Inty Profil Lbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth: The Role of Fay Influenc - PMC

Contents:

• EXAMG THE LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY SLE AMONG MEMBERS OF AN ALTERNATIVE SEXUALY SPECIAL INTERT GROUP
• ABOUT THE CENTERSCE 1983 THE CENTER HAS BEEN SUPPORTG, FOSTERG AND CELEBRATG THE LGBT MUNY OF NEW YORK CY. FD MORE RMATN ON AND OUR WORK ABOUT THE CENTER. VIS ABOUT THE CENTEROUR MISSNCYBER CENTERCENTER HISTORYRACE EQUYMEDIA CENTERLEARSHIP & STAFFEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNICORPORATE PARTNERSHIPSANNUAL REPORTS & FANCIAL INFORMATNCONTACT USHOURS & LOTNSEMAPSUPPORT THE CENTER
• LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY SLE (LGBIS): NSTCT VALIDATN, SENSIVY ANALYS AND OTHER PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTI
• SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
• INTY PROFIL LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL YOUTH: THE ROLE OF FAY INFLUENC
• REVISN AND EXTENSN OF A MULTIDIMENSNAL MEASURE OF SEXUAL MORY INTY: THE LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY SLE
• A MULTIFACTOR LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL POSIVE INTY MEASURE (LGB-PIM)
• LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY SLE (LGBIS): NSTCT VALIDATN, SENSIVY ANALYS AND OTHER PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTI.
• SEXUAL INTY DISCLOSURE AMONG LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INDIVIDUALS
• LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND/OR TRANSGENR (LGBT) CULTURAL PETENCY ACROSS THE TERSECTNALI OF GENR INTY, SEXUAL ORIENTATN, AND RACE AMONG HEALTHRE PROFSNALS
• RELATNSHIPS OF FAIAL SEXUAL STIGMA AND FAY SUPPORT WH TERNALIZED HOMONEGATIVY AMONG LBIAN, GAY AND BISEXUAL DIVIDUALS: THE MEDIATG EFFECT OF SELF-INTY DISTURBANCE AND MORATG EFFECT OF GENR
• SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND HEALTH AND WELL-BEG OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENR, AND QUEER YOUTH: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
• THE ASSOCIATN OF LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY FACETS WH SMOKG DEPENNCE MOTIV

EXAMG THE LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY SLE AMONG MEMBERS OF AN ALTERNATIVE SEXUALY SPECIAL INTERT GROUP

Proment fdgs clud (1) nfirmatory factor-analytic, ternal nsistency, and ter-rrelatn patterns support two LGBIS factor stctur; (2) men, pared primarily to women, reported elevated sr on Acceptance Concerns, Concealment Motivatn, Difficulty Procs, and Negative Inty; (3) queer-intifyg persons tend to report low Concealment Motivatn, and high Inty Affirmatn and Inty Centraly sr; (4) experimentg/fluid-intifyg dividuals tend toward higher Inty Uncertaty and Negative Inty, and lower Inty Centraly sr; (5) LGB muny volvement was negatively associated wh Concealment Motivatn, Inty Uncertaty, and Negative Inty, and posively associated wh Inty Superry, Inty Affirmatn, and Inty Centraly sr; and (6) Acceptance Concerns, Inty Uncertaty, and Internalized Homonegativy displayed signifint posive associatns wh such mental health symptoms as general anxiety and posttrmatic strs.

Frd theorized that homosexualy was a rult of problems that arise durg psychosexual velopment, such as boys beg overly attached to and intifyg wh their mother stead of their father, feelg tense stratn anxiety that leads boys to reject women bee they are “strated, ” and narcissistic self-obssn that leads boys to choose an object of attractn that rembl themselv (Lew, 1988). Bieber (1962, 1967, 1969) claimed that male homosexualy was ed by boys havg a posssive and overly volved mother, as well as a hostile or distant father; the dynamics led boys to bond wh their mother and prevented them om velopg their masculy, which led him to effemate homosexualy. For female homosexualy, Bieber (1967, 1969) claimed was ed by var parent-child relatnship dynamics, such as mothers beg overly rejectg and cril of their dghters, showg ltle warmth and affectn; this, bed wh “femizg” behavrs, such as not drsg their dghter pretty cloth and not teachg her okg and hoekeepg skills, ntributed to homosexualy.

Studi were clud the review if they met the followg creria: (1) llected data om lbian, gay, bisexual, and/or queer people about the timg of their inty velopment ton; (2) llected data the Uned Stat; (3) were wrten English; and (4) were published or pleted on or after January 1, 1990. E., the day the search were performed): (inty OR tone OR velopment) Abstract AND (gay OR lbian OR bisexual OR homosexual OR queer OR “sexual mory” OR “sexual mori”) Abstract AND (“sexual orientatn” Subjects for PsycINFO; sexualy Subject Headg for Soclogil Abstracts). E., 60–76%) of gay/lbian participants wh smaller reprentatn of bisexual, queer, and other sexual mory inti; five studi had sampl of relatively equal numbers of gay/lbian and bisexual participants; three studi clud participants wh substantial reprentatn of gay/lbian, bisexual, and other sexual orientatn inti; one study nsisted of only bisexual participants; and three studi did not provi breakdowns for sexual orientatn inti.

ABOUT THE CENTERSCE 1983 THE CENTER HAS BEEN SUPPORTG, FOSTERG AND CELEBRATG THE LGBT MUNY OF NEW YORK CY. FD MORE RMATN ON AND OUR WORK ABOUT THE CENTER. VIS ABOUT THE CENTEROUR MISSNCYBER CENTERCENTER HISTORYRACE EQUYMEDIA CENTERLEARSHIP & STAFFEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNICORPORATE PARTNERSHIPSANNUAL REPORTS & FANCIAL INFORMATNCONTACT USHOURS & LOTNSEMAPSUPPORT THE CENTER

In a study of gay/lbian women, there were no signifint differenc between Black and Hispanic/Lata women, but pared to women of lor, Whe women were signifintly later qutng their orientatn, self-intifyg as gay/lbian, g out, and havg a same-sex romantic relatnship (Parks et al., 2004). Among the seven studi that pared the timg of ton between gay/lbian and bisexual people their analys, most studi found that gay/lbian people reached the ton of attractn and self-intifyg signifintly earlier than bisexual people (Diamond, 1998; Maguen et al., 2002; Herek et al., 2010; Calzo et al., 2011; Martos et al., 2015; Hoenig, 2016; Katz-Wise et al., 2017a).

LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY SLE (LGBIS): NSTCT VALIDATN, SENSIVY ANALYS AND OTHER PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTI

Supplementary Table 3 shows the rults of meta-analys of tone ag by sexual orientatn (bisexual and gay/lbian) based on data om four studi; two of the studi are the top tier of methodologil rigor and two are the send tier (Herek et al., 2010; Pew Rearch Center, 2013a; Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 2017; Katz-Wise et al., 2017a); however, none of the studi examed the relatnship tone.

Given the soccultural prsure of heteronormativy, bisexual peopl’ attractns to multiple genrs, and their pacy to engage sexual behavrs and relatnships that may be viewed as heterosexual, there may be more nial, mimizatn, or uncertaty about their bisexual sexualy than for gay/lbian people. In addn, bee bisexualy as a legimate sexual orientatn has historilly been qutned, wh views that bisexualy is a transnal step between heterosexualy and homosexualy and that very few people are tly bisexual, people wh an emergg bisexual inty may feel more nfn and self-doubt about their inty than people wh monosexual orientatns (Brown, 2002; Roberts et al., 2015; Monro et al., 2017).

SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

The thors intify six dimensns of inty velopment, cludg ternalized homonegativy (rejectn of one's LGB inty), ncealment motivatn (ncern wh and motivatn to protect one' privacy as LGB person), acceptance ncerns (ncern wh the potential for stigmatizatn as an LGB person), inty uncertaty (uncertaty about one's sexual orientatn inty), inty superry (view favorg LGB people over heterosexual people), and fdg the experience of velopg an LGB inty to be a difficult procs.

INTY PROFIL LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL YOUTH: THE ROLE OF FAY INFLUENC

Based on past lerature suggtg that LGB inty is posed of numero elements (Mohr & Fassger, 2000; Mohr & Kendra, 2011; Rosar et al., 2008), cludg ternalized homonegativy, ncealment motivatn, acceptance ncerns, inty uncertaty, and difficult procs, we examed patterns of rponse across the dimensns g latent profile analysis (LPA). In a sample of 317 gay and lbian youth aged 14–23 years, Sav-Williams (1989) found that youths' perceptns of relatively posive parental attus regardg sexual orientatn were associated wh personal fort wh orientatn, creased self-teem for the youths, and fewer self-cril behavrs.

REVISN AND EXTENSN OF A MULTIDIMENSNAL MEASURE OF SEXUAL MORY INTY: THE LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY SLE

We were particularly terted the pattern of relatnships among dimensns, and expected to fd different levels of each dimensn wh each profile, such that youth wh the affirmed inty profile, for stance, might show pecially low levels of ternalized homonegativy, yet morate levels of ncealment send aim of the study was to unrstand the role of mographic and ntextual variat sexual mory inty. Dpe fairly low levels of difficulty across other dimensns of inty, the affirmed inty profile, ncealment motivatns fell the morate range, suggtg that morate levels of privacy needs occur the same dividuals who report pecially low levels of ternalized homonegativy, acceptance ncerns, inty nfn, and difficulti wh the g out procs. While youth this profile are, like the affirmed inty group, fairly certa of their sexual orientatn, youth who f the inty stggl profile also reported higher levels of ternalized homonegativy, ncerns about how well they are accepted as LGB people, and they dited that the g out procs has been difficult for them.

A MULTIFACTOR LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL POSIVE INTY MEASURE (LGB-PIM)

In particular, one might expect youth who are not out to a parent, or who are out but were hant to ask for parental nsent to participate the study, would report greater inty stggl, such as ncealment motivatn, acceptance ncerns, and possible ternalized homonegativy. Two specific targets for terventn are how parents rpond to youth's disclosure of sexual orientatn and, over time, how well they are able to help their LGB children pe wh the strsors that e om beg a sexual procs of acceptg that a child may be lbian, gay, or bisexual may be a very difficult one for parents. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis (n = 297) and a nfirmatory factor analysis (n = 357) supported an 8-factor solutn asssg acceptance ncerns, ncealment motivatn, inty uncertaty, ternalized homonegativy, difficulty wh the inty velopment procs, inty superry, inty affirmatn, and inty centraly.

LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY SLE (LGBIS): NSTCT VALIDATN, SENSIVY ANALYS AND OTHER PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTI.

E., lbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and other sexual inty profsnals); parison #3: cisgenr, heterosexual healthre profsnals; cisgenr, sexual mory healthre profsnals; and genr mory healthre profsnals (cludg bary transgenr healthre profsnals, nonbary healthre profsnals, and other genr inty healthre profsnals); parison #4: Whe/Csian healthre profsnals, Asian/Asian Amerin healthre profsnals, Black/Ain Amerin healthre profsnals, and other racial inty healthre profsnals (cludg multiracial healthre profsnals); and parison #5: twelve groups differg by genr inty (cisgenr men healthre profsnals, cisgenr women healthre profsnals, and genr mory healthre profsnals), sexual orientatn (heterosexual healthre profsnals and sexual mory healthre profsnals), and race (Whe/Csian healthre profsnals and racial mory healthre profsnals). MethodsA cross-sectnal survey study was rried out to exame the (i) associatns of faial sexual stigma and fay support wh ternalized homonegativy among young adult LGB dividuals Taiwan, and (ii) mediatg effect of self-inty disturbance and the moratg effect of genr.

SEXUAL INTY DISCLOSURE AMONG LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INDIVIDUALS

For example, acrdg to the Measure of Internalized Sexual Stigma for Lbians and Gay Men (MISS-LG) [7], ternalized homonegativy pris three fundamental dimensns: “inty (an endurg propensy to have a negative self-attu as sexual mory and to nsir sexual stigma as a part of a value system and inty), social disfort (the fear of public intifitn as a lbian or gay man the social ntext, and disclosure private and profsnal life), and sexualy (the psimistic evaluatn of timate gay or lbian relatnships’ qualy and duratn and a negative nceptn of gay or lbian sexual behavrs)” [7]. Rearch has found that an olr age of intifitn of sexual orientatn [20], beg religly active [21], havg more lifetime heterosexual attractns [21], beg more terted havg children and a child-centered fay life [21] are signifintly associated wh higher ternalized homonegativy among LGB of faial sexual stigma among ternalized homonegativy among LGB dividuals durg early adulthoodAcrdg to the soc-elogil theory [22], ternalized homonegativy is the rult of the teractn between the dividuals and their environments (e.

Although there is a direct associatn between faial sexual stigma and ternalized homonegativy, other factors that mediate this associatn have not been of fay support ternalized homonegativy among LGB dividuals durg early adulthoodRearch has shown that low fay support is associated wh suicidaly, distrs, prsn, hopelsns, and substance e among LGB dividuals [23, 30, 31, 32].

A cross-sectnal study Israel reported that fay support had a posive impact on self-acceptance of sexual orientatn among adolcent and young adult LGB dividuals [34], whereas a two-year prospective study the Uned Stat reported fay support did not predict the level of ternalized homonegativy among adolcents and young adult men who have sex wh men [35].

LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND/OR TRANSGENR (LGBT) CULTURAL PETENCY ACROSS THE TERSECTNALI OF GENR INTY, SEXUAL ORIENTATN, AND RACE AMONG HEALTHRE PROFSNALS

Furthermore, there are genr differenc the g out experienc such as the awarens of same-sex attractns, first sexual experience, g out the gay and lbian world, labelg onelf as gay or lbian, g out to iends, fay, and -workers, and g out publicly of men and women related to nformy to and vlatn of sex-role expectatns, as well as to polil and legal issu [51].

For example, gay men first acted on their same-sex attractive feelgs earlier and sooner than lbian women [52]; women are ls likely to label themselv 'lbian' on the basis of a sgle same-sex volvement, while men experience the admissn of such activy as implyg the label 'gay' [53]; gay men perceive greater threateng feelgs and ristance to be labelled as “homosexualy” pared wh lbian women [54].

RELATNSHIPS OF FAIAL SEXUAL STIGMA AND FAY SUPPORT WH TERNALIZED HOMONEGATIVY AMONG LBIAN, GAY AND BISEXUAL DIVIDUALS: THE MEDIATG EFFECT OF SELF-INTY DISTURBANCE AND MORATG EFFECT OF GENR

The were to exame the (i) associatns of faial sexual stigma and perceived fay support wh ternalized homonegativy among LGB young adults, (ii) mediatg effect of self-inty disturbance the associatns, and (iii) moratg effect of genr the associatns of faial sexual stigma and perceived fay support wh ternalized homonegativy and the mediatn of self-inty disturbance. Although peers, schools, and social media may also fluence LGB dividuals’ attus toward their own sexual orientatn, faial sexual stigma may have a fundamental and longstandg fluence and ntribute the formatn of ternalized homonegativy among adolcent and young adult LGB dividuals.

Associatns among fay support, self-inty disturbance, and ternalized homonegativyThe prent study’s fdgs showed that among LGB dividuals, fay support was negatively associated wh self-inty disturbance and then was negatively associated wh ternalized homonegativy via the mediatn of self-inty disturbance. Rearch has found that havg a mdful nonjudgg attu toward one's ner experience is associated wh ls ternalized sexual stigma among LGB dividuals [84, 85], ditg that the effects of mdfulns-based terventns on rcg ternalized homonegativy serv further is no study proposg terventns addrsg faial sexual stigma and their effects on rcg ternalized homonegativy among LGB dividuals. Currently, sexual mory inty is predomately foced on lbian, gay, and bisexual dividuals, cludg posive and negative, trapersonal, terpersonal, and experiential variabl, such as ternalized homophobia, inty nfn, and ncealment (Mayfield, 2001; McCarn & Fassger, 1996; Mohr & Fassger, 2000; Mohr & Kendra, 2011; Petrocchi et al., 2020) and Fassger (2000) veloped the Lbian and Gay Inty Sle (LGIS) to asss the multidimensns of sexual inty of lbian women and gay men.

Many studi have revealed that ternalized homonegativy/homophobia and ncealment motivatn were associated wh negative lbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) dividuals’ mental health out across var cultur and diverse sampl (for reviews, see Newb & Mtanski, 2010; Pachankis et al., 2020; Szymanski et al., 2008; Williamson, 2000).

SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND HEALTH AND WELL-BEG OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENR, AND QUEER YOUTH: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The nflictg fdgs regardg the mental health of asexual people dite that more rearch is required to explore the mental health stat of asexual mory inty/strs is one of the predomant factors ntributg to LGB dividuals’ mental health, such as ternalized homophobia and ncealment (e. Matthew N Berger, Specialty of Child and Adolcent Health, The Children’s Hospal at Wtmead Clil School, Faculty of Medice and Health, The Universy of Sydney, Corner Hawkbury Road and, Hasworth St, Wtmead, 2145, Atralia, Phone: 61 298403603, Email:, gay, bisexual, transgenr, and queer (LGBTQ) dividuals are at higher risk of poor mental health and well-beg. The fdgs may rm terventns to promote social media health leracy and the mental health and well-beg of this vulnerable RegistratnPROSPERO CRD42020222535; lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, and queer; LGBTQ; adolcence; youth; well-beg; mental health; social media; inty; support; mobile phoneIntroductnBackgroundRecent years have seen social media bee a part of our daily liv, pecially for adolcents and young adults [1].

Lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, and queer (or qutng; LGBTQ) people are heavier ers of social media and are more likely to have multiple acunts pared wh their non-LGBTQ unterparts [10] people experience higher rat of mental health ncerns and behavrs, cludg suicidal iatn, self-harm, anxiety, prsn, and posttrmatic strs disorr [11]. The search were nducted g a search strategy wh the followg keywords: LGB* or GLB* or Sexual and Genr Mori or gay or lbian or queer or transgenr or sexually and genr diverse or genr and sexually diverse or homosexual* or bisexual* or sexual orientatn AND int* or support* or help* or iend* or relatnship* or partner* or mental health or prsn or anxiety or mood disorr or posttrmatic strs disorr or PTSD or suicid* or self-harm or wellbeg AND social media* or social workg se* or Facebook or Instagram or Tumblr or Twter* or YouTube or LkedIn or WeChat or Snapchat or TikTok AND adolcen* or young adult* or teen* or youth*. 3)570Gay (45%), bisexual (27%), and lbian (24%)Recment: om gay-straight allianc and web-based msage boards; data llectn: qutnnair and surveys; measur: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Sle, Multiple Affect Adjective Check List, Multidimensnal Sle of Perceived Social Support, and Measure of Sexual Inty Exploratn and CommmentUsg regrsn analys, the study found that LGBb youths spend more time on social media pared wh non-LGB youths, wh time spent signifintly on sexual inty (β=.

68; LGBTQ participants)570Heterosexual (n=446), homosexual (n=68), not sure (n=4), and other (n=21)Recment: om LGBTQ support anizatns; data llectn: qutnnair and surveys; measur: Lbian, Gay, and Bisexual Inty Sle as well as the Short Sle for Measurg Lonels Large Surveys and the Brief Symptom Inventory Among LGB youths, higher social support on social media was associated wh lower levels of lonels (β=−0. 33)233Lbian (n=86), gay (n=107), and bisexual (n=40)Recment: flyers distributed to LGBTQ anizatns and social media; data llectn: qutnnair and surveys; measur: Incln of Communy Self Sle, Mental Health Inventory, Life Satisfactn Sle, and Satisfactn wh Life SleUsg stctural equatn molg, sense of belongg among LGB youths was associated wh social media e for LGB group membership (β=.

THE ASSOCIATN OF LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INTY FACETS WH SMOKG DEPENNCE MOTIV

6)6178Pansexual (n=1782), bisexual (n=1602), queer (n=1305), gay (n=970), lbian (n=968), asexual (n=691), not sure (n=398), cisgenr (n=3950), genr nonnformg (n=2168), and transgenr (n=909)Recment: flyers displayed on the web on social media and sent to LGBTQ anizatns; data llectn: qutnnair and surveys; measur: Social Media Benefs SleOf those who chose Facebook as their favore platform, 11% reported that helped them feel loved. 3)19Lbian (n=3), gay (n=8), bisexual (n=1), queer (n=1), unsure (n=3), and not straight (n=3)Recment: flyers sent to LGBTQ anizatns and Facebook; data llectn: qutnnair and surveys; measur: Social Media Frequency Survey and Facebook Intensy SleThree-quarters of Facebook ers never or rarely experienced cyberbullyg and nsired a safe space for nnectg and munitg wh others. 64)199Intifyg as male (n=77), intifyg as female (n=108), transwomen (n=15), transmen (n=3), gay (n=69), lbian (n=55), bisexual (n=49), heterosexual (n=10), and unsure (n=8)Recment: LGBTQ youths om a longudal study; data llectn: qutnnair and surveys; measur: adapted Outns InventoryParticipants were grouped to 4 tegori of level of inty disclosure on Facebook: clter 1 (high overall outns), clter 2 (low overall outns), clter 3 (ls out to fay), and clter 4 (more out to fay).

65)204Transgenr (n=24), gay (n=59), lbian (n=49), bisexual (n=42), heterosexual (n=9), and unsure (n=5)Recment: LGBTQ youths om a longudal study via email and flyers sent to LGBTQ anizatns; data llectn: qutnnair and surveys; measur: adapted Outns Inventory, Multidimensnal Sle of Perceived Social Support, and Brief Symptom InventoryOver 13% had multiple Facebook acunts, and >42% ed privacy settgs to lim viewable ntent for selected iends. 87387Heterosexual (n=326), bisexual (n=40), homosexual (n=7), and other (n=5)Recment: unrgraduate psychology stunts om an electronic database; data llectn: qutnnair and surveys; measur: Center for Epimlogil Studi-Deprsn Sle, State-Tra Anxiety Inventory, and Social Media Experienc QutnnaireThere were signifint associatns between acceptance via social media and rced symptoms of prsn (β=−0. 67)61Bisexual (n=33) and same-sex orientated (n=28)Recment: unrgraduate stunts; data llectn: qutnnair and surveys; measur: Lbian, Gay, and Bisexual Inty Sle as well as the Elogil Elements Qutnnaire, Fay Adaptabily and Cohn Sle-IV, and Same-Sextg Practic and QutnnaireFacebook had high levels of visibily regardg LGB inty, relatnship disclosure (32%), genr inty (30%), and sexualy (31%).