We propose a novel nceptual amework for the study of gay male inty formatn relatn to the person's self, fay, and social relatns. Th
Contents:
- A MOL OF GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT
- SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
- REVIEWSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIL ASPECTS OF GAY INTY VELOPMENT
- A FRAMEWORK FOR THE FORMATN OF GAY MALE INTY: PROCS ASSOCIATED WH ADULT ATTACHMENT STYLE AND SUPPORT FROM FAY AND FRIENDS
- THE GAY INTY QUTNNAIRE: A BRIEF MEASURE OF HOMOSEXUAL INTY FORMATN
- SEXUAL AND ETHNIC INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY/BISEXUAL/QUTNG (GBQ) MALE ETHNIC MORY ADOLCENTS
A MOL OF GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT
This paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis on sexual orientatn inty velopment ton among people who are lbian, gay, bisexual, or another sexual mory inty (LGB+). Common ton measured the 30 studi reviewed were beg aware of queer attractns, qutng one’s sexual orientatn, self-intifyg as LGB+, g out to others, engagg sexual activy, and iatg a romantic relatnship. Milton occurred different sequenc, although attractn was almost always first, often followed by self-intifitn and/or sexual activy; g out and iatg a romantic relatnship often followed the ton. Meta-analysis rults showed that the mean effect siz and 95% nfince tervals varied by tone: attractn [Mage=12.7 (10.1, 15.3)], qutng one’s orientatn [Mage=13.2 [12.8, 13.6]), self-intifyg [Mage=17.8 (11.6, 24.0)], sexual activy [Mage=18.1 (17.6, 18.6)], g out [Mage=19.6 (17.2, 22.0)], and romantic relatnship [Mage=20.9 (13.2, 28.6)]. Nohels, rults also showed substantial heterogeney the mean effect siz. Addnal meta-analys showed that tone timg varied by sex, sexual orientatn, race/ethnicy, and birth hort. Although patterns were found LGB+ inty velopment, there was nsirable diversy tone trajectori. * gay identity development model *
Acrdg to Sigmund Frd’s theory of psychosexual velopment, humans were nately bisexual and beme heterosexual or homosexual based on childhood experienc wh parents (Frd, 1905).
Frd theorized that homosexualy was a rult of problems that arise durg psychosexual velopment, such as boys beg overly attached to and intifyg wh their mother stead of their father, feelg tense stratn anxiety that leads boys to reject women bee they are “strated, ” and narcissistic self-obssn that leads boys to choose an object of attractn that rembl themselv (Lew, 1988).
SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
* gay identity development model *
Psychoanalysts who followed Frd, cludg Sandor Rado, Irvg Bieber, and Charl Soris, took pathologil views regardg homosexualy and asserted that homosexualy uld be cured through psychoanalysis (Drcher, 2015). Bieber (1962, 1967, 1969) claimed that male homosexualy was ed by boys havg a posssive and overly volved mother, as well as a hostile or distant father; the dynamics led boys to bond wh their mother and prevented them om velopg their masculy, which led him to effemate homosexualy.
For female homosexualy, Bieber (1967, 1969) claimed was ed by var parent-child relatnship dynamics, such as mothers beg overly rejectg and cril of their dghters, showg ltle warmth and affectn; this, bed wh “femizg” behavrs, such as not drsg their dghter pretty cloth and not teachg her okg and hoekeepg skills, ntributed to homosexualy. Soris also helped found the Natnal Associatn of Rearch and Therapy of Homosexualy, which stated that “homosexualy is a treatable velopmental disorr” (as ced Mondimore, 1996, p.
Unlike prr psychoanalytic studi, Ksey and his lleagu ed non-psychiatric sampl and found that homosexualy was not unmon among men and women the Uned Stat (Ksey et al., 1948, 1953). Hooker (1957) gathered psychologil tt rults om heterosexual and gay men livg the muny and then asked psychologists to appraise their psychologil adjtment whout knowg the participants’ sexual orientatns.
REVIEWSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIL ASPECTS OF GAY INTY VELOPMENT
The psychologists classified the heterosexual and gay participants to equal levels of mental adjtment and they uld not distguish which participants were gay or heterosexual based on the tt rults. In 1973, members of the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn voted on the removal of homosexualy om the DSM, which succeed by a narrow majory of 58% (Drcher, 2015). Studi were clud the review if they met the followg creria: (1) llected data om lbian, gay, bisexual, and/or queer people about the timg of their inty velopment ton; (2) llected data the Uned Stat; (3) were wrten English; and (4) were published or pleted on or after January 1, 1990.
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE FORMATN OF GAY MALE INTY: PROCS ASSOCIATED WH ADULT ATTACHMENT STYLE AND SUPPORT FROM FAY AND FRIENDS
E., the day the search were performed): (inty OR tone OR velopment) Abstract AND (gay OR lbian OR bisexual OR homosexual OR queer OR “sexual mory” OR “sexual mori”) Abstract AND (“sexual orientatn” Subjects for PsycINFO; sexualy Subject Headg for Soclogil Abstracts). E., 60–76%) of gay/lbian participants wh smaller reprentatn of bisexual, queer, and other sexual mory inti; five studi had sampl of relatively equal numbers of gay/lbian and bisexual participants; three studi clud participants wh substantial reprentatn of gay/lbian, bisexual, and other sexual orientatn inti; one study nsisted of only bisexual participants; and three studi did not provi breakdowns for sexual orientatn inti.
”), other studi asssed g out specific social ntexts, cludg parents (n=8), fay members bis parents (n=6), fay general (n=2), iends (n=3), and dividuals who are LGBTQ (lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, or queer) (n=1). Although there is diversy the sampl terms of age, birth hort, sex, sexual orientatn, and race/ethnicy; mal, gay/lbian people, and Whe people were slightly overreprented the non-probabily sampl.
THE GAY INTY QUTNNAIRE: A BRIEF MEASURE OF HOMOSEXUAL INTY FORMATN
In a study of gay/lbian women, there were no signifint differenc between Black and Hispanic/Lata women, but pared to women of lor, Whe women were signifintly later qutng their orientatn, self-intifyg as gay/lbian, g out, and havg a same-sex romantic relatnship (Parks et al., 2004). Among the seven studi that pared the timg of ton between gay/lbian and bisexual people their analys, most studi found that gay/lbian people reached the ton of attractn and self-intifyg signifintly earlier than bisexual people (Diamond, 1998; Maguen et al., 2002; Herek et al., 2010; Calzo et al., 2011; Martos et al., 2015; Hoenig, 2016; Katz-Wise et al., 2017a). In one study, attractn was experienced earlier for gay men than bisexual men, wh no differenc between gay/lbian women and bisexual women (Katz-Wise et al., 2017a).
SEXUAL AND ETHNIC INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY/BISEXUAL/QUTNG (GBQ) MALE ETHNIC MORY ADOLCENTS
Siarly, another study found that sexual activy was earlier for gay men than bisexual men, wh no differenc among women; g out was earlier for gay/lbian women than bisexual women, wh no difference among men (Maguen et al., 2002).
Supplementary Table 3 shows the rults of meta-analys of tone ag by sexual orientatn (bisexual and gay/lbian) based on data om four studi; two of the studi are the top tier of methodologil rigor and two are the send tier (Herek et al., 2010; Pew Rearch Center, 2013a; Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 2017; Katz-Wise et al., 2017a); however, none of the studi examed the relatnship tone. Studi have found slightly higher levels of ternalized stigma among gay and bisexual men (Mohr and Fassger, 2000; Herek et al., 2009; Barn and Meyer, 2012).