTRICTIVENS ARE SOCIETI GENERALLY NSISTENT THEIR ATTUS AND PRACTIC? CAN THEY BE GENERALLY CHARACTERIZED AS PERMISSIVE OR RTRICTIVE? THERE DO APPEAR TO BE SOME NSISTENCY WH RPECT TO HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVR. SOCIETI THAT ARE RTRICTIVE ABOUT EXTRAMARAL SEX TEND TO ALSO HAVE RTRICTIVE PREMARAL SEX NORMS FOR GIRLS, RTRICT TALK ABOUT SEX, AND BELIEVE THAT SEX IS DANGERO OR TOO MUCH SEX IS BAD (BROU 1975; FRAYSER 1985) CONMNATN OF EXTRAMARAL SEX, A LOW CINCE OF BOTH PREMARAL AND EXTRAMARAL SEX, AND AVOIDANCE OF SEX DURG MENSTATN GENERALLY -OCCUR (BROU AND GREENE 1976). WHY? THE FDGS SUGGT A GENERAL PATTERN OF AVOIDANCE AND ANXIETY ABOUT HETEROSEXUAL SEX. HOWEVER, HETEROSEXUAL ATTUS DO NOT GENERALLY PREDICT HOMOSEXUAL ATTUS. FOR EXAMPLE, RTRICTIVENS ABOUT PREMARAL SEX DO NOT PREDICT RTRICTIVENS OR PERMISSIVENS REGARDG HOMOSEXUALY. ONE OF THE FEW SIGNIFINT RELATNSHIPS IS BETWEEN THE PREVALENCE OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY AND NEGATIVE ATTUS TOWARD MALE EXTRAMARAL SEX. TH, SOCIETI THAT ARE GENERALLY PERMISSIVE ABOUT HETEROSEXUALY ARE NOT NECSARILY PERMISSIVE ABOUT HOMOSEXUALY (BROU AND GREENE 1976). PREMARAL SEX THE SPECTM OF ATTUS TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX IS VERY WI AND RANG OM RTRICTIVE, WHERE PREMARAL SEXUAL TERURSE IS PROHIBED AND PUNISHED, TO PERMISSIVE, WHERE SEXUAL TERURSE IS TOLERATED OR EXPECTED (MURDOCK 1967; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991). AMONG THE MOST RTRICTIVE SOCIETI ARE THOSE THAT HAVE TTS OF VIRGY AT MARRIAGE; AMONG THE MOST PERMISSIVE ARE SOCIETI THAT ACTIVELY PROMOTE . FOR EXAMPLE, THE LEPCHA OF INDIA, AS SCRIBED THE 1930S BY GORER (1938, 161), BELIEVED THAT A GIRL WOULD NOT VELOP TO SEXUAL MATURY WHOUT HAVG PRR SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS. EVEN THOUGH MOST SOCIETI ARE GENERALLY TOLERANT OF PREMARAL SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS (APOSTOLOU 2017A; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991), THERE TENDS TO BE A SLIGHT DOUBLE STANDARD—MORE THAN 60 PERCENT OF SOCIETI APPROVE OF PREMARAL SEX FOR MAL, BUT ONLY ABOUT 45 PERCENT APPROVE OF FOR FEMAL (BROU 2004). ALTHOUGH SOCIETI WH GREATER FEMALE PENNCE TEND TO HAVE MORE LENIENT PREMARAL SEXUAL NORMS FOR MAL AND FEMAL, GENR DOUBLE STANDARDS ARE PRENT BOTH RTRICTIVE AND PERMISSIVE SOCIETI (HORNE 2004). THERE IS AN IMMENSE PRSURE FOR FEMALE BUT NOT MALE CHASTY, PARTICULARLY THE CIRCUM-MEDERRANEAN REGN (BOURGUIGNON AND GREENBM 1973; TEXTOR 1967). YOUNG TROBRIAND MEN PERFORM A CELEBRATORY DANCE BEFORE A GAME OF CRICKET ON KAVA ISLAND PAPUA NEW GUEA. THE DANC ARE KNOWN TO BE PECIALLY SEXUAL, AND GEARED TOWARDS THE FEMALE SPECTATORS YOU N SEE WATCHG JT BEYOND THE PERFORMERS. WHAT FLUENC ATTUS AND PRACTIC TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX? SOCIETAL PLEXY--MORE SOCIAL PLEXY GENERALLY PREDICTS MORE RTRICTIVENS. SOCIETI WH TENSIVE AGRICULTURE, LARGER MUNI, CLASS STRATIFITN, AND STATE ANIZATN TEND TO PROHIB PREMARAL SEX AND HAVE LOWER RAT OF SUCH SEX (MURDOCK 1964; TEXTOR 1967; BROU 1975). A RELATED FDG IS THAT WHEN MARRIAG VOLVE WEALTH TRANSFERS, PREMARAL SEX IS LS TOLERATED (ROSENBLATT, FUGA, AND MCDOWELL 1969; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991). EVEN AMONGST HUNTER-GATHERERS, SOCIETI WH GREATER SOCIAL PLEXY TEND TO BE MORE RTRICTIVE (KOROTAYEV AND KAZANKOV 2003). WHY? IN SOCIETI WH MORE EQUALY, PARENTS (PARTICULARLY MORE ELE PARENTS) MAY TRY TO MIMIZE THE POSSIBILY THAT THEIR ADOLCENTS WILL BEE TERTED PEOPLE OM THE WRONG “STATN” LIFE, OR EVEN WORSE, FOR A DGHTER TO GET PREGNANT BY A MATE THAT IS NSIRED UNSUABLE FOR MARRIAGE (EMBER AND EMBER 2019, 224). CONSISTENT WH THE IA THAT PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS IS RELATED TO PARENTS TRYG TO NTROL SEXUALY, APOSTOLOU (2017A) FDS THAT RAT FOR PREMARAL SEX ARE MUCH LOWER SOCIETI THAT PRACTICE ARRANGED MARRIAG. PREMARAL SEX REGULATN TENDS TO BE STRICTER SOCIETI WH PATRILEAL SCENT AND PATRILOL RINCE RATHER THAN SOCIETI WH MATRILEAL SCENT AND MATRILOL RINCE (GOETHALS 1971; MART AND VOORHI 1975; HORNE 2004). WHY? GOETHALS (1971; SEE ALSO HORNE 2004) SUGGTS THAT WHEN A SOCIETY IS MATRILOL AND MATRILEAL, PREMARAL SEX THAT RULTS PREGNANCY IS LS PROBLEMATIC BEE A WOMAN WOULD REMA WH OR NEAR HER NATAL FAY FOR HER LIFETIME, WHEREAS SHE WOULD NOT HAVE SUCH SUPPORT A PATRILOL/PATRILEAL SOCIETY. ANXIETY ABOUT SEX OR TERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS CHILDHOOD PREDICTS MORE PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS. SOCIETI THAT PUNISH YOUNG CHILDREN FOR LACKG MOSTY, FOR ENGAGG SEXUAL PLAY, OR FOR MASTURBATG, ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS (TEXTOR 1967; STEPHENS 1972; BROU 1975). HOWEVER, THIS FDG BEGS THE QUTN OF WHY PARENTS GENERALLY OWN ON SEXUAL EXPRSIVY THE FIRST PLACE. CONTROLLG FOR SOCIAL PLEXY AND SOCIAL STRATIFITN, SOCIETI WHERE BABI SPEND MORE THAN HALF THEIR DAY CLOSE BODY NTACT WH A RETAKER ARE MUCH MORE LIKELY TO ALLOW PREMARAL SEX (BROU 1975). WHY? ATTACHMENT THEORY SUGGTS THAT STRONG ATTACHMENT TO RETAKERS FANCY PROMOT GREATER FORT WH TIMACY AND TST OF OTHERS LATER LIFE (BROU 1975). SOCIETI WH OPEN HO OR THOSE LACKG WALLS ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE PERMISSIVE SEXUAL NORMS AND HIGHER RAT OF PREMARAL RELATNSHIPS (MAXWELL 1967). WHY? MAXWELL (1967) POTS OUT THAT WHERE SOCIETI LACK PRIVACY FOR ENGAGG SEXUAL TERURSE, CHILDREN ARE LIKELY TO OBSERVE SEXUAL BEHAVR OM AN EARLY AGE; PRUMABLY CHILDREN AND LATER ADULTS BEE MORE FORTABLE WH SEXUAL ACTIVY BEE OF THIS EXPOSURE. CONSEQUENC OF VARIATN PREMARAL SEX NORMS SOCIETI WH MORE PREMARAL SEX ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE TONOMY SELECTG THEIR MARAL PARTNER (BROU 1983). MORE LIKELY TO VALUE ROMANTIC LOVE ( MUNCK AND KOROTAYEV 1999). MORE LIKELY TO HAVE STABLE MARRIAG AND LOWER RAT OF DIVORCE, AT LEAST WH RPECT TO FEMAL, THAN THOSE WHO DO NOT ENGAGE PREMARAL SEX (BROU 1983; BROWN AND L 2012). EXTRAMARAL SEX THE HASTA AP (MEETG OF THE HANDS), THE INDIAN MARRIAGE CEREMONY SYMBOLIZ A NEW UNBREAKABLE BOND BETWEEN THE UPLE. SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE OF SEXUALY OUTSI OF MARRIAGE. A SLIGHT MAJORY OF SOCIETI NMN EXTRAMARAL SEX FOR BOTH SEX, BUT A DOUBLE STANDARD FAVOR OF HBANDS APPLI ABOUT 65% OF SOCIETI—EXTRAMARAL SEX IS EHER ALLOWED FOR HBANDS BUT NOT WIV, OR, HBANDS ONLY RECEIVE D PUNISHMENT, WHEREAS WIV RECEIVE SEVERE PUNISHMENT. HOWEVER, THAT DO NOT MEAN THAT EXTRAMARAL SEX IS RARE FOR WOMEN. IN FACT TIMAT OF EXTRAMARAL SEXUAL BEHAVR ARE NSIRABLY OUT OF SYNC WH CULTURAL ATTUS. FOR EXAMPLE, WHILE 88 PERCENT OF SOCIETI NMN SUCH SEX FOR WOMEN, EXTRAMARAL SEX IS REPORTED TO OCCUR AT LEAST OCSNALLY BY WIV ABOUT 75 PERCENT OF SOCIETI (BROU AND GREENE 1976; BROU 2004). IF EXTRAMARAL SEX OCCURS FAIRLY EQUENTLY, IS NOT SURPRISG THAT ALMOST ALL DIVIDUALS ACROSS SOCIETI WORRY ABOUT THEIR PARTNER'S SEXUAL ACTIVI AND ACTIVELY TRY TO CURTAIL AN AFFAIR THAT IS NDUCTED WHOUT THEIR PERMISSN. RARELY IS AN AFFAIR MET WH DIFFERENCE (JANKOWIAK, NELL, AND BUCKMASTER 2002). MAL AND FEMAL HAVE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT STRATEGI—WOMEN ARE MORE APT TO E SOCIAL OR PHYSIL DISTANCG; MEN ARE MORE APT TO E VLENCE (ALTHOUGH WOMEN MONLY RORT TO VLENCE TOO). IN MORE PLEX SOCIETI, HIGHER THORI ARE MORE OFTEN APPEALED TO BY MEN. WHILE EXTRAMARAL SEX IS UALLY OWNED UPON A MAJORY OF CULTUR, THERE ARE QUE A FEW (ABOUT 40%) THAT ALLOW EXTRAMARAL SEX FOR WIV. MUCH OF IS STUTNALIZED, SUCH AS BEG ALLOWED DURG CERTA CEREMONI, OR A MON PRACTICE KNOWN AS “WIFE SHARG.” WIFE SHARG CLUS A WOMAN HAVG SEX WH OTHER MEN THE HBAND’S CLAN OR AGE-GRA, WH SPECIFIC OTHER MEN SUCH AS A BROTHER--LAW, OR AS AN ACT OF HOSPALY (BROU 2004). WE KNOW RELATIVELY LTLE TERMS OF HOW WOMEN FEEL ABOUT THE ARRANGEMENTS. WHAT PREDICTS ATTUS AND BEHAVR TOWARDS EXTRAMARAL SEX? EXTRAMARAL SEX IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR POLYGYNO SOCIETI (WILSON 2008). SOCIETI WH HIGH LEVELS OF SEXUAL JEALOY ARE GENERALLY OPPOSED TO EXTRAMARAL SEX (HUPKA AND RYAN 1990). WHY? EVOLUTNARY PSYCHOLOGISTS NTEND THAT WHEN RELATNSHIPS ARE NOT STABLE, PEOPLE WILL TAKE THE NECSARY MEANS TO PROTECT THE BOND WH THEIR PARTNER, SUCH AS BEG EXPLIC OF THEIR EXTRAMARAL SEX VIEWS AND OPNS. SOCIETI WH SMALLER MUNI ARE LS LIKELY TO HAVE PUNISHMENT FOR EXTRAMARAL SEX THAN THOSE CI AND TOWNS (TEXTOR 1967). SOCIETI WH LS SIRE FOR CHILDREN AND LOW OPPOSN TO ABORTN ARE MORE LIKELY TO PERM EXTRAMARAL SEX (TEXTOR 1967). SOCIETI ALLOWG ROMANTIC LOVE ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE ACCEPTG OF EXTRAMARAL SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS (TEXTOR 1967; MUNCK AND KOROTAYEV 1999). IN RPONSE TO PARTNER FILY, MAL TEND TO RORT TO PHYSIL VLENCE WHEREAS FEMAL ARE MORE LIKELY TO DISTANCE THEMSELV OM THEIR PARTNERS (JANKOWIAK, NELL, AND BUCKMASTER 2002). WHAT FACTORS PREDICT A DOUBLE STANDARD RATHER THAN A SGLE STANDARD FOR HBANDS AND WIV? CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH SUGGTS THAT A DOUBLE STANDARD IS PREDICTED BY A LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO (BROU 1980) MALE SECURY AND FENSIVENS (BROU 1980) DITED BY HIGH GRE OF MALE BOASTG MEN’S HO SEGREGATN OF THE SEX CHOR LOW FATHER PRENCE CHILDHOOD WHY? TO EXPLA THE RELATNSHIPS, BROU (1980) DISCS TWO PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI. THE FIRST IS RELATED TO THE IA THAT THE OEDIP PLEX WILL BE STRONGER WHEN A YOUNG BOY HAS A LOT OF NTACT WH THE MOTHER EARLY LIFE AND THE FATHER STAYS AWAY BEE OF A LONG (YEAR OR MORE) PROHIBN ON MARAL SEX AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. PRUMABLY A BOY EXPERIENC NSIRABLE DISTRS WHEN THE TABOO PERD IS OVER AND THE CHILD IS DISPLACED OM THE MOTHER WHEN THE FATHER RETURNS. ANY FUTURE THREAT OF LOSS LATER LIFE, SUCH AS A WIFE FDG LOVE ELSEWHERE, MAY ALSO ENGENR NSIRABLE DISTRS. THEREFORE IS ARGUED THAT TO TRY TO PREVENT SUCH DISTRS, MAL CREATE STRONG PROHIBNS TO KEEP WIV OM HAVG AFFAIRS. BUT WHY SHOULD MAL BE ALLOWED TO HAVE EXTRAMARAL SEX (WHICH CREAT A DOUBLE STANDARD)? THE SEND THEORY SUGGTS THAT WHEN FATHERS AND OTHER MALE MOLS ARE RELATIVELY ABSENT A BOY’S UPBRGG, MAL WILL HAVE MORE NCERN ABOUT THEIR SEXUAL INTY, CLUDG SEXUAL PERFORMANCE. HENCE THEY WILL OFTENTIM ENGAGE HYPERMASCULE OR EXAGGERATED MASCULE BEHAVRS AS A FENSIVE MECHANISM. THIS MAY CLU HAVG AFFAIRS TO “PROVE” THEIR VIRILY WHILE AT THE SAME TIME RTRICTG THE EXTRAMARAL SEXUALY OF THEIR WIV WHICH ULD THREATEN THEIR EGOS (BROU 1980). SEX HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAG ALL SOCIETI BELIEVE HAVG CHILDREN, SO IS NOT SURPRISG THAT MOST SOCIETI THK EQUENT SEX DURG MARRIAGE IS SIRABLE, BUT MAY BE SURPRISG THAT ABOUT 23 PERCENT OF SOCIETI BELIEVE THAT TOO MUCH SEX IS A BAD IA. BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHIC REPORTS, CTOMARY EQUENCI OF MARAL SEX RANGE OM FIVE OR SIX TIM A DAY SOME SOCIETI TO TWO OR THREE TIM A MONTH. THE MOST MON REPORTED EQUENCY IS ONCE A DAY, EXCLUDG EXPLIC TABOO PERDS. A MAJORY OF SOCIETI HAVE SOME MARAL SEX TABOOS. THE MAY CLU THE PROHIBN OF SEX AT CERTA TIM OF DAY, CERTA LOTNS, DURG MENSTATN, BEFORE WAR, HUNTG, OR FISHG EXPEDNS, OR DURG CERTA LIFE EVENTS SUCH AS AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD (BROU 2004). SEE THE MENARCHE SECTNS OF THE ADOLCENCE MODULE FOR A DISCSN OF MENSTAL TABOOS. SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY IN SOME SOCIETI IS THOUGHT BT TO AVOID SEX DURG PREGNANCY TO ENHANCE THE HEALTH OF THE FET (MONTGOMERY 1974). IN OTHER SOCIETI, SUCH AS THE AZAN OF CENTRAL AI, IS THOUGHT THAT TERURSE DURG PREGNANCY HELPS PROMOTE A HEALTHY CHILD (LAGAE 1926). SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY ARE MORE LIKELY (AND ARE LONGER) IN POLYGYNO, RATHER THAN MONOGAMO SOCIETI (AYR 1967). IN TROPIL OR SUB-TROPIL ENVIRONMENTS (TEXTOR 1967). A MAN AND WOMAN EMBRACE ANTICIPATN OF THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. CULTUR VARY GREATLY THE DURATN OF PREGNANCY SEX TABOOS, IF PRENT. SEX TABOOS AFTER CHILDBIRTH SEX BETWEEN A HBAND AND WIFE IS UALLY AVOID FOR SOME TIME AFTER THE WIFE GIV BIRTH, THE RANGE OF WHICH IS TYPILLY SPECIFIED BY CTOM OR TABOO. IN MANY S THE POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO IS MORE THAN A YEAR, SOMETIM FOR SEVERAL YEARS. FOR EXAMPLE, TRADNALLY AMONGST THE YOBA OF NIGERIA A SEX TABOO LASTED FOR ABOUT THREE YEARS (FEYISETAN 1990). THE YOBA SAY THE PURPOSE OF THE TABOO IS TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF THE NURSG CHILD. WHAT PREDICTS SUCH LONG (MORE THAN ONE YEAR) TABOOS? WHEN THE STAPLE FOOD OR FOODS A SOCIETY ARE LOW ON PROTE (WHG 1964). WHY? WHG THEORIZED THAT THE LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO IS AN ADAPTATN TO TROPIL ENVIRONMENTS WHERE ADULT DIETS ARE LOW PROTE. IN SUCH ENVIRONMENTS, TODDLERS ARE VULNERABLE TO KWASHRKOR, A PROTE-FICIENCY DISEASE. HOWEVER, IF A MOTHER ULD POSTPONE A NEW PREGNANCY AND NURSE A CHILD FOR A LONG TIME, THE CHILD HAS MUCH BETTER SURVIVAL CHANC. IN THE ABSENCE OF EFFECTIVE NTRACEPTN, ABSTENCE (A LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO) IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY OF PREVENTG A NEW PREGNANCY. SOCIETI WH LONG TABOOS ALSO TEND TO BE POLYGYNO AND HAVE UNILEAL SCENT (SCIER 1972; WHG 1964). SOCIETI WH MENSTAL TABOOS TEND TO HAVE LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS (CARROLL 1982). WHY IS SEX, EVEN MARRIAGE, NSIRED DANGERO? BROU (2004) TIMAT THAT 23 PERCENT OF SOCIETI BELIEVE THAT TOO MUCH SEX IS A BAD IA. THE NUMBER OF SUCH SOCIETI WH THE BELIEFS IS PERHAPS SURPRISG GIVEN THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS NECSARY FOR A SOCIETY’S SURVIVAL. THE IA THAT SEX IS DANGERO IS EXPRSED BY MEGGT’S (1964, 210) REPORT OF MAE ENGA (OM NEW GUEA) BELIEFS: “…EVERY EJACULATN PLET HIS VALY, AND OVER-DULGENCE MT DULL HIS MD AND LEAVE HIS BODY PERMANENTLY EXHSTED AND WHERED.” SCEN OM THE KAMA SUTRA (ONE OF THE OLST AND MOST POPULAR GUIS TO THE TECHNIQU OF SEX) A HDU TEMPLE. HERE WE SEE A SI OF SEX AND SEXUALY BEYOND THE PURELY MECHANIL OR TABOO. SCE MANY SOCIETI BELIEVE HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS PROBLEMATIC DURG CERTA TIM (SUCH AS BEFORE MARRIAGE, DURG MENSTATN, OR AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD), REARCHERS WHO WANT TO STUDY FEAR OF HETEROSEXUAL SEX HAVE NCENTRATED ON BELIEFS REGARDG MARAL SEX DURG NON-TABOOED TIM. RELATIVELY LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE BELIEFS REGARDG SEXUALY, SO MOST OF THE REARCH FOC ON MALE BELIEFS. MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN IS PREDICTED BY MEN TYPILLY MARRYG WOMEN OM “ENEMY” MUNI (EMBER 1978). WHY? MEGGT (1964), TRYG TO EXPLA VARIABLE BELIEFS ABOUT SEX NEW GUEA, SUGGTED THAT THERE SEEMED TO BE A RELATNSHIP BETWEEN “MARRYG ENEMI” AND MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN. IN THE ENGA AREA, WHERE MEGGT DID HIS FIELDWORK, WARFARE IS CLOSE TO HOME, OFTEN BETWEEN NEIGHBORG MUNI, AND IS THE SAME MUNI OM WHICH MEN MT FD MARRIAGEABLE PARTNERS. MEGGT (1964, 218) BELIEV THIS STCTURE SETS UP AN EQUATN OF “FEMY, SEXUALY, AND PERIL” . THE PRACTICE OF MARRYG ENEMI APPLI TO MANY SOCIETI OUTSI NEW GUEA AND MORE BROADLY PREDICTS FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN (EMBER 1978). SEVERE FOOD SRCY (EMBER 1978). WHY? ANOTHER NEW GUEA ETHNOGRAPHER, LNBM (1972), SUGGTED THAT A CULTURAL BELIEF THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS DANGERO N ACT AS A POPULATN NTROL MECHANISM AND IS THEREFORE ADAPTIVE SOCIETI THAT HAVE SUFFICIENT ROURC TO SUPPORT THE POPULATN. THE RELATNSHIP BETWEEN FOOD SHORTAGE AND MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WAS SUPPORTED C. R. EMBER’S (1978) WORLDWI SAMPLE. MALE BABI SLEEPG CLOSER PROXIMY TO THEIR MOTHERS THAN THEIR FATHERS (EMBER 1978). WHY? TWO DIFFERENT PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI ARE ED TO EXPLA THIS RELATNSHIP. THE FIRST SUGGTS THAT ANY NDN THAT EXAGGERAT A BOY’S ATTRACTN TO HIS MOTHER AND SUBSEQUENT FEAR OF THE FATHER (THE OEDIP PLEX) WOULD CREASE SEXUAL ANXIETY GENERALLY AND MORE SPECIFILLY THE IA THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS DANGERO (STEPHENS 1962). THE SEND THEORY, “SEX INTY NFLICT” THEORY, POSTULAT THAT IAL CLOSENS BETWEEN A MALE BABY AND HIS MOTHER SETS UP IAL UNNSC FEME INTIFITN. IF THE SOCIETY IS MALE DOMATED, A BOY GRADUALLY WILL REALIZE THAT MAL HAVE MORE STAT AND POWER AND HE WILL SUBSEQUENTLY VELOP A SENDARY MALE INTIFITN. THIS SETS UP A NFLICT SEX INTY. A MON RPONSE TO THIS NFLICT IS TO FEND AGAST THE UNNSC FEME INTIFITN AND MANIFT FEAR OF, AND ANTAGONISM TOWARD WOMEN (WHG 1965). BOTH PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI RECEIVED SUPPORT AS MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN TENDS TO BE PRENT SOCIETI WHERE BOYS SLEEP CLOSER TO THEIR MOTHERS, MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN TENDS TO BE PRENT (EMBER 1978). HOW DO ALL THE FACTORS—MARRYG ENEMI, FOOD SHORTAGE, AND SLEEPG ARRANGEMENTS F TOGETHER? MARRYG ENEMI IS THOUGHT TO BE THE MECHANISM THAT SETS UP EMOTNAL AND PHYSIL DISTANCE BETWEEN A MAN AND HIS WIFE, CLUDG SLEEPG APART, AND IS LIKELY THAT PSYCHOLOGIL MECHANISMS LEAD TO MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN (EMBER 1978). ALTERNATIVELY KAHARA (1981), G THE THEORY OF “RECIPROL HIBN,” SUGGTS WAYS THAT FOOD SHORTAGE MAY BE A DIRECT NTRIBUTOR TO MEN’S FEAR OF SEX. AS MENTNED EARLIER, NMNATN OF EXTRAMARAL SEX, A LOW CINCE OF BOTH PREMARAL AND EXTRAMARAL SEX, AND MENSTAL TABOOS GENERALLY -OCCUR (BROU AND GREENE 1976). WHY? THE FDGS SUGGT A GENERAL PATTERN OF AVOIDANCE AND ANXIETY ABOUT HETEROSEXUAL SEX. ARE THERE NORMS PARTNERS MT FOLLOW DURG TERURSE? FEMAL HAVE MORE ACTIVE ROL DURG TERURSE MATRILEAL AND AVUNCULOL SOCIETI WHEREAS THEY TEND TO BE SEXUALLY SUBMISSIVE PARTNERS PATRILEAL SOCIETI (ECKHARDT 1971). WHY? ACRDG TO FEMIST THEORY, FEMAL FACE GREATER OPPRSN PATRIARCHAL SOCIETI DUE TO THE NORMATIVE POWER DYNAMICS THAT ARE HIGHLY BENEFICIAL TO MAL. THE SPECTM REGARDG PRIVACY DURG TERURSE RANG OM HAVG AMPLE PRIVACY DWELLGS FAR OM OTHERS, TO MIMAL PRIVACY SHARG A ROOM WH A PARTN, TO NO PRIVACY SHARG SPACE WHOUT A PARTN (COZBY AND ROSENBLATT 1971). SOCIETI WHERE TWO PARTNERS HAVE GREATER ROMANTIC LOVE ALSO TEND TO HAVE MORE PRIVACY (COZBY AND ROSENBLATT 1971). HOMOSEXUALY STUDYG HOMOSEXUALY CROSS-CULTURALLY IS PLITED. THE FIRST PLITN IS THAT WTERN SOCIETI, HOMOSEXUALY REFERS TO SEX BETWEEN MAL OR SEX BETWEEN FEMAL. BUT THIS NCEPT OF HOMOSEXUALY PENDS ON THE CULTURAL IA THAT THERE ARE ONLY TWO GENRS. IF A SOCIETY REGNIZ THREE OR MORE GENRS, THE NCEPT OF HOMOSEXUALY MIGHT SIMPLY MEAN SEX WH DIVIDUALS WHO SHARE THE SAME GENR SIGNATN, REGARDLS OF THEIR BLOGIL SEX. THE SEND PLITN IS THAT ENGAGG SEXUAL BEHAVR WH THOSE OF THE SAME BLOGIL SEX OR SAME GENR TEGORY DO NOT NECSARILY IMPLY SEXUAL ATTRACTN. HAM, GARFIELD, AND GARFIELD (2017) E THE TERM “MALE ANDROPHILIA” TO SCRIBE MAL’ ATTRACTN TO AND AROAL BY OTHER MAL. THE DISTCTN BETWEEN ATTRACTN AND BEHAVR IS QUE IMPORTANT DISCSG MALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR CROSS-CULTURALLY BEE QUE A FEW SOCIETI HAVE MANDATED HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS FOR SOME PHASE OF THE LIFE CYCLE, SUCH AS DURG MALE IATN CEREMONI. IN SUCH S, ALL IAT WOULD BE EXPECTED TO PARTICIPATE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR, WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE SEXUALLY ATTRACTED TO MAL. THE THIRD PLITN IS THAT MANY SCHOLARS SUGGT THE NEED TO DISTGUISH DIFFERENT KDS OF HOMOSEXUALY. CG A TYPOLOGY SUGGTED OVER 50 YEARS AGO, CARDOSO AND WERNER (2004; REFERRG TO GORER 1966) DISCS THREE BROAD TYP OF SYSTEMS FOR MALE HOMOSEXUALY: 1) GENR-STRATIFIED; 2) AGE-STRATIFIED; AND 3) EGALARIAN. IN GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, SOME MEN TAKE ON A SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE (“PATHIC”) ROLE, OFTEN ADOPT FEMALE DRS OR ROL, AND ARE UALLY DISTGUISHED OM OTHER MEN, EVEN OM MEN WHO HAVE SEX WH THEM. IN NTRAST, THOSE WHO TAKE THE ACTIVE OR SERTOR ROLE, ARE NOT NSIRED DIFFERENT OM OTHER MEN. IN AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, OLR MEN TABLISH SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS WH BOYS, OFTEN SERVG AS THEIR MENTORS. WHEN THE “BOYS” ARE OLR THEY MAY TAKE ON THEIR OWN YOUNGER PARTNERS. BUT THE RELATNSHIPS ARE NOT PATIBLE WH MARRYG WOMEN AND OFTEN FUNCTN AS PART OF A LIFE CYCLE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE OLR MALE MAY MARRY A WOMAN WHEN HIS “BOY” PARTNER THE RELATNSHIP IS OLD ENOUGH TO TAKE ON HIS OWN “BOY” PARTNER. VIGELAND SCULPTUR PTURE A VARIETY OF HUMAN RELATNSHIPS CLUDG HOMOSEXUALY. IN NTRAST TO THE AGE-STRATIFIED AND GENR SYSTEMS, EGALARIAN SYSTEMS DO NOT HAVE IMPORTANT POWER DIFFERENC BETWEEN HOMOSEXUAL PARTNERS. EGALARIAN SYSTEMS CLU HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE AMONGST ADOLCENTS WH MARRIAGE TO WOMEN AFTERWARDS, OR THE FORMG A “RA” RELATNSHIP BETWEEN MEN THAT N LAST A LIFETIME EVEN THOUGH THE MEN TYPILLY MARRY. IRONILLY, THE THIRD TYPE OF EGALARIAN HOMOSEXUALY, THE “GAY” SYSTEM, WHILE MON WTERN SOCIETI, IS THE RART TYPE OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY THE ETHNOGRAPHIC RERD. IN “GAY” HOMOSEXUALY, DIVIDUALS GRADUALLY REGNIZE THEIR SEXUAL ATTRACTN TO MAL AND AFTER “G OUT,” HAVE SEX WH OTHER “GAY” DIVIDUALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFETIM, SOMETIM EXCLIVELY WH ONE HOMOSEXUAL PARTNER. THE “GAY” SYSTEM IS THE ONLY TYPE OF HOMOSEXUALY LARGELY PATIBLE WH MARRIAGE TO WOMEN. HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR IS EASIER TO DOCUMENT THAN ATTRACTN. (OF URSE, THE SAME DISTCTN BETWEEN ATTRACTN AND PRACTICE ULD BE SAID OF HETEROSEXUAL SEX; MANY SOCIETI EVERYONE IS EXPECTED TO MARRY SOMEONE OF THE OPPOSE SEX REGARDLS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATN AND ATTRACTN.) HOW MON IS HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR AND WHAT, IF ANYTHG, DO WE KNOW ABOUT ATTRACTN? COUNTRY STUDI BASED ON SURVEYS OF DIVIDUALS SUGGT THAT MALE ANDROPHILIA OCCURS ABOUT 2 TO 4 PERCENT OF THE POPULATN ALMOST EVERY UNTRY. HAM, GARFIELD, AND GARFIELD (2017), G ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA, TIMATE THAT 58 PERCENT OF NONDTRIAL SOCIETI EXHIB SOME MALE ANDROPHILIA, ALTHOUGH MALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR OCCURS ABOUT 90 PERCENT OF SOCIETI. (NOTE THAT THE MALE ANDROPHILIA FIGURE IS LIKELY TO BE AN UNR-REPORT SCE CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH ON NONDTRIAL POPULATNS IS UALLY BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHER REPORTS RATHER THAN ON TERVIEWS WH DIVIDUALS.) FEMALE HOMOSEXUALY HAS BEEN LS STUDIED CROSS-CULTURALLY, BUT BLACKWOOD (1984; REPORTED BLACKWOOD AND WIERGA 1999) LOTED 95 SOCIETI WH FEMALE HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS, MANY MORE SOCIETI THAN PEOPLE EXPECTED. WHAT DO CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH FD REGARDG HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR? ACCEPTANCE OF HOMOSEXUALY IS ASSOCIATED WH GREATER EQUENCY OF THE BEHAVR (MTURN, GROSSE, AND HAIR 1969) HIGHER EQUENCI OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY WILL OCCUR SOCIETI THAT HAVE STUTNALIZED MALE TRANSVTISM (GRAY AND ELLGTON 1984). A RELATED FDG IS THAT SOCIETI MORE ACCEPTG OF HOMOSEXUALY ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE ALTERNATIVE GENR ROL OCCUPIED BY TRANSGENRED ANDROPHILIC MAL (VANRLAAN, REN, AND VASEY 2013). WHY? ASSUMG THAT ALL SOCIETI HAVE SOME DIVIDUALS WH HOMOSEXUAL CLATNS, SUCH SEXUALY WILL LIKELY BE EXPRSED UNLS IS SUPPRSED BY CULTURAL DICTAT. MUNROE, WHG, AND HALLY (1969) FOUND THAT STUTNALIZED MALE TRANSVTISM WAS RELATED TO THE PRENCE OF LS RIGID GENR TEGORI. IF SO, SUCH SOCIETI ARE ALSO MORE LIKELY TO ALLOW EXPRSN OF HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE TYPE OF HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR BEG PREDICTED IS “GENR-STRATIFIED” HOMOSEXUALY SCE CRAPO (1995) FOUND THAT SOCIETI WH GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY HAD LS RIGID SEX DISTCTNS, WHILE SOCIETI WH AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY HAD MORE RIGID SEX DISTCTNS. AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY IS MORE LIKELY PATRILEAL SOCIETI, WHEREAS GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY IS MORE LIKELY SOCIETI THAT ARE NOT PATRILEAL (CRAPO 1995). WHY? NOTG THAT AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY ALSO GO WH THE TYPE OF POLYGYNY WHERE MOSTLY WEALTHY MEN HAVE MULTIPLE WIV, CRAPO (1995) SUGGTS THAT THIS TYPE OF HOMOSEXUAL SYSTEM REMOV YOUNG MAL OM THE MARRIAGE MARKET. THEY HAVE TO WA THEIR TURN AND PROVE THEMSELV TO BE WORTHY. HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE IS MORE LIKELY SOCIETI OF HIGHER SOCIAL PLEXY. MORE SPECIFILLY, IS MORE LIKELY IN AGROPASTORAL SOCIETI OR AGRICULTURAL SOCIETI RATHER THAN AMONGST HUNTER-GATHERERS (BARBER 1998 APOSTOLOU (2017B)). WHY? THE TWO THORS HAVE VERY DIFFERENT THEORI. BARBER POSTULAT THAT MATERNAL STRS IS HIGHER MORE PLEX SOCIETI AND ALSO THAT SUCH STRS IS ASSOCIATED WH MORE HOMOSEXUALY. APOSTOLOU ARGU THAT MORE PLEX SOCIETI UALLY ARRANGE MARRIAG ORR TO ENSURE HEIRS FOR PROPERTY HERANCE. WHILE ARRANGED MARRIAG MAY TRACT OM HOMOSEXUALLY-CLED DIVIDUALS BEG ALLOWED TO HAVE HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS ON A PERMANENT BASIS, APOSTOLOU ARGU THAT ACTUALLY ALLOWS THE EQUENCY OF HOMOSEXUAL TENNCI BEE THOSE DIVIDUALS WH SUCH TENNCI WILL STILL REPRODUCE THEIR MARAL RELATNSHIP. IN MORE SOCIALLY STRATIFIED SOCIETI (BARTH, CROCHET, AND RAYMOND 2015) WHY? THE THORS ARGUE THAT SOCIALLY STRATIFIED SOCIETI A WOMAN’S REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS IS ENHANCED BY BEG ABLE TO MARRY TO A HIGHER SOCIAL CLASS. MALE HOMOSEXUALY ULD BE ADAPTIVE IF A MALE’S LSENED REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS ENHANC A SISTER’S OR ANOTHER FEMALE RELATIVE’S REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS. IN BLOGY, THE TERM “SEXUALLY ANTAGONISTIC” GENE IS ED TO DITE A GENE THAT HAS DIFFERENT EFFECTS DIFFERENT DIVIDUALS. SOME CHILDHOOD EXPERIENC PREDICT MORE MALE HOMOSEXUALY HOMOSEXUALY IS POSIVELY ASSOCIATED WH LOW IAL SEX DULGENCE CHILDHOOD AND HIGH SEVERY OF SEX TRAG (MTURN, GROSSE, AND HAIR 1969). HIGHER EQUENCY OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY IS ASSOCIATED WH FEWER MALE CHILDHOOD PANNS OR MORE MIXED-SEX PLAY GROUPS (WERNER 1979). WHY? WERNER’S THEORY WOULD SUGGT THAT HOMOSEXUAL TENNCI OR TERTS ARE SUPPRSED BY THE PRENCE OF MALE PANNS. THIS WOULD ALLU TO A CULTURE OF MASCULY THAT EMPHASIZ HETEROSEXUALY AND SOCIALIZ AGAST HOMOSEXUALY. A MIXED PLAY GROUP ALSO SUGGTS MORE GENR EQUALY AND PERHAPS THE POSSIBILY THAT MAL WOULD BE ALLOWED TO EMOTNALLY OR PHYSILLY EXPLORE THEIR HOMOSEXUALY. LOWER LEVELS OF FATHER-FANT VOLVEMENT ARE ASSOCIATED WH BOTH AGE-STRATIFIED AND GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE (CRAPO 1995). WHAT WE DON’T KNOW
• GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT

LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENR, AND QUEER MUNY

lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, and queer muny (LGBTQ muny), also lled LGBTQ+ muny, any untry, regn, cy, or other loly, a group of persons who intify as lbian, gay ( the narrow sense of beg a male who is sexually or romantilly attracted to other mal), bisexual, transgenr, or queer and who feel some gree of empathy and solidary wh each other based on their shared experience of prejudice, discrimatn, and disrpect or their awarens of the historil and ntemporary opprsn of lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, and queer (LGBTQ) persons.

The term “homosexualy, ” while sometim nsired anachronistic the current era, is the most applible and easily translatable term to e when askg this qutn across societi and languag and has been ed other cross-natnal studi, cludg the World Valu Survey. Dpe major chang laws and norms surroundg the issue of same-sex marriage and the rights of LGBT people around the world, public opn on the acceptance of homosexualy society remas sharply divid by untry, regn and enomic velopment. And Poland, supporters of the erng PiS (Law and Jtice), which has explicly targeted gay rights as anathema to tradnal Polish valu, are 23 percentage pots ls likely to say that homosexualy should be accepted by society than those who do not support the erng party.

But even untri like France and Germany where acceptance of homosexualy is high, there are differenc between supporters and non-supporters of key right-wg populist parti such as Natnal Rally France and Alternative for Germany (AfD). Florida ernor Ron DeSantis signed the state’s much-discsed Parental Rights Edutn bill—much more equently lled the Don’t Say Gay bill—to law on Monday, makg the state the fifth the natn where tors and staff are explicly prohibed om discsg LGBTQ people and issu as part of curriculums public schools.

GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S HEALTH ISSU

Olr Don’t Say Gay laws had generally also rtricted stctn for all age levels, wh their wordg rangg om “homosexualy is not a liftyle acceptable to the general public” (Texas) to puttg LGBTQ sexualy the same tegory as tn about “current state laws related to sexual nduct, cludg forcible rape, statutory rape” (Mississippi), even though gay sex is no longer an offense the state as of 2003. For several years, studi led by Andrea Camper Ciani at the Universy of Padova Italy and others have found that mothers and maternal nts of gay men tend to have signifintly more offsprg than the maternal relativ of straight men. The rults show strong support for the "balancg selectn hypothis, " which is fast beg the accepted theory of the geic basis of male theory holds that the same geic factors that duce gayns mal also promote fecundy (high reproductive succs) those mal' female maternal relativ.

Through this tra-off, the maternal relativ' "gay man gen, " though they aren't exprsed as such, tend to get passed to future generatns spe of their tenncy to make their male herors no one knows which gen, exactly, the might be, at least one of them appears to be loted on the X chromosome, acrdg to geic molg by Camper Ciani and his lleagu. The androphilic pattern that we found is about femal who crease their reproductive value to attract the bt mal, " Camper Ciani told Life's Ltle out, the moms and nts of gay men have an advantage over the moms and nts of straight men for several reasons: They are more fertile, displayg fewer gynelogil disorrs or plitns durg pregnancy; they are more extroverted, as well as funnier, happier and more relaxed; and they have fewer fay problems and social anxieti. Effectively, then, the mother's immune system would (sometim) treat certa male protes produced by the fet as a foreign pathogen and attempt to attack , rultg out that uld clu a homosexual orientatn, but also fetal loss if the reactn was strong enough (i.

The mothers were then classified further to one of five groups: those wh gay male only-children (n = 8), those wh gay male offsprg that had no olr brothers (n = 23), those wh gay male offsprg wh olr brothers (n = 23), those wh heterosexual male only-children (n = 11), and those wh heterosexual male offsprg wh siblgs (n = 61). As birth weight tends to crease over succsive pregnanci, the parisons were limed to first live-born sons only (n = 63); this left 4 gay male only-children, 7 gay mal wh no olr brothers, 14 heterosexual mal wh gay younger brothers, 10 heterosexual male only-children, and 28 heterosexual mal wh siblgs.

WHY ARE THERE GAY MEN?

While 's important to not get rried away wh this fdg given the relatively small sample size (I wouldn't put too much stock an N of 8), there is some suggtive evince here worth pursug further that somethg is atypil fetal velopment the se of gay male offsprg. Skorska et al (2016) pos that this might have somethg to do wh some mothers showg a greater immune rponse agast male offsprg, rultg more fetal loss, the rult beg that such mothers are both ls likely to have any children at all and more likely to have gay male children particular.

If mothers of gay men do not tend to have a greater rat of female-to-male offsprg, this would st some doubt on the explanatn (and, sce the only data I've heard reports that gay men tend to have more olr brothers, seems they would have noticed the sister pot by now if existed). On the other hand, if this is a more general immune reactn agast fetal bodi, regardls of their sex, we would not expect such a pattern ( might also predict that mothers takg immunosupprsants would be ls likely to have gay offsprg/misrry, but thgs are unlikely to be that simple owg to the fact that other effects would rult too). So far, very few tl have managed to stand the gay gam, you’ll often fd a pretty nasty lookg flash game, where ’s jt a matter of jerkg off a badly animated 3D character, receivg an unrealistic blowjob, or maybe a few so-lled sex scen that are often not very arog.

CtomisatnWhile some of the bt ee gay porn gam you take on the role of pre-existg characters ( most visual novels, for example), we also love when you get to create your own avatar – or even ctomize the sexual partner(s) you’re playg wh! Army service World War I, Gerber was spired to create his anizatn by the Scientific-Humanarian Commtee, a “homosexual emancipatn” group ’s small group published a few issu of s newsletter “Friendship and Freedom, ” the untry’s first gay-tert newsletter.

GAY PORN GAM: FREE GAY SEX GAM ONLE

Ernment signated Gerber’s Chigo hoe a Natnal Historic Pk TriangleCorbis/Getty ImagHomosexual prisoners at the ncentratn mp at Sachsenhsen, Germany, wearg pk triangl on their uniforms on December 19, gay rights movement stagnated for the next few s, though LGBT dividuals around the world did e to the spotlight a few example, English poet and thor Radclyffe Hall stirred up ntroversy 1928 when she published her lbian-themed novel, The Well of Lonels.

Addnally, 1948, his book Sexual Behavr the Human Male, Aled Ksey proposed that male sexual orientatn li on a ntuum between exclively homosexual to exclively Homophile Years In 1950, Harry Hay found the Mattache Foundatn, one of the natn’s first gay rights group. ”Though started off small, the foundatn, which sought to improve the liv of gay men through discsn groups and related activi, expand after foundg member Dale Jenngs was arrted 1952 for solicatn and then later set ee due to a adlocked the end of the year, Jenngs formed another anizatn lled One, Inc., which weled women and published ONE, the untry’s first pro-gay magaze. Post Office, which 1954 clared the magaze “obscene” and refed to liver Mattache Society Mattache Foundatn members rtctured the anizatn to form the Mattache Society, which had lol chapters other parts of the untry and 1955 began publishg the untry’s send gay publitn, The Mattache Review.

That same year, four lbian upl San Francis found an anizatn lled the Dghters of Bilis, which soon began publishg a newsletter lled The Ladr, the first lbian publitn of any early years of the movement also faced some notable setbacks: the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn listed homosexualy as a form of mental disorr followg year, Print Dwight D. ”In fear of beg shut down by thori, bartenrs would ny drks to patrons spected of beg gay or kick them out altogether; others would serve them drks but force them to s facg away om other ctomers to prevent them om 1966, members of the Mattache Society New York Cy staged a “sip-”—a twist on the “s-” protts of the 1960s— which they vised taverns, clared themselv gay, and waed to be turned away so they uld sue.

LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR HEALTH

They were nied service at the Greenwich Village tavern Juli, rultg much publicy and the quick reversal of the anti-gay liquor Stonewall Inn A few years later, 1969, a now-famo event talyzed the gay rights movement: The Stonewall clanste gay club Stonewall Inn was an stutn Greenwich Village bee was large, cheap, allowed dancg and weled drag queens and homels the early hours of June 28, 1969, New York Cy police raid the Stonewall Inn. " This sign was wrten by the Mattache Society–an early anizatn dited to fightg for gay reportg the events, The New York Daily News rorted to homophobic slurs s tailed verage, nng the headle: “Homo Nt Raid, Queen Be Are Stgg Mad. 1 / 12: NY Daily News Archive/Getty ImagChristopher Street Liberatn Day Shortly after the Stonewall uprisg, members of the Mattache Society spl off to form the Gay Liberatn Front, a radil group that lnched public monstratns, protts and nontatns wh polil officials.

Siar groups followed, cludg the Gay Activists Alliance, Radilbians, and Street Transvt Actn Revolutnari (STAR) 1970, at the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall Rts, New York Cy muny members marched through lol streets memoratn of the event. Addnally, several openly LGBTQ dividuals secured public office posns: Kathy Kozachenko won a seat to the Ann Harbor, Michigan, Cy Council 1974, beg the first out Amerin to be elected to public Milk, who mpaigned on a pro-gay rights platform, beme the San Francis cy supervisor 1978, beg the first openly gay man elected to a polil office asked Gilbert Baker, an artist and gay rights activist, to create an emblem that reprents the movement and would be seen as a symbol of pri. In 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Preventn published a report about five prevly healthy homosexual men beg fected wh a rare type of 1984, rearchers had intified the e of AIDS—the human immunoficiency vis, or HIV—and the Food and Dg Admistratn licensed the first mercial blood tt for HIV 1985.

GAY RIGHTS

But after failg to garner enough support for such an open policy, Print Clton 1993 passed the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) policy, which allowed gay men and women to serve the ary as long as they kept their sexualy a rights advot cried the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell policy, as did ltle to stop people om beg discharged on the grounds of their 2011, Print Obama fulfilled a mpaign promise to repeal DADT; by that time, more than 12, 000 officers had been discharged om the ary unr DADT for refg to hi their sexualy. Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell was officially repealed on September 20, Marriage and Beyond In 1992, the District of Columbia passed a law that allowed gay and lbian upl to register as domtic partners, grantg them some of the rights of marriage (the cy of San Francis passed a siar ordance three years prr and California would later extend those rights to the entire state 1999) 1993, the hight urt  Hawaii led that a ban on gay marriage may go agast the state’s nstutn. In 1994, a new anti-hate-crime law allowed judg to impose harsher sentenc if a crime was motivated by a victim’s sexual Matthew Shepard ActCourty of the Matthew Shepard FoundatnMatthew Shepard, who was btally killed a hate crime 2003, gay rights proponents had another b of happy news: the U.

SEXUALY CAROL R. EMBER MILAGRO ESBAR NOAH ROSSEN SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 ABSTRACT SEXUAL REPRODUCTN IS PART OF THE BLOGIL NATURE OF HUMANS, SO MAY BE SURPRISG HOW MUCH SEXUALY VARI CROSS-CULTURALLY. INED, SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR HETEROSEXUAL SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE AND PRACTICE OF HOMOSEXUALY. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY. DOWNLOAD: PDF | EPUB (EBOOK) TABLE OF CONTENTS SEXUALY GENERAL PATTERNS OF PERMISSIVENS OR RTRICTIVENS PREMARAL SEX WHAT FLUENC ATTUS AND PRACTIC TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX? CONSEQUENC OF VARIATN PREMARAL SEX NORMS EXTRAMARAL SEX WHAT PREDICTS ATTUS AND BEHAVR TOWARDS EXTRAMARAL SEX? WHAT FACTORS PREDICT A DOUBLE STANDARD RATHER THAN A SGLE STANDARD FOR HBANDS AND WIV? SEX HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAG SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY SEX TABOOS AFTER CHILDBIRTH WHAT PREDICTS SUCH LONG (MORE THAN ONE YEAR) TABOOS? WHY IS SEX, EVEN MARRIAGE, NSIRED DANGERO? ARE THERE NORMS PARTNERS MT FOLLOW DURG TERURSE? HOMOSEXUALY HOW MON IS HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR AND WHAT, IF ANYTHG, DO WE KNOW ABOUT ATTRACTN? WHAT DO CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH FD REGARDG HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR? SOME CHILDHOOD EXPERIENC PREDICT MORE MALE HOMOSEXUALY WHAT WE DON’T KNOW EXERCIS USG EHRAF WORLD CULTUR CATN CREDS PHOTO CREDS GLOSSARY REFERENC SEXUALY IN HUMANS, JT LIKE OTHER SEXUALLY REPRODUCG SPECI, SEXUAL BEHAVR IS ERNED MANY RPECTS BY BLOGY. AFTER ALL, NO SOCIETY N SURVIVE WHOUT SUCCSFUL REPRODUCTN. BUT SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE FOR NON-REPRODUCTIVE SEX. GIVEN SO MUCH VARIATN, APPEARS THAT CULTURE FLUENC MUCH OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVR. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY. COURTSHIP UNFOLDS THE NRE CULTURAL CENTER KAMPALA, UGANDA. IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNRSTAND THAT SOCIETI CHANGE OVER TIME, SOMETIM RAPIDLY, SO WHEN WE TALK ABOUT AN ASPECT OF A PARTICULAR SOCIETY, SUCH AS GREE OF TOLERANCE FOR PREMARAL SEX, WE NEED TO NSIR THE TIME AME OF REFERENCE. IN THE UNED STAT, FOR EXAMPLE, ATTUS TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX HAVE GENERALLY BEE LS RTRICTIVE. BEE OF SUCH CHANG, CROSS-CULTURAL STUDI ALMOST ALWAYS FOC ON ONE SPECIFIC TIME PERD (AND UALLY A SPECIFIC PLACE) FOR EACH SOCIETY. GENERAL PATTERNS OF PERMISSIVENS OR RTRICTIVENS ARE SOCIETI GENERALLY NSISTENT THEIR ATTUS AND PRACTIC? CAN THEY BE GENERALLY CHARACTERIZED AS PERMISSIVE OR RTRICTIVE? THERE DO APPEAR TO BE SOME NSISTENCY WH RPECT TO HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVR. SOCIETI THAT ARE RTRICTIVE ABOUT EXTRAMARAL SEX TEND TO ALSO HAVE RTRICTIVE PREMARAL SEX NORMS FOR GIRLS, RTRICT TALK ABOUT SEX, AND BELIEVE THAT SEX IS DANGERO OR TOO MUCH SEX IS BAD (BROU 1975; FRAYSER 1985) CONMNATN OF EXTRAMARAL SEX, A LOW CINCE OF BOTH PREMARAL AND EXTRAMARAL SEX, AND AVOIDANCE OF SEX DURG MENSTATN GENERALLY -OCCUR (BROU AND GREENE 1976). WHY? THE FDGS SUGGT A GENERAL PATTERN OF AVOIDANCE AND ANXIETY ABOUT HETEROSEXUAL SEX. HOWEVER, HETEROSEXUAL ATTUS DO NOT GENERALLY PREDICT HOMOSEXUAL ATTUS. FOR EXAMPLE, RTRICTIVENS ABOUT PREMARAL SEX DO NOT PREDICT RTRICTIVENS OR PERMISSIVENS REGARDG HOMOSEXUALY. ONE OF THE FEW SIGNIFINT RELATNSHIPS IS BETWEEN THE PREVALENCE OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY AND NEGATIVE ATTUS TOWARD MALE EXTRAMARAL SEX. TH, SOCIETI THAT ARE GENERALLY PERMISSIVE ABOUT HETEROSEXUALY ARE NOT NECSARILY PERMISSIVE ABOUT HOMOSEXUALY (BROU AND GREENE 1976). PREMARAL SEX THE SPECTM OF ATTUS TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX IS VERY WI AND RANG OM RTRICTIVE, WHERE PREMARAL SEXUAL TERURSE IS PROHIBED AND PUNISHED, TO PERMISSIVE, WHERE SEXUAL TERURSE IS TOLERATED OR EXPECTED (MURDOCK 1967; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991). AMONG THE MOST RTRICTIVE SOCIETI ARE THOSE THAT HAVE TTS OF VIRGY AT MARRIAGE; AMONG THE MOST PERMISSIVE ARE SOCIETI THAT ACTIVELY PROMOTE . FOR EXAMPLE, THE LEPCHA OF INDIA, AS SCRIBED THE 1930S BY GORER (1938, 161), BELIEVED THAT A GIRL WOULD NOT VELOP TO SEXUAL MATURY WHOUT HAVG PRR SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS. EVEN THOUGH MOST SOCIETI ARE GENERALLY TOLERANT OF PREMARAL SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS (APOSTOLOU 2017A; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991), THERE TENDS TO BE A SLIGHT DOUBLE STANDARD—MORE THAN 60 PERCENT OF SOCIETI APPROVE OF PREMARAL SEX FOR MAL, BUT ONLY ABOUT 45 PERCENT APPROVE OF FOR FEMAL (BROU 2004). ALTHOUGH SOCIETI WH GREATER FEMALE PENNCE TEND TO HAVE MORE LENIENT PREMARAL SEXUAL NORMS FOR MAL AND FEMAL, GENR DOUBLE STANDARDS ARE PRENT BOTH RTRICTIVE AND PERMISSIVE SOCIETI (HORNE 2004). THERE IS AN IMMENSE PRSURE FOR FEMALE BUT NOT MALE CHASTY, PARTICULARLY THE CIRCUM-MEDERRANEAN REGN (BOURGUIGNON AND GREENBM 1973; TEXTOR 1967). YOUNG TROBRIAND MEN PERFORM A CELEBRATORY DANCE BEFORE A GAME OF CRICKET ON KAVA ISLAND PAPUA NEW GUEA. THE DANC ARE KNOWN TO BE PECIALLY SEXUAL, AND GEARED TOWARDS THE FEMALE SPECTATORS YOU N SEE WATCHG JT BEYOND THE PERFORMERS. WHAT FLUENC ATTUS AND PRACTIC TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX? SOCIETAL PLEXY--MORE SOCIAL PLEXY GENERALLY PREDICTS MORE RTRICTIVENS. SOCIETI WH TENSIVE AGRICULTURE, LARGER MUNI, CLASS STRATIFITN, AND STATE ANIZATN TEND TO PROHIB PREMARAL SEX AND HAVE LOWER RAT OF SUCH SEX (MURDOCK 1964; TEXTOR 1967; BROU 1975). A RELATED FDG IS THAT WHEN MARRIAG VOLVE WEALTH TRANSFERS, PREMARAL SEX IS LS TOLERATED (ROSENBLATT, FUGA, AND MCDOWELL 1969; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991). EVEN AMONGST HUNTER-GATHERERS, SOCIETI WH GREATER SOCIAL PLEXY TEND TO BE MORE RTRICTIVE (KOROTAYEV AND KAZANKOV 2003). WHY? IN SOCIETI WH MORE EQUALY, PARENTS (PARTICULARLY MORE ELE PARENTS) MAY TRY TO MIMIZE THE POSSIBILY THAT THEIR ADOLCENTS WILL BEE TERTED PEOPLE OM THE WRONG “STATN” LIFE, OR EVEN WORSE, FOR A DGHTER TO GET PREGNANT BY A MATE THAT IS NSIRED UNSUABLE FOR MARRIAGE (EMBER AND EMBER 2019, 224). CONSISTENT WH THE IA THAT PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS IS RELATED TO PARENTS TRYG TO NTROL SEXUALY, APOSTOLOU (2017A) FDS THAT RAT FOR PREMARAL SEX ARE MUCH LOWER SOCIETI THAT PRACTICE ARRANGED MARRIAG. PREMARAL SEX REGULATN TENDS TO BE STRICTER SOCIETI WH PATRILEAL SCENT AND PATRILOL RINCE RATHER THAN SOCIETI WH MATRILEAL SCENT AND MATRILOL RINCE (GOETHALS 1971; MART AND VOORHI 1975; HORNE 2004). WHY? GOETHALS (1971; SEE ALSO HORNE 2004) SUGGTS THAT WHEN A SOCIETY IS MATRILOL AND MATRILEAL, PREMARAL SEX THAT RULTS PREGNANCY IS LS PROBLEMATIC BEE A WOMAN WOULD REMA WH OR NEAR HER NATAL FAY FOR HER LIFETIME, WHEREAS SHE WOULD NOT HAVE SUCH SUPPORT A PATRILOL/PATRILEAL SOCIETY. ANXIETY ABOUT SEX OR TERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS CHILDHOOD PREDICTS MORE PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS. SOCIETI THAT PUNISH YOUNG CHILDREN FOR LACKG MOSTY, FOR ENGAGG SEXUAL PLAY, OR FOR MASTURBATG, ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS (TEXTOR 1967; STEPHENS 1972; BROU 1975). HOWEVER, THIS FDG BEGS THE QUTN OF WHY PARENTS GENERALLY OWN ON SEXUAL EXPRSIVY THE FIRST PLACE. CONTROLLG FOR SOCIAL PLEXY AND SOCIAL STRATIFITN, SOCIETI WHERE BABI SPEND MORE THAN HALF THEIR DAY CLOSE BODY NTACT WH A RETAKER ARE MUCH MORE LIKELY TO ALLOW PREMARAL SEX (BROU 1975). WHY? ATTACHMENT THEORY SUGGTS THAT STRONG ATTACHMENT TO RETAKERS FANCY PROMOT GREATER FORT WH TIMACY AND TST OF OTHERS LATER LIFE (BROU 1975). SOCIETI WH OPEN HO OR THOSE LACKG WALLS ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE PERMISSIVE SEXUAL NORMS AND HIGHER RAT OF PREMARAL RELATNSHIPS (MAXWELL 1967). WHY? MAXWELL (1967) POTS OUT THAT WHERE SOCIETI LACK PRIVACY FOR ENGAGG SEXUAL TERURSE, CHILDREN ARE LIKELY TO OBSERVE SEXUAL BEHAVR OM AN EARLY AGE; PRUMABLY CHILDREN AND LATER ADULTS BEE MORE FORTABLE WH SEXUAL ACTIVY BEE OF THIS EXPOSURE. CONSEQUENC OF VARIATN PREMARAL SEX NORMS SOCIETI WH MORE PREMARAL SEX ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE TONOMY SELECTG THEIR MARAL PARTNER (BROU 1983). MORE LIKELY TO VALUE ROMANTIC LOVE ( MUNCK AND KOROTAYEV 1999). MORE LIKELY TO HAVE STABLE MARRIAG AND LOWER RAT OF DIVORCE, AT LEAST WH RPECT TO FEMAL, THAN THOSE WHO DO NOT ENGAGE PREMARAL SEX (BROU 1983; BROWN AND L 2012). EXTRAMARAL SEX THE HASTA AP (MEETG OF THE HANDS), THE INDIAN MARRIAGE CEREMONY SYMBOLIZ A NEW UNBREAKABLE BOND BETWEEN THE UPLE. SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE OF SEXUALY OUTSI OF MARRIAGE. A SLIGHT MAJORY OF SOCIETI NMN EXTRAMARAL SEX FOR BOTH SEX, BUT A DOUBLE STANDARD FAVOR OF HBANDS APPLI ABOUT 65% OF SOCIETI—EXTRAMARAL SEX IS EHER ALLOWED FOR HBANDS BUT NOT WIV, OR, HBANDS ONLY RECEIVE D PUNISHMENT, WHEREAS WIV RECEIVE SEVERE PUNISHMENT. HOWEVER, THAT DO NOT MEAN THAT EXTRAMARAL SEX IS RARE FOR WOMEN. IN FACT TIMAT OF EXTRAMARAL SEXUAL BEHAVR ARE NSIRABLY OUT OF SYNC WH CULTURAL ATTUS. FOR EXAMPLE, WHILE 88 PERCENT OF SOCIETI NMN SUCH SEX FOR WOMEN, EXTRAMARAL SEX IS REPORTED TO OCCUR AT LEAST OCSNALLY BY WIV ABOUT 75 PERCENT OF SOCIETI (BROU AND GREENE 1976; BROU 2004). IF EXTRAMARAL SEX OCCURS FAIRLY EQUENTLY, IS NOT SURPRISG THAT ALMOST ALL DIVIDUALS ACROSS SOCIETI WORRY ABOUT THEIR PARTNER'S SEXUAL ACTIVI AND ACTIVELY TRY TO CURTAIL AN AFFAIR THAT IS NDUCTED WHOUT THEIR PERMISSN. RARELY IS AN AFFAIR MET WH DIFFERENCE (JANKOWIAK, NELL, AND BUCKMASTER 2002). MAL AND FEMAL HAVE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT STRATEGI—WOMEN ARE MORE APT TO E SOCIAL OR PHYSIL DISTANCG; MEN ARE MORE APT TO E VLENCE (ALTHOUGH WOMEN MONLY RORT TO VLENCE TOO). IN MORE PLEX SOCIETI, HIGHER THORI ARE MORE OFTEN APPEALED TO BY MEN. WHILE EXTRAMARAL SEX IS UALLY OWNED UPON A MAJORY OF CULTUR, THERE ARE QUE A FEW (ABOUT 40%) THAT ALLOW EXTRAMARAL SEX FOR WIV. MUCH OF IS STUTNALIZED, SUCH AS BEG ALLOWED DURG CERTA CEREMONI, OR A MON PRACTICE KNOWN AS “WIFE SHARG.” WIFE SHARG CLUS A WOMAN HAVG SEX WH OTHER MEN THE HBAND’S CLAN OR AGE-GRA, WH SPECIFIC OTHER MEN SUCH AS A BROTHER--LAW, OR AS AN ACT OF HOSPALY (BROU 2004). WE KNOW RELATIVELY LTLE TERMS OF HOW WOMEN FEEL ABOUT THE ARRANGEMENTS. WHAT PREDICTS ATTUS AND BEHAVR TOWARDS EXTRAMARAL SEX? EXTRAMARAL SEX IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR POLYGYNO SOCIETI (WILSON 2008). SOCIETI WH HIGH LEVELS OF SEXUAL JEALOY ARE GENERALLY OPPOSED TO EXTRAMARAL SEX (HUPKA AND RYAN 1990). WHY? EVOLUTNARY PSYCHOLOGISTS NTEND THAT WHEN RELATNSHIPS ARE NOT STABLE, PEOPLE WILL TAKE THE NECSARY MEANS TO PROTECT THE BOND WH THEIR PARTNER, SUCH AS BEG EXPLIC OF THEIR EXTRAMARAL SEX VIEWS AND OPNS. SOCIETI WH SMALLER MUNI ARE LS LIKELY TO HAVE PUNISHMENT FOR EXTRAMARAL SEX THAN THOSE CI AND TOWNS (TEXTOR 1967). SOCIETI WH LS SIRE FOR CHILDREN AND LOW OPPOSN TO ABORTN ARE MORE LIKELY TO PERM EXTRAMARAL SEX (TEXTOR 1967). SOCIETI ALLOWG ROMANTIC LOVE ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE ACCEPTG OF EXTRAMARAL SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS (TEXTOR 1967; MUNCK AND KOROTAYEV 1999). IN RPONSE TO PARTNER FILY, MAL TEND TO RORT TO PHYSIL VLENCE WHEREAS FEMAL ARE MORE LIKELY TO DISTANCE THEMSELV OM THEIR PARTNERS (JANKOWIAK, NELL, AND BUCKMASTER 2002). WHAT FACTORS PREDICT A DOUBLE STANDARD RATHER THAN A SGLE STANDARD FOR HBANDS AND WIV? CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH SUGGTS THAT A DOUBLE STANDARD IS PREDICTED BY A LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO (BROU 1980) MALE SECURY AND FENSIVENS (BROU 1980) DITED BY HIGH GRE OF MALE BOASTG MEN’S HO SEGREGATN OF THE SEX CHOR LOW FATHER PRENCE CHILDHOOD WHY? TO EXPLA THE RELATNSHIPS, BROU (1980) DISCS TWO PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI. THE FIRST IS RELATED TO THE IA THAT THE OEDIP PLEX WILL BE STRONGER WHEN A YOUNG BOY HAS A LOT OF NTACT WH THE MOTHER EARLY LIFE AND THE FATHER STAYS AWAY BEE OF A LONG (YEAR OR MORE) PROHIBN ON MARAL SEX AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. PRUMABLY A BOY EXPERIENC NSIRABLE DISTRS WHEN THE TABOO PERD IS OVER AND THE CHILD IS DISPLACED OM THE MOTHER WHEN THE FATHER RETURNS. ANY FUTURE THREAT OF LOSS LATER LIFE, SUCH AS A WIFE FDG LOVE ELSEWHERE, MAY ALSO ENGENR NSIRABLE DISTRS. THEREFORE IS ARGUED THAT TO TRY TO PREVENT SUCH DISTRS, MAL CREATE STRONG PROHIBNS TO KEEP WIV OM HAVG AFFAIRS. BUT WHY SHOULD MAL BE ALLOWED TO HAVE EXTRAMARAL SEX (WHICH CREAT A DOUBLE STANDARD)? THE SEND THEORY SUGGTS THAT WHEN FATHERS AND OTHER MALE MOLS ARE RELATIVELY ABSENT A BOY’S UPBRGG, MAL WILL HAVE MORE NCERN ABOUT THEIR SEXUAL INTY, CLUDG SEXUAL PERFORMANCE. HENCE THEY WILL OFTENTIM ENGAGE HYPERMASCULE OR EXAGGERATED MASCULE BEHAVRS AS A FENSIVE MECHANISM. THIS MAY CLU HAVG AFFAIRS TO “PROVE” THEIR VIRILY WHILE AT THE SAME TIME RTRICTG THE EXTRAMARAL SEXUALY OF THEIR WIV WHICH ULD THREATEN THEIR EGOS (BROU 1980). SEX HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAG ALL SOCIETI BELIEVE HAVG CHILDREN, SO IS NOT SURPRISG THAT MOST SOCIETI THK EQUENT SEX DURG MARRIAGE IS SIRABLE, BUT MAY BE SURPRISG THAT ABOUT 23 PERCENT OF SOCIETI BELIEVE THAT TOO MUCH SEX IS A BAD IA. BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHIC REPORTS, CTOMARY EQUENCI OF MARAL SEX RANGE OM FIVE OR SIX TIM A DAY SOME SOCIETI TO TWO OR THREE TIM A MONTH. THE MOST MON REPORTED EQUENCY IS ONCE A DAY, EXCLUDG EXPLIC TABOO PERDS. A MAJORY OF SOCIETI HAVE SOME MARAL SEX TABOOS. THE MAY CLU THE PROHIBN OF SEX AT CERTA TIM OF DAY, CERTA LOTNS, DURG MENSTATN, BEFORE WAR, HUNTG, OR FISHG EXPEDNS, OR DURG CERTA LIFE EVENTS SUCH AS AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD (BROU 2004). SEE THE MENARCHE SECTNS OF THE ADOLCENCE MODULE FOR A DISCSN OF MENSTAL TABOOS. SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY IN SOME SOCIETI IS THOUGHT BT TO AVOID SEX DURG PREGNANCY TO ENHANCE THE HEALTH OF THE FET (MONTGOMERY 1974). IN OTHER SOCIETI, SUCH AS THE AZAN OF CENTRAL AI, IS THOUGHT THAT TERURSE DURG PREGNANCY HELPS PROMOTE A HEALTHY CHILD (LAGAE 1926). SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY ARE MORE LIKELY (AND ARE LONGER) IN POLYGYNO, RATHER THAN MONOGAMO SOCIETI (AYR 1967). IN TROPIL OR SUB-TROPIL ENVIRONMENTS (TEXTOR 1967). A MAN AND WOMAN EMBRACE ANTICIPATN OF THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. CULTUR VARY GREATLY THE DURATN OF PREGNANCY SEX TABOOS, IF PRENT. SEX TABOOS AFTER CHILDBIRTH SEX BETWEEN A HBAND AND WIFE IS UALLY AVOID FOR SOME TIME AFTER THE WIFE GIV BIRTH, THE RANGE OF WHICH IS TYPILLY SPECIFIED BY CTOM OR TABOO. IN MANY S THE POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO IS MORE THAN A YEAR, SOMETIM FOR SEVERAL YEARS. FOR EXAMPLE, TRADNALLY AMONGST THE YOBA OF NIGERIA A SEX TABOO LASTED FOR ABOUT THREE YEARS (FEYISETAN 1990). THE YOBA SAY THE PURPOSE OF THE TABOO IS TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF THE NURSG CHILD. WHAT PREDICTS SUCH LONG (MORE THAN ONE YEAR) TABOOS? WHEN THE STAPLE FOOD OR FOODS A SOCIETY ARE LOW ON PROTE (WHG 1964). WHY? WHG THEORIZED THAT THE LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO IS AN ADAPTATN TO TROPIL ENVIRONMENTS WHERE ADULT DIETS ARE LOW PROTE. IN SUCH ENVIRONMENTS, TODDLERS ARE VULNERABLE TO KWASHRKOR, A PROTE-FICIENCY DISEASE. HOWEVER, IF A MOTHER ULD POSTPONE A NEW PREGNANCY AND NURSE A CHILD FOR A LONG TIME, THE CHILD HAS MUCH BETTER SURVIVAL CHANC. IN THE ABSENCE OF EFFECTIVE NTRACEPTN, ABSTENCE (A LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO) IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY OF PREVENTG A NEW PREGNANCY. SOCIETI WH LONG TABOOS ALSO TEND TO BE POLYGYNO AND HAVE UNILEAL SCENT (SCIER 1972; WHG 1964). SOCIETI WH MENSTAL TABOOS TEND TO HAVE LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS (CARROLL 1982). WHY IS SEX, EVEN MARRIAGE, NSIRED DANGERO? BROU (2004) TIMAT THAT 23 PERCENT OF SOCIETI BELIEVE THAT TOO MUCH SEX IS A BAD IA. THE NUMBER OF SUCH SOCIETI WH THE BELIEFS IS PERHAPS SURPRISG GIVEN THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS NECSARY FOR A SOCIETY’S SURVIVAL. THE IA THAT SEX IS DANGERO IS EXPRSED BY MEGGT’S (1964, 210) REPORT OF MAE ENGA (OM NEW GUEA) BELIEFS: “…EVERY EJACULATN PLET HIS VALY, AND OVER-DULGENCE MT DULL HIS MD AND LEAVE HIS BODY PERMANENTLY EXHSTED AND WHERED.” SCEN OM THE KAMA SUTRA (ONE OF THE OLST AND MOST POPULAR GUIS TO THE TECHNIQU OF SEX) A HDU TEMPLE. HERE WE SEE A SI OF SEX AND SEXUALY BEYOND THE PURELY MECHANIL OR TABOO. SCE MANY SOCIETI BELIEVE HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS PROBLEMATIC DURG CERTA TIM (SUCH AS BEFORE MARRIAGE, DURG MENSTATN, OR AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD), REARCHERS WHO WANT TO STUDY FEAR OF HETEROSEXUAL SEX HAVE NCENTRATED ON BELIEFS REGARDG MARAL SEX DURG NON-TABOOED TIM. RELATIVELY LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE BELIEFS REGARDG SEXUALY, SO MOST OF THE REARCH FOC ON MALE BELIEFS. MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN IS PREDICTED BY MEN TYPILLY MARRYG WOMEN OM “ENEMY” MUNI (EMBER 1978). WHY? MEGGT (1964), TRYG TO EXPLA VARIABLE BELIEFS ABOUT SEX NEW GUEA, SUGGTED THAT THERE SEEMED TO BE A RELATNSHIP BETWEEN “MARRYG ENEMI” AND MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN. IN THE ENGA AREA, WHERE MEGGT DID HIS FIELDWORK, WARFARE IS CLOSE TO HOME, OFTEN BETWEEN NEIGHBORG MUNI, AND IS THE SAME MUNI OM WHICH MEN MT FD MARRIAGEABLE PARTNERS. MEGGT (1964, 218) BELIEV THIS STCTURE SETS UP AN EQUATN OF “FEMY, SEXUALY, AND PERIL” . THE PRACTICE OF MARRYG ENEMI APPLI TO MANY SOCIETI OUTSI NEW GUEA AND MORE BROADLY PREDICTS FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN (EMBER 1978). SEVERE FOOD SRCY (EMBER 1978). WHY? ANOTHER NEW GUEA ETHNOGRAPHER, LNBM (1972), SUGGTED THAT A CULTURAL BELIEF THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS DANGERO N ACT AS A POPULATN NTROL MECHANISM AND IS THEREFORE ADAPTIVE SOCIETI THAT HAVE SUFFICIENT ROURC TO SUPPORT THE POPULATN. THE RELATNSHIP BETWEEN FOOD SHORTAGE AND MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WAS SUPPORTED C. R. EMBER’S (1978) WORLDWI SAMPLE. MALE BABI SLEEPG CLOSER PROXIMY TO THEIR MOTHERS THAN THEIR FATHERS (EMBER 1978). WHY? TWO DIFFERENT PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI ARE ED TO EXPLA THIS RELATNSHIP. THE FIRST SUGGTS THAT ANY NDN THAT EXAGGERAT A BOY’S ATTRACTN TO HIS MOTHER AND SUBSEQUENT FEAR OF THE FATHER (THE OEDIP PLEX) WOULD CREASE SEXUAL ANXIETY GENERALLY AND MORE SPECIFILLY THE IA THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS DANGERO (STEPHENS 1962). THE SEND THEORY, “SEX INTY NFLICT” THEORY, POSTULAT THAT IAL CLOSENS BETWEEN A MALE BABY AND HIS MOTHER SETS UP IAL UNNSC FEME INTIFITN. IF THE SOCIETY IS MALE DOMATED, A BOY GRADUALLY WILL REALIZE THAT MAL HAVE MORE STAT AND POWER AND HE WILL SUBSEQUENTLY VELOP A SENDARY MALE INTIFITN. THIS SETS UP A NFLICT SEX INTY. A MON RPONSE TO THIS NFLICT IS TO FEND AGAST THE UNNSC FEME INTIFITN AND MANIFT FEAR OF, AND ANTAGONISM TOWARD WOMEN (WHG 1965). BOTH PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI RECEIVED SUPPORT AS MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN TENDS TO BE PRENT SOCIETI WHERE BOYS SLEEP CLOSER TO THEIR MOTHERS, MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN TENDS TO BE PRENT (EMBER 1978). HOW DO ALL THE FACTORS—MARRYG ENEMI, FOOD SHORTAGE, AND SLEEPG ARRANGEMENTS F TOGETHER? MARRYG ENEMI IS THOUGHT TO BE THE MECHANISM THAT SETS UP EMOTNAL AND PHYSIL DISTANCE BETWEEN A MAN AND HIS WIFE, CLUDG SLEEPG APART, AND IS LIKELY THAT PSYCHOLOGIL MECHANISMS LEAD TO MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN (EMBER 1978). ALTERNATIVELY KAHARA (1981), G THE THEORY OF “RECIPROL HIBN,” SUGGTS WAYS THAT FOOD SHORTAGE MAY BE A DIRECT NTRIBUTOR TO MEN’S FEAR OF SEX. AS MENTNED EARLIER, NMNATN OF EXTRAMARAL SEX, A LOW CINCE OF BOTH PREMARAL AND EXTRAMARAL SEX, AND MENSTAL TABOOS GENERALLY -OCCUR (BROU AND GREENE 1976). WHY? THE FDGS SUGGT A GENERAL PATTERN OF AVOIDANCE AND ANXIETY ABOUT HETEROSEXUAL SEX. ARE THERE NORMS PARTNERS MT FOLLOW DURG TERURSE? FEMAL HAVE MORE ACTIVE ROL DURG TERURSE MATRILEAL AND AVUNCULOL SOCIETI WHEREAS THEY TEND TO BE SEXUALLY SUBMISSIVE PARTNERS PATRILEAL SOCIETI (ECKHARDT 1971). WHY? ACRDG TO FEMIST THEORY, FEMAL FACE GREATER OPPRSN PATRIARCHAL SOCIETI DUE TO THE NORMATIVE POWER DYNAMICS THAT ARE HIGHLY BENEFICIAL TO MAL. THE SPECTM REGARDG PRIVACY DURG TERURSE RANG OM HAVG AMPLE PRIVACY DWELLGS FAR OM OTHERS, TO MIMAL PRIVACY SHARG A ROOM WH A PARTN, TO NO PRIVACY SHARG SPACE WHOUT A PARTN (COZBY AND ROSENBLATT 1971). SOCIETI WHERE TWO PARTNERS HAVE GREATER ROMANTIC LOVE ALSO TEND TO HAVE MORE PRIVACY (COZBY AND ROSENBLATT 1971). HOMOSEXUALY STUDYG HOMOSEXUALY CROSS-CULTURALLY IS PLITED. THE FIRST PLITN IS THAT WTERN SOCIETI, HOMOSEXUALY REFERS TO SEX BETWEEN MAL OR SEX BETWEEN FEMAL. BUT THIS NCEPT OF HOMOSEXUALY PENDS ON THE CULTURAL IA THAT THERE ARE ONLY TWO GENRS. IF A SOCIETY REGNIZ THREE OR MORE GENRS, THE NCEPT OF HOMOSEXUALY MIGHT SIMPLY MEAN SEX WH DIVIDUALS WHO SHARE THE SAME GENR SIGNATN, REGARDLS OF THEIR BLOGIL SEX. THE SEND PLITN IS THAT ENGAGG SEXUAL BEHAVR WH THOSE OF THE SAME BLOGIL SEX OR SAME GENR TEGORY DO NOT NECSARILY IMPLY SEXUAL ATTRACTN. HAM, GARFIELD, AND GARFIELD (2017) E THE TERM “MALE ANDROPHILIA” TO SCRIBE MAL’ ATTRACTN TO AND AROAL BY OTHER MAL. THE DISTCTN BETWEEN ATTRACTN AND BEHAVR IS QUE IMPORTANT DISCSG MALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR CROSS-CULTURALLY BEE QUE A FEW SOCIETI HAVE MANDATED HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS FOR SOME PHASE OF THE LIFE CYCLE, SUCH AS DURG MALE IATN CEREMONI. IN SUCH S, ALL IAT WOULD BE EXPECTED TO PARTICIPATE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR, WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE SEXUALLY ATTRACTED TO MAL. THE THIRD PLITN IS THAT MANY SCHOLARS SUGGT THE NEED TO DISTGUISH DIFFERENT KDS OF HOMOSEXUALY. CG A TYPOLOGY SUGGTED OVER 50 YEARS AGO, CARDOSO AND WERNER (2004; REFERRG TO GORER 1966) DISCS THREE BROAD TYP OF SYSTEMS FOR MALE HOMOSEXUALY: 1) GENR-STRATIFIED; 2) AGE-STRATIFIED; AND 3) EGALARIAN. IN GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, SOME MEN TAKE ON A SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE (“PATHIC”) ROLE, OFTEN ADOPT FEMALE DRS OR ROL, AND ARE UALLY DISTGUISHED OM OTHER MEN, EVEN OM MEN WHO HAVE SEX WH THEM. IN NTRAST, THOSE WHO TAKE THE ACTIVE OR SERTOR ROLE, ARE NOT NSIRED DIFFERENT OM OTHER MEN. IN AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, OLR MEN TABLISH SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS WH BOYS, OFTEN SERVG AS THEIR MENTORS. WHEN THE “BOYS” ARE OLR THEY MAY TAKE ON THEIR OWN YOUNGER PARTNERS. BUT THE RELATNSHIPS ARE NOT PATIBLE WH MARRYG WOMEN AND OFTEN FUNCTN AS PART OF A LIFE CYCLE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE OLR MALE MAY MARRY A WOMAN WHEN HIS “BOY” PARTNER THE RELATNSHIP IS OLD ENOUGH TO TAKE ON HIS OWN “BOY” PARTNER. VIGELAND SCULPTUR PTURE A VARIETY OF HUMAN RELATNSHIPS CLUDG HOMOSEXUALY. IN NTRAST TO THE AGE-STRATIFIED AND GENR SYSTEMS, EGALARIAN SYSTEMS DO NOT HAVE IMPORTANT POWER DIFFERENC BETWEEN HOMOSEXUAL PARTNERS. EGALARIAN SYSTEMS CLU HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE AMONGST ADOLCENTS WH MARRIAGE TO WOMEN AFTERWARDS, OR THE FORMG A “RA” RELATNSHIP BETWEEN MEN THAT N LAST A LIFETIME EVEN THOUGH THE MEN TYPILLY MARRY. IRONILLY, THE THIRD TYPE OF EGALARIAN HOMOSEXUALY, THE “GAY” SYSTEM, WHILE MON WTERN SOCIETI, IS THE RART TYPE OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY THE ETHNOGRAPHIC RERD. IN “GAY” HOMOSEXUALY, DIVIDUALS GRADUALLY REGNIZE THEIR SEXUAL ATTRACTN TO MAL AND AFTER “G OUT,” HAVE SEX WH OTHER “GAY” DIVIDUALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFETIM, SOMETIM EXCLIVELY WH ONE HOMOSEXUAL PARTNER. THE “GAY” SYSTEM IS THE ONLY TYPE OF HOMOSEXUALY LARGELY PATIBLE WH MARRIAGE TO WOMEN. HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR IS EASIER TO DOCUMENT THAN ATTRACTN. (OF URSE, THE SAME DISTCTN BETWEEN ATTRACTN AND PRACTICE ULD BE SAID OF HETEROSEXUAL SEX; MANY SOCIETI EVERYONE IS EXPECTED TO MARRY SOMEONE OF THE OPPOSE SEX REGARDLS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATN AND ATTRACTN.) HOW MON IS HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR AND WHAT, IF ANYTHG, DO WE KNOW ABOUT ATTRACTN? COUNTRY STUDI BASED ON SURVEYS OF DIVIDUALS SUGGT THAT MALE ANDROPHILIA OCCURS ABOUT 2 TO 4 PERCENT OF THE POPULATN ALMOST EVERY UNTRY. HAM, GARFIELD, AND GARFIELD (2017), G ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA, TIMATE THAT 58 PERCENT OF NONDTRIAL SOCIETI EXHIB SOME MALE ANDROPHILIA, ALTHOUGH MALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR OCCURS ABOUT 90 PERCENT OF SOCIETI. (NOTE THAT THE MALE ANDROPHILIA FIGURE IS LIKELY TO BE AN UNR-REPORT SCE CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH ON NONDTRIAL POPULATNS IS UALLY BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHER REPORTS RATHER THAN ON TERVIEWS WH DIVIDUALS.) FEMALE HOMOSEXUALY HAS BEEN LS STUDIED CROSS-CULTURALLY, BUT BLACKWOOD (1984; REPORTED BLACKWOOD AND WIERGA 1999) LOTED 95 SOCIETI WH FEMALE HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS, MANY MORE SOCIETI THAN PEOPLE EXPECTED. WHAT DO CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH FD REGARDG HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR? ACCEPTANCE OF HOMOSEXUALY IS ASSOCIATED WH GREATER EQUENCY OF THE BEHAVR (MTURN, GROSSE, AND HAIR 1969) HIGHER EQUENCI OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY WILL OCCUR SOCIETI THAT HAVE STUTNALIZED MALE TRANSVTISM (GRAY AND ELLGTON 1984). A RELATED FDG IS THAT SOCIETI MORE ACCEPTG OF HOMOSEXUALY ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE ALTERNATIVE GENR ROL OCCUPIED BY TRANSGENRED ANDROPHILIC MAL (VANRLAAN, REN, AND VASEY 2013). WHY? ASSUMG THAT ALL SOCIETI HAVE SOME DIVIDUALS WH HOMOSEXUAL CLATNS, SUCH SEXUALY WILL LIKELY BE EXPRSED UNLS IS SUPPRSED BY CULTURAL DICTAT. MUNROE, WHG, AND HALLY (1969) FOUND THAT STUTNALIZED MALE TRANSVTISM WAS RELATED TO THE PRENCE OF LS RIGID GENR TEGORI. IF SO, SUCH SOCIETI ARE ALSO MORE LIKELY TO ALLOW EXPRSN OF HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE TYPE OF HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR BEG PREDICTED IS “GENR-STRATIFIED” HOMOSEXUALY SCE CRAPO (1995) FOUND THAT SOCIETI WH GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY HAD LS RIGID SEX DISTCTNS, WHILE SOCIETI WH AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY HAD MORE RIGID SEX DISTCTNS. AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY IS MORE LIKELY PATRILEAL SOCIETI, WHEREAS GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY IS MORE LIKELY SOCIETI THAT ARE NOT PATRILEAL (CRAPO 1995). WHY? NOTG THAT AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY ALSO GO WH THE TYPE OF POLYGYNY WHERE MOSTLY WEALTHY MEN HAVE MULTIPLE WIV, CRAPO (1995) SUGGTS THAT THIS TYPE OF HOMOSEXUAL SYSTEM REMOV YOUNG MAL OM THE MARRIAGE MARKET. THEY HAVE TO WA THEIR TURN AND PROVE THEMSELV TO BE WORTHY. HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE IS MORE LIKELY SOCIETI OF HIGHER SOCIAL PLEXY. MORE SPECIFILLY, IS MORE LIKELY IN AGROPASTORAL SOCIETI OR AGRICULTURAL SOCIETI RATHER THAN AMONGST HUNTER-GATHERERS (BARBER 1998 APOSTOLOU (2017B)). WHY? THE TWO THORS HAVE VERY DIFFERENT THEORI. BARBER POSTULAT THAT MATERNAL STRS IS HIGHER MORE PLEX SOCIETI AND ALSO THAT SUCH STRS IS ASSOCIATED WH MORE HOMOSEXUALY. APOSTOLOU ARGU THAT MORE PLEX SOCIETI UALLY ARRANGE MARRIAG ORR TO ENSURE HEIRS FOR PROPERTY HERANCE. WHILE ARRANGED MARRIAG MAY TRACT OM HOMOSEXUALLY-CLED DIVIDUALS BEG ALLOWED TO HAVE HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS ON A PERMANENT BASIS, APOSTOLOU ARGU THAT ACTUALLY ALLOWS THE EQUENCY OF HOMOSEXUAL TENNCI BEE THOSE DIVIDUALS WH SUCH TENNCI WILL STILL REPRODUCE THEIR MARAL RELATNSHIP. IN MORE SOCIALLY STRATIFIED SOCIETI (BARTH, CROCHET, AND RAYMOND 2015) WHY? THE THORS ARGUE THAT SOCIALLY STRATIFIED SOCIETI A WOMAN’S REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS IS ENHANCED BY BEG ABLE TO MARRY TO A HIGHER SOCIAL CLASS. MALE HOMOSEXUALY ULD BE ADAPTIVE IF A MALE’S LSENED REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS ENHANC A SISTER’S OR ANOTHER FEMALE RELATIVE’S REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS. IN BLOGY, THE TERM “SEXUALLY ANTAGONISTIC” GENE IS ED TO DITE A GENE THAT HAS DIFFERENT EFFECTS DIFFERENT DIVIDUALS. SOME CHILDHOOD EXPERIENC PREDICT MORE MALE HOMOSEXUALY HOMOSEXUALY IS POSIVELY ASSOCIATED WH LOW IAL SEX DULGENCE CHILDHOOD AND HIGH SEVERY OF SEX TRAG (MTURN, GROSSE, AND HAIR 1969). HIGHER EQUENCY OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY IS ASSOCIATED WH FEWER MALE CHILDHOOD PANNS OR MORE MIXED-SEX PLAY GROUPS (WERNER 1979). WHY? WERNER’S THEORY WOULD SUGGT THAT HOMOSEXUAL TENNCI OR TERTS ARE SUPPRSED BY THE PRENCE OF MALE PANNS. THIS WOULD ALLU TO A CULTURE OF MASCULY THAT EMPHASIZ HETEROSEXUALY AND SOCIALIZ AGAST HOMOSEXUALY. A MIXED PLAY GROUP ALSO SUGGTS MORE GENR EQUALY AND PERHAPS THE POSSIBILY THAT MAL WOULD BE ALLOWED TO EMOTNALLY OR PHYSILLY EXPLORE THEIR HOMOSEXUALY. LOWER LEVELS OF FATHER-FANT VOLVEMENT ARE ASSOCIATED WH BOTH AGE-STRATIFIED AND GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE (CRAPO 1995). WHAT WE DON’T KNOW VERY LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE HOMOSEXUALY. THERE IS NOT THAT MUCH SCRIPTIVE RMATN ETHNOGRAPHY ABOUT THE SUBJECT, SO IS NOT CLEAR IF SUCH SEXUALY IS SIMPLY NOT DISCSED, MAKG SEEM LS PREVALENT, OR WHETHER IS NOT AS MON AS MALE HOMOSEXUALY. SOME REARCH BY MURRAY (2002; CED CARDOSO AND WERNER 2004) SUGGTS THAT FEMALE GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, LIKE MALE GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, OCCURS SOCIETI WH FEWER SEX DISTCTNS. THERE IS REARCH ON WHAT PREDICTS MEN BELIEVG THAT SEX WH WOMEN IS DANGERO, BUT LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ATTUS OF WOMEN. DO THEY SHARE THE SAME BELIEFS ABOUT THEMSELV? OR ARE THEIR BELIEFS DIFFERENT? SIARLY, HOW DO WOMEN FEEL ABOUT “WIFE SHARG,” WHICH IS OFTEN ARRANGED BY MEN? MOST REARCH ON MALE HOMOSEXUALY DID NOT NSIR THE DIFFERENT TYP OF HOMOSEXUALY. WOULD THERE STILL BE THE SAME PREDICTORS? LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE QUALY OF THE MARAL RELATNSHIP. DO ANY OF THE VARIATN SOCIETAL CTOM (SUCH AS PROHIBG PREMARAL SEX) AFFECT THE QUALY OF THE MARAL RELATNSHIP? EXERCIS USG EHRAF WORLD CULTUR EXPLORE SOME TEXTS AND DO SOME PARISONS G THE EHRAF WORLD CULTUR DATABASE. THE EXERCIS N BE DONE DIVIDUALLY OR AS PART OF CLASSROOM ASSIGNMENTS. SEE THE TEACHG EHRAF EXERCISE ON SEXUALY  FOR SUGGTNS. CATN THIS SUMMARY SHOULD BE CED AS: EMBER, CAROL R., MILAGRO ESBAR, AND NOAH ROSSEN. 2019. “SEXUALY” C. R. EMBER, ED. EXPLAG HUMAN CULTURE. HUMAN RELATNS AREA FIL , ACCSED [GIVE DATE]. CREDS THANKS TO MATTHEW LONGRE, TAHLISA BROUGHAM, AND ABBE MCCARTER FOR HELP WH PHOTO SELECTN AND ABBE MCCARTER FOR EDORIAL ASSISTANCE. PHOTO CREDS COURTSHIP THE NRE CULTURAL CENTER PHOTO BY KARNDU NAGARJUN CC BY 2.0 VIA FLICKR. TROBRIAND MEN’S CRICKET DANCE PHOTO BY TERRY ALLEN VIA SMUGMUG. INDIAN HASTA AP CEREMONY PHOTO BY RAJH KOIRI VIA PIXABAY. PREGNANCY UPLE PHOTO BY GUILLERMO BARRS L VALLE CC 2.0 VIA FLICKR. KAMA SUTRA BY KANDU NAGARJUN OM BANGALORE, INDIA CC BY 2.0, VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. VIGELAND SCULPTURE PHOTOS BY ERW SCHOONRWALDT CC BY 2.0 VIA FLICKR. GLOSSARY AVUNCULOL RINCE A PATTERN OF RINCE WHICH A MARRIED UPLE LOV WH OR NEAR THE HBAND’S MOTHER’S BROTHER. MATRILEAL SCENT THE LE OF SCENT THAT AFFILIAT DIVIDUALS WH K OF BOTH SEX RELATED TO THEM THROUGH WOMEN; AT BIRTH AN DIVIDUAL AFFILIAT WH THEIR MOTHER’S K GROUP. MATRILOL RINCE A PATTERN OF MARAL RINCE WHICH UPL TYPILLY LIVE WH OR NEAR THE WIFE’S PARENTS. PATRILEAL SCENT THE LE OF SCENT THAT AFFILIAT DIVIDUALS WH K OF BOTH SEX RELATED TO THEM THROUGH MEN; AT BIRTH AN DIVIDUAL AFFILIAT WH THEIR FATHERS’S K GROUP. PATRILOL RINCE  A PATTERN OF MARAL RINCE WHICH UPL TYPILLY LIVE WH OR NEAR THE HBAND’S PARENTS. 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MAXWELL, ROBERT J. 1967. “ONSTAGE AND OFFSTAGE SEX: EXPLORG A HYPOTHIS.” CORNELL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RELATNS 1: 75–84. MEGGT, M. J. 1964. “MALE-FEMALE RELATNSHIPS THE HIGHLANDS OF ATRALIAN NEW GUEA.” AMERIN ANTHROPOLOGIST 66 (4): 204–24. MTURN, LEIGH, MART GROSSE, AND SANTOAH HAIR. 1969. “CULTURAL PATTERNG OF SEXUAL BELIEFS AND BEHAVR.” ETHNOLOGY 8: 301–18. . MONTGOMERY, RA E. 1974. “A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF MENSTATN, MENSTAL TABOOS AND RELATED SOCIAL VARIABL.” ETHOS 2 (2): 137–70. . MUNCK, VICTOR C. , AND ANDREY V. KOROTAYEV. 1999. “SEXUAL EQUALY AND ROMANTIC LOVE: A REANALYSIS OF ROSENBLATT’S STUDY ON THE FUNCTN OF ROMANTIC LOVE.” CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH 33 (3): 265–77. . MUNROE, ROBERT L., JOHN W. M. WHG, AND DAVID J. HALLY. 1969. “INSTUTNALIZED MALE TRANSVTISM AND SEX DISTCTNS.” AMERIN ANTHROPOLOGIST 71 (1): 87–91. . MURDOCK, GEE PETER. 1964. “CULTURAL CORRELAT OF THE REGULATN OF PREMARAL SEX BEHAVR.” PROCS AND PATTERN CULTURE: ESSAYS HONOR OF JULIAN H. STEWARD, 399–410. . ———. 1967. “POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS.” PAIUMA 13: 143–47. MURRAY, STEPHEN. 2002. HOMOSEXUALI. CHIGO: UNIVERSY OF CHIGO PRS. ROSENBLATT, PL C., STEPHEN S. FUGA, AND KENH V. MCDOWELL. 1969. “WEALTH TRANSFER AND RTRICTNS ON SEXUAL RELATNS DURG BETROTHAL.” ETHNOLOGY 8: 319–28. SCIER, JEAN-FRANIS. 1972. “CORRELAT OF THE LONG POSTPARTUM TABOO: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY.” CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 13 (2): 238–49. . SCHLEGEL, ALICE, AND HERBERT BARRY III. 1991. ADOLCENCE: AN ANTHROPOLOGIL INQUIRY. NEW YORK: THE FREE PRS. STEPHENS, WILLIAM N. 1962. THE OEDIP COMPLEX: CROSS-CULTURAL EVINCE. THE FREE PRS. ———. 1972. A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF MOSTY. BEHAVR SCIENCE NOT. SAGE PUBLITNS. TEXTOR, ROBERT B. 1967. “A CROSS-CULTURAL SUMMARY: PREMARAL SEXUAL RELATNS.” IN A CROSS-CULTURAL SUMMARY. NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT: HRAF PRS. VANRLAAN, ZHIYUAN, DOUG P. REN, AND PL L. VASEY. 2013. “MALE ANDROPHILIA THE ANCTRAL ENVIRONMENT: AN ETHNOLOGIL ANALYSIS.” HUMAN NATURE 24: 375–401. . WERNER, DENNIS. 1979. “A CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE ON THEORY AND REARCH ON MALE HOMOSEXUALY.” JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALY 4: 345–62. WHG, BEATRICE B. 1965. “SEX INTY CONFLICT AND PHYSIL VLENCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.” AMERIN ANTHROPOLOGIST 67 (6): 123–40. . WHG, JOHN W. M. 1964. “EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON CERTA CULTURAL PRACTIC.” IN EXPLORATNS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: ESSAYS HONOUR OF GEE PETER MURDOCK., EDED BY W.H. GOONOUGH, 511–44. MCGRAW-HILL. WILSON, CHRISTOPHER G. 2008. “MALE GENAL MUTILATN: AN ADAPTATN TO SEXUAL CONFLICT.” EVOLUTN AND HUMAN BEHAVR 29 (3): 149–64. . ABOUT HUMAN RELATIONS AREA FILES HUMAN RELATNS AREA FIL, INC. (HRAF) IS AN TERNATNALLY REGNIZED ANIZATN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY. FOUND 1949 AT YALE UNIVERSY, HRAF IS A NOT-FOR-PROF MEMBERSHIP NSORTIUM OF UNIVERSI, LLEG, AND REARCH STUTNS. ITS MISSN IS TO ENURAGE AND FACILATE THE CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF HUMAN CULTURE, SOCIETY AND BEHAVR THE PAST AND PRENT.EHRAF DATABASESEHRAF WORLD CULTUREHRAF ARCHAEOLOGYCONTACT HRAFTEL: 203-764-9401TEL: 1-800-520-4723FAX: 203-764-9404GENERAL INQUIR: TECHNIL SUPPORT: © 2023 HUMAN RELATNS AREA FIL, INC.ABOUT EHCACCSIBILYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSHOW TO CE TERMS OF USE WDOW.__INITIAL_STATE__={"CE":{"DOCID":FALSE,"DISPLAY":FALSE,"LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"CHOICE":FALSE,"MSAGE":"","DATA":[],"STYL":[{"NAME":"CHIGO-THOR-DATE","DISPLAY":"CHIGO MANUAL OF STYLE 17TH EDN (THOR DATE)"},{"NAME":"APA","DISPLAY":"APA 7TH EDN"},{"NAME":"MORN-LANGUAGE-ASSOCIATN","DISPLAY":"MLA 9TH EDN"},{"NAME":"HARVARD1","DISPLAY":"HARVARD REFERENCE FORMAT 1 (THOR DATE)"}],"STYLEINX":0},"DOCUMENT":{"DOCID":FALSE,"DATA":[],"LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"ERROR":FALSE},"DOCUMENTS":{"DATA":[],"QF":"ABSTRACT^4 THOR^3 TLE^3 TEXT","HL":{},"HLFL":"TLE,ABSTRACT","FL":"ID,TLE,THOR,HOST_TLE,MATERIAL_TYPE,PUB_YEAR,HYPO_ID,ABSTRACT,CURRENT_STAT","API":","SUGGTERAPI":","JSONFACET":{"SOURCE":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"MATERIAL_TYPE","LIM":5,"MUNT":0}},"PUBLISHED":{"RANGE":{"FIELD":"PUB_YEAR","GAP":25,"START":1900,"END":2023}},"AUTHOR":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"THOR_FACET","LIM":5}},"SUBJECTS":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"OCM_TERMS_FACET","LIM":5}},"SAMPLE":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"SAMPLE_FACET","LIM":7}}},"SORTOPTNS":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE (OLST FIRST)","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+ASC"},{"NAME":"AUTHOR","VAL":"ALPHA_THOR+ASC"},{"NAME":"TLE","VAL":"ALPHA_TLE+ASC"}],"LK":"LOAD_DOCUMENTS_SUCCESS","LAST_MODIFIED":FALSE},"HOME":{"MOBILENAV":FALSE},"HYPOTH":{"DATA":[],"QF":"HYPOTHIS^5 VAR_NAME^4 OCM_TERMS^3 TEXT","HLFL":"ABSTRACT,HYPOTHIS","FL":"ID,HYPOTHIS,VAR_NAME,DOCUMENT_TLE,ABSTRACT,SUPPORT,PUB_YEAR,THOR,DOC_ID","API":","SUGGTERAPI":","JSONFACET":{"SOURCE":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"MATERIAL_TYPE","LIM":5,"MUNT":0}},"PUBLISHED":{"RANGE":{"FIELD":"PUB_YEAR","GAP":25,"START":1900,"END":2023}},"AUTHOR":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"THOR_FACET","LIM":5}},"SUPPORTED":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"SUPPORT_FACET","LIM":4,"MUNT":0}},"SUBJECTS":{"TERMS":{"FIELD":"OCM_TERMS_FACET","LIM":5}}},"SORTOPTNS":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE (OLST FIRST)","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+ASC"},{"NAME":"AUTHOR","VAL":"ALPHA_THOR+ASC"},{"NAME":"HYPOTH","VAL":"ALPHA_HYPOTHIS+ASC"}],"LK":"LOAD_HYPOTHESES_SUCCESS","LAST_MODIFIED":FALSE},"HYPOTHIS":{"HYPOID":FALSE,"DATA":[],"LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"ERROR":FALSE,"RELATED":[]},"OCM":{"TERMID":FALSE,"DISPLAY":FALSE,"LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"DATA":[]},"SEARCH":{"API":FALSE,"CURRENTPAGE":1,"FACETS":[],"FILTER":FALSE,"FL":[],"FQ":{},"QF":"","HLFL":"","HELP":FALSE,"JSONFACET":[],"LAST_MODIFIED":FALSE,"LOAD":FALSE,"LOADG":FALSE,"NUMFOUND":0,"PAGECOUNT":0,"LK":FALSE,"QTIME":0,"QUERY":"","RULTSAS":"LIST","ROWS":10,"SEARCHTOOLS":FALSE,"SORTBY":{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},"SORTOPTNS":{"DOCUMENTS":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE (OLST FIRST)","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+ASC"},{"NAME":"AUTHOR","VAL":"ALPHA_THOR+ASC"},{"NAME":"TLE","VAL":"ALPHA_TLE+ASC"}],"HYPOTHESES":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+SC"},{"NAME":"PUBLISHED DATE (OLST FIRST)","VAL":"PUB_YEAR+ASC"},{"NAME":"AUTHOR","VAL":"ALPHA_THOR+ASC"},{"NAME":"HYPOTH","VAL":"ALPHA_HYPOTHIS+ASC"}],"VARIABLES":[{"NAME":"RELEVANCE","VAL":"SRE+SC"},{"NAME":"VARIABLE NAME","VAL":"ALPHA_NAME+ASC"},{"NAME":"NUMBER OF OCM TERMS","VAL":"NUM_OCM_IDS+SC"},{"NAME":"NUMBER OF HYPOTH","VAL":"NUM_HYPO_IDS+SC"},{"NAME":"NUMBER OF DOCUMENTS","VAL":"NUM_DOC_IDS+SC"}]},"SUGGTNS":[],"SUGGTERAPI":FALSE,"SUGGTNSINX":FALSE,"VIEWOPTNS":[{"NAME":"LIST"},{"NAME":"TABLE"}],"LISTENFORSUGGTNS":FALSE},"SUMMARY":{"NAME":"SEXUALY","TLE":"SEXUALY","PUBLISHED":"SEPTEMBER 26, 2019","SCRIPTN":"SEXUAL REPRODUCTN IS PART OF THE BLOGIL NATURE OF HUMANS, SO MAY BE SURPRISG HOW MUCH SEXUALY VARI CROSS-CULTURALLY. INED, SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR HETEROSEXUAL SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE AND PRACTICE OF HOMOSEXUALY. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY.","THOR":" CAROL R. EMBER","LOADG":FALSE,"LOAD":TE,"URL":","DATA":" SEXUALY CAROL R. EMBER MILAGRO ESBAR NOAH ROSSEN SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 ABSTRACT SEXUAL REPRODUCTN IS PART OF THE BLOGIL NATURE OF HUMANS, SO MAY BE SURPRISG HOW MUCH SEXUALY VARI CROSS-CULTURALLY. INED, SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR HETEROSEXUAL SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE AND PRACTICE OF HOMOSEXUALY. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY. DOWNLOAD: PDF | EPUB (EBOOK) TABLE OF CONTENTS SEXUALY GENERAL PATTERNS OF PERMISSIVENS OR RTRICTIVENS PREMARAL SEX WHAT FLUENC ATTUS AND PRACTIC TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX? CONSEQUENC OF VARIATN PREMARAL SEX NORMS EXTRAMARAL SEX WHAT PREDICTS ATTUS AND BEHAVR TOWARDS EXTRAMARAL SEX? WHAT FACTORS PREDICT A DOUBLE STANDARD RATHER THAN A SGLE STANDARD FOR HBANDS AND WIV? SEX HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAG SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY SEX TABOOS AFTER CHILDBIRTH WHAT PREDICTS SUCH LONG (MORE THAN ONE YEAR) TABOOS? WHY IS SEX, EVEN MARRIAGE, NSIRED DANGERO? ARE THERE NORMS PARTNERS MT FOLLOW DURG TERURSE? HOMOSEXUALY HOW MON IS HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR AND WHAT, IF ANYTHG, DO WE KNOW ABOUT ATTRACTN? WHAT DO CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH FD REGARDG HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR? SOME CHILDHOOD EXPERIENC PREDICT MORE MALE HOMOSEXUALY WHAT WE DON’T KNOW EXERCIS USG EHRAF WORLD CULTUR CATN CREDS PHOTO CREDS GLOSSARY REFERENC SEXUALY IN HUMANS, JT LIKE OTHER SEXUALLY REPRODUCG SPECI, SEXUAL BEHAVR IS ERNED MANY RPECTS BY BLOGY. AFTER ALL, NO SOCIETY N SURVIVE WHOUT SUCCSFUL REPRODUCTN. BUT SOCIETI VARY NSIRABLY THE GREE TO WHICH THEY ENURAGE, DISURAGE, OR EVEN APPEAR TO FEAR SEX AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAG AND VARYG CIRCUMSTANC. AND SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE FOR NON-REPRODUCTIVE SEX. GIVEN SO MUCH VARIATN, APPEARS THAT CULTURE FLUENC MUCH OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVR. THIS MODULE EXPLOR CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS SEXUALY AND EXPLANATNS OF WHY SEXUAL ATTUS AND PRACTICE MAY VARY. COURTSHIP UNFOLDS THE NRE CULTURAL CENTER KAMPALA, UGANDA. IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNRSTAND THAT SOCIETI CHANGE OVER TIME, SOMETIM RAPIDLY, SO WHEN WE TALK ABOUT AN ASPECT OF A PARTICULAR SOCIETY, SUCH AS GREE OF TOLERANCE FOR PREMARAL SEX, WE NEED TO NSIR THE TIME AME OF REFERENCE. IN THE UNED STAT, FOR EXAMPLE, ATTUS TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX HAVE GENERALLY BEE LS RTRICTIVE. BEE OF SUCH CHANG, CROSS-CULTURAL STUDI ALMOST ALWAYS FOC ON ONE SPECIFIC TIME PERD (AND UALLY A SPECIFIC PLACE) FOR EACH SOCIETY. GENERAL PATTERNS OF PERMISSIVENS OR RTRICTIVENS ARE SOCIETI GENERALLY NSISTENT THEIR ATTUS AND PRACTIC? CAN THEY BE GENERALLY CHARACTERIZED AS PERMISSIVE OR RTRICTIVE? THERE DO APPEAR TO BE SOME NSISTENCY WH RPECT TO HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVR. SOCIETI THAT ARE RTRICTIVE ABOUT EXTRAMARAL SEX TEND TO ALSO HAVE RTRICTIVE PREMARAL SEX NORMS FOR GIRLS, RTRICT TALK ABOUT SEX, AND BELIEVE THAT SEX IS DANGERO OR TOO MUCH SEX IS BAD (BROU 1975; FRAYSER 1985) CONMNATN OF EXTRAMARAL SEX, A LOW CINCE OF BOTH PREMARAL AND EXTRAMARAL SEX, AND AVOIDANCE OF SEX DURG MENSTATN GENERALLY -OCCUR (BROU AND GREENE 1976). WHY? THE FDGS SUGGT A GENERAL PATTERN OF AVOIDANCE AND ANXIETY ABOUT HETEROSEXUAL SEX. HOWEVER, HETEROSEXUAL ATTUS DO NOT GENERALLY PREDICT HOMOSEXUAL ATTUS. FOR EXAMPLE, RTRICTIVENS ABOUT PREMARAL SEX DO NOT PREDICT RTRICTIVENS OR PERMISSIVENS REGARDG HOMOSEXUALY. ONE OF THE FEW SIGNIFINT RELATNSHIPS IS BETWEEN THE PREVALENCE OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY AND NEGATIVE ATTUS TOWARD MALE EXTRAMARAL SEX. TH, SOCIETI THAT ARE GENERALLY PERMISSIVE ABOUT HETEROSEXUALY ARE NOT NECSARILY PERMISSIVE ABOUT HOMOSEXUALY (BROU AND GREENE 1976). PREMARAL SEX THE SPECTM OF ATTUS TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX IS VERY WI AND RANG OM RTRICTIVE, WHERE PREMARAL SEXUAL TERURSE IS PROHIBED AND PUNISHED, TO PERMISSIVE, WHERE SEXUAL TERURSE IS TOLERATED OR EXPECTED (MURDOCK 1967; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991). AMONG THE MOST RTRICTIVE SOCIETI ARE THOSE THAT HAVE TTS OF VIRGY AT MARRIAGE; AMONG THE MOST PERMISSIVE ARE SOCIETI THAT ACTIVELY PROMOTE . FOR EXAMPLE, THE LEPCHA OF INDIA, AS SCRIBED THE 1930S BY GORER (1938, 161), BELIEVED THAT A GIRL WOULD NOT VELOP TO SEXUAL MATURY WHOUT HAVG PRR SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS. EVEN THOUGH MOST SOCIETI ARE GENERALLY TOLERANT OF PREMARAL SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS (APOSTOLOU 2017A; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991), THERE TENDS TO BE A SLIGHT DOUBLE STANDARD—MORE THAN 60 PERCENT OF SOCIETI APPROVE OF PREMARAL SEX FOR MAL, BUT ONLY ABOUT 45 PERCENT APPROVE OF FOR FEMAL (BROU 2004). ALTHOUGH SOCIETI WH GREATER FEMALE PENNCE TEND TO HAVE MORE LENIENT PREMARAL SEXUAL NORMS FOR MAL AND FEMAL, GENR DOUBLE STANDARDS ARE PRENT BOTH RTRICTIVE AND PERMISSIVE SOCIETI (HORNE 2004). THERE IS AN IMMENSE PRSURE FOR FEMALE BUT NOT MALE CHASTY, PARTICULARLY THE CIRCUM-MEDERRANEAN REGN (BOURGUIGNON AND GREENBM 1973; TEXTOR 1967). YOUNG TROBRIAND MEN PERFORM A CELEBRATORY DANCE BEFORE A GAME OF CRICKET ON KAVA ISLAND PAPUA NEW GUEA. THE DANC ARE KNOWN TO BE PECIALLY SEXUAL, AND GEARED TOWARDS THE FEMALE SPECTATORS YOU N SEE WATCHG JT BEYOND THE PERFORMERS. WHAT FLUENC ATTUS AND PRACTIC TOWARDS PREMARAL SEX? SOCIETAL PLEXY--MORE SOCIAL PLEXY GENERALLY PREDICTS MORE RTRICTIVENS. SOCIETI WH TENSIVE AGRICULTURE, LARGER MUNI, CLASS STRATIFITN, AND STATE ANIZATN TEND TO PROHIB PREMARAL SEX AND HAVE LOWER RAT OF SUCH SEX (MURDOCK 1964; TEXTOR 1967; BROU 1975). A RELATED FDG IS THAT WHEN MARRIAG VOLVE WEALTH TRANSFERS, PREMARAL SEX IS LS TOLERATED (ROSENBLATT, FUGA, AND MCDOWELL 1969; SCHLEGEL AND BARRY III 1991). EVEN AMONGST HUNTER-GATHERERS, SOCIETI WH GREATER SOCIAL PLEXY TEND TO BE MORE RTRICTIVE (KOROTAYEV AND KAZANKOV 2003). WHY? IN SOCIETI WH MORE EQUALY, PARENTS (PARTICULARLY MORE ELE PARENTS) MAY TRY TO MIMIZE THE POSSIBILY THAT THEIR ADOLCENTS WILL BEE TERTED PEOPLE OM THE WRONG “STATN” LIFE, OR EVEN WORSE, FOR A DGHTER TO GET PREGNANT BY A MATE THAT IS NSIRED UNSUABLE FOR MARRIAGE (EMBER AND EMBER 2019, 224). CONSISTENT WH THE IA THAT PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS IS RELATED TO PARENTS TRYG TO NTROL SEXUALY, APOSTOLOU (2017A) FDS THAT RAT FOR PREMARAL SEX ARE MUCH LOWER SOCIETI THAT PRACTICE ARRANGED MARRIAG. PREMARAL SEX REGULATN TENDS TO BE STRICTER SOCIETI WH PATRILEAL SCENT AND PATRILOL RINCE RATHER THAN SOCIETI WH MATRILEAL SCENT AND MATRILOL RINCE (GOETHALS 1971; MART AND VOORHI 1975; HORNE 2004). WHY? GOETHALS (1971; SEE ALSO HORNE 2004) SUGGTS THAT WHEN A SOCIETY IS MATRILOL AND MATRILEAL, PREMARAL SEX THAT RULTS PREGNANCY IS LS PROBLEMATIC BEE A WOMAN WOULD REMA WH OR NEAR HER NATAL FAY FOR HER LIFETIME, WHEREAS SHE WOULD NOT HAVE SUCH SUPPORT A PATRILOL/PATRILEAL SOCIETY. ANXIETY ABOUT SEX OR TERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS CHILDHOOD PREDICTS MORE PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS. SOCIETI THAT PUNISH YOUNG CHILDREN FOR LACKG MOSTY, FOR ENGAGG SEXUAL PLAY, OR FOR MASTURBATG, ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE PREMARAL RTRICTIVENS (TEXTOR 1967; STEPHENS 1972; BROU 1975). HOWEVER, THIS FDG BEGS THE QUTN OF WHY PARENTS GENERALLY OWN ON SEXUAL EXPRSIVY THE FIRST PLACE. CONTROLLG FOR SOCIAL PLEXY AND SOCIAL STRATIFITN, SOCIETI WHERE BABI SPEND MORE THAN HALF THEIR DAY CLOSE BODY NTACT WH A RETAKER ARE MUCH MORE LIKELY TO ALLOW PREMARAL SEX (BROU 1975). WHY? ATTACHMENT THEORY SUGGTS THAT STRONG ATTACHMENT TO RETAKERS FANCY PROMOT GREATER FORT WH TIMACY AND TST OF OTHERS LATER LIFE (BROU 1975). SOCIETI WH OPEN HO OR THOSE LACKG WALLS ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE PERMISSIVE SEXUAL NORMS AND HIGHER RAT OF PREMARAL RELATNSHIPS (MAXWELL 1967). WHY? MAXWELL (1967) POTS OUT THAT WHERE SOCIETI LACK PRIVACY FOR ENGAGG SEXUAL TERURSE, CHILDREN ARE LIKELY TO OBSERVE SEXUAL BEHAVR OM AN EARLY AGE; PRUMABLY CHILDREN AND LATER ADULTS BEE MORE FORTABLE WH SEXUAL ACTIVY BEE OF THIS EXPOSURE. CONSEQUENC OF VARIATN PREMARAL SEX NORMS SOCIETI WH MORE PREMARAL SEX ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE TONOMY SELECTG THEIR MARAL PARTNER (BROU 1983). MORE LIKELY TO VALUE ROMANTIC LOVE ( MUNCK AND KOROTAYEV 1999). MORE LIKELY TO HAVE STABLE MARRIAG AND LOWER RAT OF DIVORCE, AT LEAST WH RPECT TO FEMAL, THAN THOSE WHO DO NOT ENGAGE PREMARAL SEX (BROU 1983; BROWN AND L 2012). EXTRAMARAL SEX THE HASTA AP (MEETG OF THE HANDS), THE INDIAN MARRIAGE CEREMONY SYMBOLIZ A NEW UNBREAKABLE BOND BETWEEN THE UPLE. SOCIETI VARY WILY THEIR TOLERANCE OF SEXUALY OUTSI OF MARRIAGE. A SLIGHT MAJORY OF SOCIETI NMN EXTRAMARAL SEX FOR BOTH SEX, BUT A DOUBLE STANDARD FAVOR OF HBANDS APPLI ABOUT 65% OF SOCIETI—EXTRAMARAL SEX IS EHER ALLOWED FOR HBANDS BUT NOT WIV, OR, HBANDS ONLY RECEIVE D PUNISHMENT, WHEREAS WIV RECEIVE SEVERE PUNISHMENT. HOWEVER, THAT DO NOT MEAN THAT EXTRAMARAL SEX IS RARE FOR WOMEN. IN FACT TIMAT OF EXTRAMARAL SEXUAL BEHAVR ARE NSIRABLY OUT OF SYNC WH CULTURAL ATTUS. FOR EXAMPLE, WHILE 88 PERCENT OF SOCIETI NMN SUCH SEX FOR WOMEN, EXTRAMARAL SEX IS REPORTED TO OCCUR AT LEAST OCSNALLY BY WIV ABOUT 75 PERCENT OF SOCIETI (BROU AND GREENE 1976; BROU 2004). IF EXTRAMARAL SEX OCCURS FAIRLY EQUENTLY, IS NOT SURPRISG THAT ALMOST ALL DIVIDUALS ACROSS SOCIETI WORRY ABOUT THEIR PARTNER'S SEXUAL ACTIVI AND ACTIVELY TRY TO CURTAIL AN AFFAIR THAT IS NDUCTED WHOUT THEIR PERMISSN. RARELY IS AN AFFAIR MET WH DIFFERENCE (JANKOWIAK, NELL, AND BUCKMASTER 2002). MAL AND FEMAL HAVE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT STRATEGI—WOMEN ARE MORE APT TO E SOCIAL OR PHYSIL DISTANCG; MEN ARE MORE APT TO E VLENCE (ALTHOUGH WOMEN MONLY RORT TO VLENCE TOO). IN MORE PLEX SOCIETI, HIGHER THORI ARE MORE OFTEN APPEALED TO BY MEN. WHILE EXTRAMARAL SEX IS UALLY OWNED UPON A MAJORY OF CULTUR, THERE ARE QUE A FEW (ABOUT 40%) THAT ALLOW EXTRAMARAL SEX FOR WIV. MUCH OF IS STUTNALIZED, SUCH AS BEG ALLOWED DURG CERTA CEREMONI, OR A MON PRACTICE KNOWN AS “WIFE SHARG.” WIFE SHARG CLUS A WOMAN HAVG SEX WH OTHER MEN THE HBAND’S CLAN OR AGE-GRA, WH SPECIFIC OTHER MEN SUCH AS A BROTHER--LAW, OR AS AN ACT OF HOSPALY (BROU 2004). WE KNOW RELATIVELY LTLE TERMS OF HOW WOMEN FEEL ABOUT THE ARRANGEMENTS. WHAT PREDICTS ATTUS AND BEHAVR TOWARDS EXTRAMARAL SEX? EXTRAMARAL SEX IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR POLYGYNO SOCIETI (WILSON 2008). SOCIETI WH HIGH LEVELS OF SEXUAL JEALOY ARE GENERALLY OPPOSED TO EXTRAMARAL SEX (HUPKA AND RYAN 1990). WHY? EVOLUTNARY PSYCHOLOGISTS NTEND THAT WHEN RELATNSHIPS ARE NOT STABLE, PEOPLE WILL TAKE THE NECSARY MEANS TO PROTECT THE BOND WH THEIR PARTNER, SUCH AS BEG EXPLIC OF THEIR EXTRAMARAL SEX VIEWS AND OPNS. SOCIETI WH SMALLER MUNI ARE LS LIKELY TO HAVE PUNISHMENT FOR EXTRAMARAL SEX THAN THOSE CI AND TOWNS (TEXTOR 1967). SOCIETI WH LS SIRE FOR CHILDREN AND LOW OPPOSN TO ABORTN ARE MORE LIKELY TO PERM EXTRAMARAL SEX (TEXTOR 1967). SOCIETI ALLOWG ROMANTIC LOVE ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE ACCEPTG OF EXTRAMARAL SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS (TEXTOR 1967; MUNCK AND KOROTAYEV 1999). IN RPONSE TO PARTNER FILY, MAL TEND TO RORT TO PHYSIL VLENCE WHEREAS FEMAL ARE MORE LIKELY TO DISTANCE THEMSELV OM THEIR PARTNERS (JANKOWIAK, NELL, AND BUCKMASTER 2002). WHAT FACTORS PREDICT A DOUBLE STANDARD RATHER THAN A SGLE STANDARD FOR HBANDS AND WIV? CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH SUGGTS THAT A DOUBLE STANDARD IS PREDICTED BY A LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO (BROU 1980) MALE SECURY AND FENSIVENS (BROU 1980) DITED BY HIGH GRE OF MALE BOASTG MEN’S HO SEGREGATN OF THE SEX CHOR LOW FATHER PRENCE CHILDHOOD WHY? TO EXPLA THE RELATNSHIPS, BROU (1980) DISCS TWO PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI. THE FIRST IS RELATED TO THE IA THAT THE OEDIP PLEX WILL BE STRONGER WHEN A YOUNG BOY HAS A LOT OF NTACT WH THE MOTHER EARLY LIFE AND THE FATHER STAYS AWAY BEE OF A LONG (YEAR OR MORE) PROHIBN ON MARAL SEX AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. PRUMABLY A BOY EXPERIENC NSIRABLE DISTRS WHEN THE TABOO PERD IS OVER AND THE CHILD IS DISPLACED OM THE MOTHER WHEN THE FATHER RETURNS. ANY FUTURE THREAT OF LOSS LATER LIFE, SUCH AS A WIFE FDG LOVE ELSEWHERE, MAY ALSO ENGENR NSIRABLE DISTRS. THEREFORE IS ARGUED THAT TO TRY TO PREVENT SUCH DISTRS, MAL CREATE STRONG PROHIBNS TO KEEP WIV OM HAVG AFFAIRS. BUT WHY SHOULD MAL BE ALLOWED TO HAVE EXTRAMARAL SEX (WHICH CREAT A DOUBLE STANDARD)? THE SEND THEORY SUGGTS THAT WHEN FATHERS AND OTHER MALE MOLS ARE RELATIVELY ABSENT A BOY’S UPBRGG, MAL WILL HAVE MORE NCERN ABOUT THEIR SEXUAL INTY, CLUDG SEXUAL PERFORMANCE. HENCE THEY WILL OFTENTIM ENGAGE HYPERMASCULE OR EXAGGERATED MASCULE BEHAVRS AS A FENSIVE MECHANISM. THIS MAY CLU HAVG AFFAIRS TO “PROVE” THEIR VIRILY WHILE AT THE SAME TIME RTRICTG THE EXTRAMARAL SEXUALY OF THEIR WIV WHICH ULD THREATEN THEIR EGOS (BROU 1980). SEX HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAG ALL SOCIETI BELIEVE HAVG CHILDREN, SO IS NOT SURPRISG THAT MOST SOCIETI THK EQUENT SEX DURG MARRIAGE IS SIRABLE, BUT MAY BE SURPRISG THAT ABOUT 23 PERCENT OF SOCIETI BELIEVE THAT TOO MUCH SEX IS A BAD IA. BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHIC REPORTS, CTOMARY EQUENCI OF MARAL SEX RANGE OM FIVE OR SIX TIM A DAY SOME SOCIETI TO TWO OR THREE TIM A MONTH. THE MOST MON REPORTED EQUENCY IS ONCE A DAY, EXCLUDG EXPLIC TABOO PERDS. A MAJORY OF SOCIETI HAVE SOME MARAL SEX TABOOS. THE MAY CLU THE PROHIBN OF SEX AT CERTA TIM OF DAY, CERTA LOTNS, DURG MENSTATN, BEFORE WAR, HUNTG, OR FISHG EXPEDNS, OR DURG CERTA LIFE EVENTS SUCH AS AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD (BROU 2004). SEE THE MENARCHE SECTNS OF THE ADOLCENCE MODULE FOR A DISCSN OF MENSTAL TABOOS. SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY IN SOME SOCIETI IS THOUGHT BT TO AVOID SEX DURG PREGNANCY TO ENHANCE THE HEALTH OF THE FET (MONTGOMERY 1974). IN OTHER SOCIETI, SUCH AS THE AZAN OF CENTRAL AI, IS THOUGHT THAT TERURSE DURG PREGNANCY HELPS PROMOTE A HEALTHY CHILD (LAGAE 1926). SEX TABOOS DURG PREGNANCY ARE MORE LIKELY (AND ARE LONGER) IN POLYGYNO, RATHER THAN MONOGAMO SOCIETI (AYR 1967). IN TROPIL OR SUB-TROPIL ENVIRONMENTS (TEXTOR 1967). A MAN AND WOMAN EMBRACE ANTICIPATN OF THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. CULTUR VARY GREATLY THE DURATN OF PREGNANCY SEX TABOOS, IF PRENT. SEX TABOOS AFTER CHILDBIRTH SEX BETWEEN A HBAND AND WIFE IS UALLY AVOID FOR SOME TIME AFTER THE WIFE GIV BIRTH, THE RANGE OF WHICH IS TYPILLY SPECIFIED BY CTOM OR TABOO. IN MANY S THE POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO IS MORE THAN A YEAR, SOMETIM FOR SEVERAL YEARS. FOR EXAMPLE, TRADNALLY AMONGST THE YOBA OF NIGERIA A SEX TABOO LASTED FOR ABOUT THREE YEARS (FEYISETAN 1990). THE YOBA SAY THE PURPOSE OF THE TABOO IS TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF THE NURSG CHILD. WHAT PREDICTS SUCH LONG (MORE THAN ONE YEAR) TABOOS? WHEN THE STAPLE FOOD OR FOODS A SOCIETY ARE LOW ON PROTE (WHG 1964). WHY? WHG THEORIZED THAT THE LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO IS AN ADAPTATN TO TROPIL ENVIRONMENTS WHERE ADULT DIETS ARE LOW PROTE. IN SUCH ENVIRONMENTS, TODDLERS ARE VULNERABLE TO KWASHRKOR, A PROTE-FICIENCY DISEASE. HOWEVER, IF A MOTHER ULD POSTPONE A NEW PREGNANCY AND NURSE A CHILD FOR A LONG TIME, THE CHILD HAS MUCH BETTER SURVIVAL CHANC. IN THE ABSENCE OF EFFECTIVE NTRACEPTN, ABSTENCE (A LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO) IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY OF PREVENTG A NEW PREGNANCY. SOCIETI WH LONG TABOOS ALSO TEND TO BE POLYGYNO AND HAVE UNILEAL SCENT (SCIER 1972; WHG 1964). SOCIETI WH MENSTAL TABOOS TEND TO HAVE LONG POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS (CARROLL 1982). WHY IS SEX, EVEN MARRIAGE, NSIRED DANGERO? BROU (2004) TIMAT THAT 23 PERCENT OF SOCIETI BELIEVE THAT TOO MUCH SEX IS A BAD IA. THE NUMBER OF SUCH SOCIETI WH THE BELIEFS IS PERHAPS SURPRISG GIVEN THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS NECSARY FOR A SOCIETY’S SURVIVAL. THE IA THAT SEX IS DANGERO IS EXPRSED BY MEGGT’S (1964, 210) REPORT OF MAE ENGA (OM NEW GUEA) BELIEFS: “…EVERY EJACULATN PLET HIS VALY, AND OVER-DULGENCE MT DULL HIS MD AND LEAVE HIS BODY PERMANENTLY EXHSTED AND WHERED.” SCEN OM THE KAMA SUTRA (ONE OF THE OLST AND MOST POPULAR GUIS TO THE TECHNIQU OF SEX) A HDU TEMPLE. HERE WE SEE A SI OF SEX AND SEXUALY BEYOND THE PURELY MECHANIL OR TABOO. SCE MANY SOCIETI BELIEVE HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS PROBLEMATIC DURG CERTA TIM (SUCH AS BEFORE MARRIAGE, DURG MENSTATN, OR AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD), REARCHERS WHO WANT TO STUDY FEAR OF HETEROSEXUAL SEX HAVE NCENTRATED ON BELIEFS REGARDG MARAL SEX DURG NON-TABOOED TIM. RELATIVELY LTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE BELIEFS REGARDG SEXUALY, SO MOST OF THE REARCH FOC ON MALE BELIEFS. MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN IS PREDICTED BY MEN TYPILLY MARRYG WOMEN OM “ENEMY” MUNI (EMBER 1978). WHY? MEGGT (1964), TRYG TO EXPLA VARIABLE BELIEFS ABOUT SEX NEW GUEA, SUGGTED THAT THERE SEEMED TO BE A RELATNSHIP BETWEEN “MARRYG ENEMI” AND MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN. IN THE ENGA AREA, WHERE MEGGT DID HIS FIELDWORK, WARFARE IS CLOSE TO HOME, OFTEN BETWEEN NEIGHBORG MUNI, AND IS THE SAME MUNI OM WHICH MEN MT FD MARRIAGEABLE PARTNERS. MEGGT (1964, 218) BELIEV THIS STCTURE SETS UP AN EQUATN OF “FEMY, SEXUALY, AND PERIL” . THE PRACTICE OF MARRYG ENEMI APPLI TO MANY SOCIETI OUTSI NEW GUEA AND MORE BROADLY PREDICTS FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN (EMBER 1978). SEVERE FOOD SRCY (EMBER 1978). WHY? ANOTHER NEW GUEA ETHNOGRAPHER, LNBM (1972), SUGGTED THAT A CULTURAL BELIEF THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS DANGERO N ACT AS A POPULATN NTROL MECHANISM AND IS THEREFORE ADAPTIVE SOCIETI THAT HAVE SUFFICIENT ROURC TO SUPPORT THE POPULATN. THE RELATNSHIP BETWEEN FOOD SHORTAGE AND MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WAS SUPPORTED C. R. EMBER’S (1978) WORLDWI SAMPLE. MALE BABI SLEEPG CLOSER PROXIMY TO THEIR MOTHERS THAN THEIR FATHERS (EMBER 1978). WHY? TWO DIFFERENT PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI ARE ED TO EXPLA THIS RELATNSHIP. THE FIRST SUGGTS THAT ANY NDN THAT EXAGGERAT A BOY’S ATTRACTN TO HIS MOTHER AND SUBSEQUENT FEAR OF THE FATHER (THE OEDIP PLEX) WOULD CREASE SEXUAL ANXIETY GENERALLY AND MORE SPECIFILLY THE IA THAT HETEROSEXUAL SEX IS DANGERO (STEPHENS 1962). THE SEND THEORY, “SEX INTY NFLICT” THEORY, POSTULAT THAT IAL CLOSENS BETWEEN A MALE BABY AND HIS MOTHER SETS UP IAL UNNSC FEME INTIFITN. IF THE SOCIETY IS MALE DOMATED, A BOY GRADUALLY WILL REALIZE THAT MAL HAVE MORE STAT AND POWER AND HE WILL SUBSEQUENTLY VELOP A SENDARY MALE INTIFITN. THIS SETS UP A NFLICT SEX INTY. A MON RPONSE TO THIS NFLICT IS TO FEND AGAST THE UNNSC FEME INTIFITN AND MANIFT FEAR OF, AND ANTAGONISM TOWARD WOMEN (WHG 1965). BOTH PSYCHOLOGIL THEORI RECEIVED SUPPORT AS MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN TENDS TO BE PRENT SOCIETI WHERE BOYS SLEEP CLOSER TO THEIR MOTHERS, MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN TENDS TO BE PRENT (EMBER 1978). HOW DO ALL THE FACTORS—MARRYG ENEMI, FOOD SHORTAGE, AND SLEEPG ARRANGEMENTS F TOGETHER? MARRYG ENEMI IS THOUGHT TO BE THE MECHANISM THAT SETS UP EMOTNAL AND PHYSIL DISTANCE BETWEEN A MAN AND HIS WIFE, CLUDG SLEEPG APART, AND IS LIKELY THAT PSYCHOLOGIL MECHANISMS LEAD TO MEN’S FEAR OF SEX WH WOMEN (EMBER 1978). ALTERNATIVELY KAHARA (1981), G THE THEORY OF “RECIPROL HIBN,” SUGGTS WAYS THAT FOOD SHORTAGE MAY BE A DIRECT NTRIBUTOR TO MEN’S FEAR OF SEX. AS MENTNED EARLIER, NMNATN OF EXTRAMARAL SEX, A LOW CINCE OF BOTH PREMARAL AND EXTRAMARAL SEX, AND MENSTAL TABOOS GENERALLY -OCCUR (BROU AND GREENE 1976). WHY? THE FDGS SUGGT A GENERAL PATTERN OF AVOIDANCE AND ANXIETY ABOUT HETEROSEXUAL SEX. ARE THERE NORMS PARTNERS MT FOLLOW DURG TERURSE? FEMAL HAVE MORE ACTIVE ROL DURG TERURSE MATRILEAL AND AVUNCULOL SOCIETI WHEREAS THEY TEND TO BE SEXUALLY SUBMISSIVE PARTNERS PATRILEAL SOCIETI (ECKHARDT 1971). WHY? ACRDG TO FEMIST THEORY, FEMAL FACE GREATER OPPRSN PATRIARCHAL SOCIETI DUE TO THE NORMATIVE POWER DYNAMICS THAT ARE HIGHLY BENEFICIAL TO MAL. THE SPECTM REGARDG PRIVACY DURG TERURSE RANG OM HAVG AMPLE PRIVACY DWELLGS FAR OM OTHERS, TO MIMAL PRIVACY SHARG A ROOM WH A PARTN, TO NO PRIVACY SHARG SPACE WHOUT A PARTN (COZBY AND ROSENBLATT 1971). SOCIETI WHERE TWO PARTNERS HAVE GREATER ROMANTIC LOVE ALSO TEND TO HAVE MORE PRIVACY (COZBY AND ROSENBLATT 1971). HOMOSEXUALY STUDYG HOMOSEXUALY CROSS-CULTURALLY IS PLITED. THE FIRST PLITN IS THAT WTERN SOCIETI, HOMOSEXUALY REFERS TO SEX BETWEEN MAL OR SEX BETWEEN FEMAL. BUT THIS NCEPT OF HOMOSEXUALY PENDS ON THE CULTURAL IA THAT THERE ARE ONLY TWO GENRS. IF A SOCIETY REGNIZ THREE OR MORE GENRS, THE NCEPT OF HOMOSEXUALY MIGHT SIMPLY MEAN SEX WH DIVIDUALS WHO SHARE THE SAME GENR SIGNATN, REGARDLS OF THEIR BLOGIL SEX. THE SEND PLITN IS THAT ENGAGG SEXUAL BEHAVR WH THOSE OF THE SAME BLOGIL SEX OR SAME GENR TEGORY DO NOT NECSARILY IMPLY SEXUAL ATTRACTN. HAM, GARFIELD, AND GARFIELD (2017) E THE TERM “MALE ANDROPHILIA” TO SCRIBE MAL’ ATTRACTN TO AND AROAL BY OTHER MAL. THE DISTCTN BETWEEN ATTRACTN AND BEHAVR IS QUE IMPORTANT DISCSG MALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR CROSS-CULTURALLY BEE QUE A FEW SOCIETI HAVE MANDATED HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS FOR SOME PHASE OF THE LIFE CYCLE, SUCH AS DURG MALE IATN CEREMONI. IN SUCH S, ALL IAT WOULD BE EXPECTED TO PARTICIPATE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR, WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE SEXUALLY ATTRACTED TO MAL. THE THIRD PLITN IS THAT MANY SCHOLARS SUGGT THE NEED TO DISTGUISH DIFFERENT KDS OF HOMOSEXUALY. CG A TYPOLOGY SUGGTED OVER 50 YEARS AGO, CARDOSO AND WERNER (2004; REFERRG TO GORER 1966) DISCS THREE BROAD TYP OF SYSTEMS FOR MALE HOMOSEXUALY: 1) GENR-STRATIFIED; 2) AGE-STRATIFIED; AND 3) EGALARIAN. IN GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, SOME MEN TAKE ON A SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE (“PATHIC”) ROLE, OFTEN ADOPT FEMALE DRS OR ROL, AND ARE UALLY DISTGUISHED OM OTHER MEN, EVEN OM MEN WHO HAVE SEX WH THEM. IN NTRAST, THOSE WHO TAKE THE ACTIVE OR SERTOR ROLE, ARE NOT NSIRED DIFFERENT OM OTHER MEN. IN AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY, OLR MEN TABLISH SEXUAL RELATNSHIPS WH BOYS, OFTEN SERVG AS THEIR MENTORS. WHEN THE “BOYS” ARE OLR THEY MAY TAKE ON THEIR OWN YOUNGER PARTNERS. BUT THE RELATNSHIPS ARE NOT PATIBLE WH MARRYG WOMEN AND OFTEN FUNCTN AS PART OF A LIFE CYCLE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE OLR MALE MAY MARRY A WOMAN WHEN HIS “BOY” PARTNER THE RELATNSHIP IS OLD ENOUGH TO TAKE ON HIS OWN “BOY” PARTNER. VIGELAND SCULPTUR PTURE A VARIETY OF HUMAN RELATNSHIPS CLUDG HOMOSEXUALY. IN NTRAST TO THE AGE-STRATIFIED AND GENR SYSTEMS, EGALARIAN SYSTEMS DO NOT HAVE IMPORTANT POWER DIFFERENC BETWEEN HOMOSEXUAL PARTNERS. EGALARIAN SYSTEMS CLU HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE AMONGST ADOLCENTS WH MARRIAGE TO WOMEN AFTERWARDS, OR THE FORMG A “RA” RELATNSHIP BETWEEN MEN THAT N LAST A LIFETIME EVEN THOUGH THE MEN TYPILLY MARRY. IRONILLY, THE THIRD TYPE OF EGALARIAN HOMOSEXUALY, THE “GAY” SYSTEM, WHILE MON WTERN SOCIETI, IS THE RART TYPE OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY THE ETHNOGRAPHIC RERD. IN “GAY” HOMOSEXUALY, DIVIDUALS GRADUALLY REGNIZE THEIR SEXUAL ATTRACTN TO MAL AND AFTER “G OUT,” HAVE SEX WH OTHER “GAY” DIVIDUALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFETIM, SOMETIM EXCLIVELY WH ONE HOMOSEXUAL PARTNER. THE “GAY” SYSTEM IS THE ONLY TYPE OF HOMOSEXUALY LARGELY PATIBLE WH MARRIAGE TO WOMEN. HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR IS EASIER TO DOCUMENT THAN ATTRACTN. (OF URSE, THE SAME DISTCTN BETWEEN ATTRACTN AND PRACTICE ULD BE SAID OF HETEROSEXUAL SEX; MANY SOCIETI EVERYONE IS EXPECTED TO MARRY SOMEONE OF THE OPPOSE SEX REGARDLS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATN AND ATTRACTN.) HOW MON IS HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR AND WHAT, IF ANYTHG, DO WE KNOW ABOUT ATTRACTN? COUNTRY STUDI BASED ON SURVEYS OF DIVIDUALS SUGGT THAT MALE ANDROPHILIA OCCURS ABOUT 2 TO 4 PERCENT OF THE POPULATN ALMOST EVERY UNTRY. HAM, GARFIELD, AND GARFIELD (2017), G ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA, TIMATE THAT 58 PERCENT OF NONDTRIAL SOCIETI EXHIB SOME MALE ANDROPHILIA, ALTHOUGH MALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR OCCURS ABOUT 90 PERCENT OF SOCIETI. (NOTE THAT THE MALE ANDROPHILIA FIGURE IS LIKELY TO BE AN UNR-REPORT SCE CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH ON NONDTRIAL POPULATNS IS UALLY BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHER REPORTS RATHER THAN ON TERVIEWS WH DIVIDUALS.) FEMALE HOMOSEXUALY HAS BEEN LS STUDIED CROSS-CULTURALLY, BUT BLACKWOOD (1984; REPORTED BLACKWOOD AND WIERGA 1999) LOTED 95 SOCIETI WH FEMALE HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS, MANY MORE SOCIETI THAN PEOPLE EXPECTED. WHAT DO CROSS-CULTURAL REARCH FD REGARDG HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR? ACCEPTANCE OF HOMOSEXUALY IS ASSOCIATED WH GREATER EQUENCY OF THE BEHAVR (MTURN, GROSSE, AND HAIR 1969) HIGHER EQUENCI OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY WILL OCCUR SOCIETI THAT HAVE STUTNALIZED MALE TRANSVTISM (GRAY AND ELLGTON 1984). A RELATED FDG IS THAT SOCIETI MORE ACCEPTG OF HOMOSEXUALY ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE ALTERNATIVE GENR ROL OCCUPIED BY TRANSGENRED ANDROPHILIC MAL (VANRLAAN, REN, AND VASEY 2013). WHY? ASSUMG THAT ALL SOCIETI HAVE SOME DIVIDUALS WH HOMOSEXUAL CLATNS, SUCH SEXUALY WILL LIKELY BE EXPRSED UNLS IS SUPPRSED BY CULTURAL DICTAT. MUNROE, WHG, AND HALLY (1969) FOUND THAT STUTNALIZED MALE TRANSVTISM WAS RELATED TO THE PRENCE OF LS RIGID GENR TEGORI. IF SO, SUCH SOCIETI ARE ALSO MORE LIKELY TO ALLOW EXPRSN OF HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE TYPE OF HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVR BEG PREDICTED IS “GENR-STRATIFIED” HOMOSEXUALY SCE CRAPO (1995) FOUND THAT SOCIETI WH GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY HAD LS RIGID SEX DISTCTNS, WHILE SOCIETI WH AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY HAD MORE RIGID SEX DISTCTNS. AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY IS MORE LIKELY PATRILEAL SOCIETI, WHEREAS GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY IS MORE LIKELY SOCIETI THAT ARE NOT PATRILEAL (CRAPO 1995). WHY? NOTG THAT AGE-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUALY ALSO GO WH THE TYPE OF POLYGYNY WHERE MOSTLY WEALTHY MEN HAVE MULTIPLE WIV, CRAPO (1995) SUGGTS THAT THIS TYPE OF HOMOSEXUAL SYSTEM REMOV YOUNG MAL OM THE MARRIAGE MARKET. THEY HAVE TO WA THEIR TURN AND PROVE THEMSELV TO BE WORTHY. HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE IS MORE LIKELY SOCIETI OF HIGHER SOCIAL PLEXY. MORE SPECIFILLY, IS MORE LIKELY IN AGROPASTORAL SOCIETI OR AGRICULTURAL SOCIETI RATHER THAN AMONGST HUNTER-GATHERERS (BARBER 1998 APOSTOLOU (2017B)). WHY? THE TWO THORS HAVE VERY DIFFERENT THEORI. BARBER POSTULAT THAT MATERNAL STRS IS HIGHER MORE PLEX SOCIETI AND ALSO THAT SUCH STRS IS ASSOCIATED WH MORE HOMOSEXUALY. APOSTOLOU ARGU THAT MORE PLEX SOCIETI UALLY ARRANGE MARRIAG ORR TO ENSURE HEIRS FOR PROPERTY HERANCE. WHILE ARRANGED MARRIAG MAY TRACT OM HOMOSEXUALLY-CLED DIVIDUALS BEG ALLOWED TO HAVE HOMOSEXUAL RELATNSHIPS ON A PERMANENT BASIS, APOSTOLOU ARGU THAT ACTUALLY ALLOWS THE EQUENCY OF HOMOSEXUAL TENNCI BEE THOSE DIVIDUALS WH SUCH TENNCI WILL STILL REPRODUCE THEIR MARAL RELATNSHIP. IN MORE SOCIALLY STRATIFIED SOCIETI (BARTH, CROCHET, AND RAYMOND 2015) WHY? THE THORS ARGUE THAT SOCIALLY STRATIFIED SOCIETI A WOMAN’S REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS IS ENHANCED BY BEG ABLE TO MARRY TO A HIGHER SOCIAL CLASS. MALE HOMOSEXUALY ULD BE ADAPTIVE IF A MALE’S LSENED REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS ENHANC A SISTER’S OR ANOTHER FEMALE RELATIVE’S REPRODUCTIVE SUCCS. IN BLOGY, THE TERM “SEXUALLY ANTAGONISTIC” GENE IS ED TO DITE A GENE THAT HAS DIFFERENT EFFECTS DIFFERENT DIVIDUALS. SOME CHILDHOOD EXPERIENC PREDICT MORE MALE HOMOSEXUALY HOMOSEXUALY IS POSIVELY ASSOCIATED WH LOW IAL SEX DULGENCE CHILDHOOD AND HIGH SEVERY OF SEX TRAG (MTURN, GROSSE, AND HAIR 1969). HIGHER EQUENCY OF MALE HOMOSEXUALY IS ASSOCIATED WH FEWER MALE CHILDHOOD PANNS OR MORE MIXED-SEX PLAY GROUPS (WERNER 1979). WHY? WERNER’S THEORY WOULD SUGGT THAT HOMOSEXUAL TENNCI OR TERTS ARE SUPPRSED BY THE PRENCE OF MALE PANNS. THIS WOULD ALLU TO A CULTURE OF MASCULY THAT EMPHASIZ HETEROSEXUALY AND SOCIALIZ AGAST HOMOSEXUALY. A MIXED PLAY GROUP ALSO SUGGTS MORE GENR EQUALY AND PERHAPS THE POSSIBILY THAT MAL WOULD BE ALLOWED TO EMOTNALLY OR PHYSILLY EXPLORE THEIR HOMOSEXUALY. LOWER LEVELS OF FATHER-FANT VOLVEMENT ARE ASSOCIATED WH BOTH AGE-STRATIFIED AND GENR-STRATIFIED HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE (CRAPO 1995). WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

Gay rights proponents mt also ntent wh an creasg number of “relig liberty” state laws, which allow bs to ny service to LGBTQ dividuals due to relig beliefs, as well as “bathroom laws” that prevent transgenr dividuals om g public bathrooms that don’t rrpond to their sex at birth.

Je Meda-Martínez, 1 Carlos Ss-Ortega, 1, 2, * María Montserrat Sánchez-Lorente, 1, 2 Eva María Sosa-Palan, 1, 2 Pedro García-Martínez, 1, 2 and María Isabel Mármol-López1, 2Igor Grabovac, Amic EdorAbstractBackground: Lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr (LGBT) people prent poorer mental and physil health rults pared to the heterosexual and cisgenr populatn. Other ialisms such as LGBTIAQ (lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, tersex, asexual, aromantic, and queer people) or LGBT+ are also often ed to explicly clu other groups; however, the acronym LGBT will be ed this article bee s e is most wispread worldwi. The term lbian refers to women who only feel sexual-affective attractn to other women, gay refers to men who only feel sexual-affective attractn to other men, and bisexual refers to people who feel sexual-affective attractn to people of the same or different genrs to themselv.

In gay and bisexual men, higher rat of transmissn of the human immunoficiency vis (HIV), viral hepatis, and other sexually transmted fectns (STIs); anal, prostate, tticle, and lon ncers; and body image and eatg disorrs have been scribed [10, 11, 12]. We ed The Health of Lbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgenr People: Buildg a Foundatn for Better Unrstandg report by the Instute of Medice (IOM), orred by the Natnal Instut of Health (NIH), as a amework for this lerature review [24]. Furthermore, LGBT people om racial/ethnic mori [31, 32, 33], as well as those who found themselv poverty [34] or prostutn [28, 31], were more vulnerable to the health dispari mentned bisexual men and women appeared to have a higher risk of MH problems and suici pared to homosexual people [32, 33], and trans people were pecially vulnerable to the risks pared to cisgenr people [31, 32, 33].

GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT

The distctn between attractn and behavr is que important discsg male homosexual behavr cross-culturally bee que a few societi have mandated homosexual relatnships for some phase of the life cycle, such as durg male iatn ceremoni. It is likely that the type of homosexual behavr beg predicted is “genr-stratified” homosexualy sce Crapo (1995) found that societi wh genr-stratified homosexualy had ls rigid sex distctns, while societi wh age-stratified homosexualy had more rigid sex distctns. While arranged marriag may tract om homosexually-cled dividuals beg allowed to have homosexual relatnships on a permanent basis, Apostolou argu that actually allows the equency of homosexual tennci bee those dividuals wh such tennci will still reproduce their maral relatnship.

E., for lbians, gays [homosexual mal], bisexuals, transgenr persons, and queer persons); seeks to elimate sodomy laws; and lls for an end to discrimatn agast LGBTQ persons employment, cred, hog, public acmodatns, and other areas of life. ) Gay rights prr to the 20th century Relig admonns agast sexual relatns between dividuals of the same sex (particularly men) long stigmatized such behavur, but most legal s Europe were silent on the subject of homosexualy and bisexualy. Dpe Paragraph 175 and the failure of the WhK to w s repeal, homosexual and bisexual men and women experienced a certa amount of eedom Germany, particularly durg the Weimar perd, between the end of World War I and the Nazi seizure of power.

In the Uned Stat this greater visibily brought some backlash, particularly om the ernment and the police: the ernment often fired gay civil servants, the ary attempted to purge s ranks of gay soldiers (a policy enacted durg World War II), and police vice squads equently raid gay bars and arrted their patrons. In the Uned Stat the first major male anizatn, found 1950–51 by Harry Hay Los Angel, was the Mattache Society (s name reputedly rived om a medieval French society of masked players, the Société Mattache, to reprent the public “maskg” of homosexualy), while the Dghters of Bilis (named after the Sapphic love poems of Pierre Louÿs, Chansons Bilis), found 1955 by Phyllis Lyon and Del Mart San Francis, was a leadg group for women. In Bra 1957 a missn chaired by Sir John Wolfenn issued a groundbreakg report (see Wolfenn Report) remendg that private homosexual liaisons between nsentg adults be removed om the doma of crimal law; a later the remendatn was implemented by Parliament the Sexual Offenc Act.

Now headquartered Geneva and renamed the Internatnal Lbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Associatn (ILGA World), plays a signifint role ordatg ternatnal efforts to promote human rights and fight discrimatn agast LGBTQ and tersex persons. This support, along wh mpaigns by gay activists urgg gay men and women to “e out of the closet” (ed, the late 1980s, Natnal Comg Out Day was tablished, and is now celebrated on October 11 most untri), enuraged gay men and women to enter the polil arena as ndidat.

At the lol and natnal levels, the number of openly gay policians creased dramatilly durg the 1990s and 2000s, and 2009 Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir beme prime mister of Iceland, which ma her the world’s first openly gay head of ernment. In Ai, Asia, and Lat Ameri, openly gay policians have had only limed succs wng office; notable electns to natnal legislatur clud Patria Jiménez Flor Mexi (1997), Mike Waters South Ai (1999), and Clodovil Hernans Brazil (2006). Other issu of primary importance for the gay rights movement sce the 1970s clud batg the HIV/AIDS epimic and promotg disease preventn and fundg for rearch; lobbyg ernment for nondiscrimatory polici employment, hog, and other aspects of civil society; endg the ban on ary service for gay and lbian dividuals; expandg hate crim legislatn to clu protectns for gays, cludg transgenr dividuals; and securg marriage rights for same-sex upl (see same-sex marriage).

Ary’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy (1993–2011), which had permted gay and lbian dividuals to serve the ary if they did not disclose their sexual orientatn or engage homosexual activy; the repeal effectively end the ban on homosexuals the ary. New data LGBT people across all mographics are at heightened risk of vlent victimizatn Prison Policy Iniative, November, 2022“Lbian and gay people experienced 44 victimizatns per 1, 000 people, which was more than twice the victimizatn rate of straight people (19 per 1, 000 people).