Frontiers | Sexual Orientatn Inty Development Milton Among Lbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Contents:

• A MOL OF GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT
• SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
• REVIEWSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIL ASPECTS OF GAY INTY VELOPMENT
• A FRAMEWORK FOR THE FORMATN OF GAY MALE INTY: PROCS ASSOCIATED WH ADULT ATTACHMENT STYLE AND SUPPORT FROM FAY AND FRIENDS
• THE GAY INTY QUTNNAIRE: A BRIEF MEASURE OF HOMOSEXUAL INTY FORMATN
• SEXUAL AND ETHNIC INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY/BISEXUAL/QUTNG (GBQ) MALE ETHNIC MORY ADOLCENTS

A MOL OF GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT

Acrdg to Sigmund Frd’s theory of psychosexual velopment, humans were nately bisexual and beme heterosexual or homosexual based on childhood experienc wh parents (Frd, 1905).

Frd theorized that homosexualy was a rult of problems that arise durg psychosexual velopment, such as boys beg overly attached to and intifyg wh their mother stead of their father, feelg tense stratn anxiety that leads boys to reject women bee they are “strated, ” and narcissistic self-obssn that leads boys to choose an object of attractn that rembl themselv (Lew, 1988).

Psychoanalysts who followed Frd, cludg Sandor Rado, Irvg Bieber, and Charl Soris, took pathologil views regardg homosexualy and asserted that homosexualy uld be cured through psychoanalysis (Drcher, 2015). Bieber (1962, 1967, 1969) claimed that male homosexualy was ed by boys havg a posssive and overly volved mother, as well as a hostile or distant father; the dynamics led boys to bond wh their mother and prevented them om velopg their masculy, which led him to effemate homosexualy. For female homosexualy, Bieber (1967, 1969) claimed was ed by var parent-child relatnship dynamics, such as mothers beg overly rejectg and cril of their dghters, showg ltle warmth and affectn; this, bed wh “femizg” behavrs, such as not drsg their dghter pretty cloth and not teachg her okg and hoekeepg skills, ntributed to homosexualy.

SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Soris also helped found the Natnal Associatn of Rearch and Therapy of Homosexualy, which stated that “homosexualy is a treatable velopmental disorr” (as ced Mondimore, 1996, p. Unlike prr psychoanalytic studi, Ksey and his lleagu ed non-psychiatric sampl and found that homosexualy was not unmon among men and women the Uned Stat (Ksey et al., 1948, 1953). Hooker (1957) gathered psychologil tt rults om heterosexual and gay men livg the muny and then asked psychologists to appraise their psychologil adjtment whout knowg the participants’ sexual orientatns.

REVIEWSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIL ASPECTS OF GAY INTY VELOPMENT

The psychologists classified the heterosexual and gay participants to equal levels of mental adjtment and they uld not distguish which participants were gay or heterosexual based on the tt rults. In 1973, members of the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn voted on the removal of homosexualy om the DSM, which succeed by a narrow majory of 58% (Drcher, 2015).

Studi were clud the review if they met the followg creria: (1) llected data om lbian, gay, bisexual, and/or queer people about the timg of their inty velopment ton; (2) llected data the Uned Stat; (3) were wrten English; and (4) were published or pleted on or after January 1, 1990.

E., the day the search were performed): (inty OR tone OR velopment) Abstract AND (gay OR lbian OR bisexual OR homosexual OR queer OR “sexual mory” OR “sexual mori”) Abstract AND (“sexual orientatn” Subjects for PsycINFO; sexualy Subject Headg for Soclogil Abstracts). E., 60–76%) of gay/lbian participants wh smaller reprentatn of bisexual, queer, and other sexual mory inti; five studi had sampl of relatively equal numbers of gay/lbian and bisexual participants; three studi clud participants wh substantial reprentatn of gay/lbian, bisexual, and other sexual orientatn inti; one study nsisted of only bisexual participants; and three studi did not provi breakdowns for sexual orientatn inti. ”), other studi asssed g out specific social ntexts, cludg parents (n=8), fay members bis parents (n=6), fay general (n=2), iends (n=3), and dividuals who are LGBTQ (lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, or queer) (n=1).

A FRAMEWORK FOR THE FORMATN OF GAY MALE INTY: PROCS ASSOCIATED WH ADULT ATTACHMENT STYLE AND SUPPORT FROM FAY AND FRIENDS

Although there is diversy the sampl terms of age, birth hort, sex, sexual orientatn, and race/ethnicy; mal, gay/lbian people, and Whe people were slightly overreprented the non-probabily sampl.

In a study of gay/lbian women, there were no signifint differenc between Black and Hispanic/Lata women, but pared to women of lor, Whe women were signifintly later qutng their orientatn, self-intifyg as gay/lbian, g out, and havg a same-sex romantic relatnship (Parks et al., 2004). Among the seven studi that pared the timg of ton between gay/lbian and bisexual people their analys, most studi found that gay/lbian people reached the ton of attractn and self-intifyg signifintly earlier than bisexual people (Diamond, 1998; Maguen et al., 2002; Herek et al., 2010; Calzo et al., 2011; Martos et al., 2015; Hoenig, 2016; Katz-Wise et al., 2017a). In one study, attractn was experienced earlier for gay men than bisexual men, wh no differenc between gay/lbian women and bisexual women (Katz-Wise et al., 2017a).

THE GAY INTY QUTNNAIRE: A BRIEF MEASURE OF HOMOSEXUAL INTY FORMATN

Siarly, another study found that sexual activy was earlier for gay men than bisexual men, wh no differenc among women; g out was earlier for gay/lbian women than bisexual women, wh no difference among men (Maguen et al., 2002).

Supplementary Table 3 shows the rults of meta-analys of tone ag by sexual orientatn (bisexual and gay/lbian) based on data om four studi; two of the studi are the top tier of methodologil rigor and two are the send tier (Herek et al., 2010; Pew Rearch Center, 2013a; Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 2017; Katz-Wise et al., 2017a); however, none of the studi examed the relatnship tone. Studi have found slightly higher levels of ternalized stigma among gay and bisexual men (Mohr and Fassger, 2000; Herek et al., 2009; Barn and Meyer, 2012).

Given the soccultural prsure of heteronormativy, bisexual peopl’ attractns to multiple genrs, and their pacy to engage sexual behavrs and relatnships that may be viewed as heterosexual, there may be more nial, mimizatn, or uncertaty about their bisexual sexualy than for gay/lbian people.

SEXUAL AND ETHNIC INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY/BISEXUAL/QUTNG (GBQ) MALE ETHNIC MORY ADOLCENTS

In addn, bee bisexualy as a legimate sexual orientatn has historilly been qutned, wh views that bisexualy is a transnal step between heterosexualy and homosexualy and that very few people are tly bisexual, people wh an emergg bisexual inty may feel more nfn and self-doubt about their inty than people wh monosexual orientatns (Brown, 2002; Roberts et al., 2015; Monro et al., 2017). Longudal rearch dit that bisexual people n experience more fluctuatns their attractns over time pared to gay/lbian people (Diamond, 2008), which may also ntribute to nfn and feelg uncerta about their bisexual inty. Bisexual people also face prejudice and discrimatn om both the heterosexual muny and gay/lbian muny, often related to validatn, mistst, and hypersexualizatn of a bisexual inty (Roberts et al., 2015).