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byl ContentHearByl-cZqgyJ bqbBYQ"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH ivtvgj byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span><a class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM ByleLk-gEnFiw iUEiRd ggMZaT cXqSTL eErqIx byle__name-lk button" href="/ntributors/jeannie-s">Jeannie S Gersen</a></span></span></p></div><time data-ttid="ContentHearPublishDate" dateTime="2016-01-25T12:56:18-05:00" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ContentHearPublishDate-eIBicG iUEiRd kYZrFA kEBrdf">January 25, 2016</time></div></div></div></div></div></hear></div><div data-attribute-verso-pattern="article-body" class="ArticlePageContentBackGround-cNiFNN kbAoLA article-body__ntent"><div class="ActnBarWrapperContent-lasBkU cAHp"><div 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bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><div class="GenericCalloutWrapper-tojWn iHBnEl llout--has-top-borr set-embedd-le" data-ttid="GenericCallout"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="Amid a bate over transgenr rights the arguments agast genrntral rtrooms are remarkably nsistent wh the..." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w, 1920w, 2240w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE iTuhkZ ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embed__ptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptn__text">Amid a bate over transgenr rights, the arguments agast genr-ntral rtrooms are remarkably nsistent wh the Victorian notns that created sex-segregated facili the first place.</span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnCred-ejegDm iUEiRd iicloT jbIJNS ptn__cred">Photograph by Adam Glt / Ocean / Corbis</span></div></figure></div><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg">In the middle of takg the bar exam at the Jab K. Javs Conventn Center, New York Cy, along wh thoands of aspirg lawyers, I had to go to the bathroom. The enormo le for the women’s rtroom looked like would take at least a half hour. There was no le for the men’s rtroom. I walked , passed my male unterparts at a row of urals, ed one of several empty stalls, then returned to my sk. I felt that my cisn to fo the women’s bathroom ma a difference to my passg the exam, and that the much longer wa for women than men durg an all-important tt for entry to the legal profsn was obvly unfair.</p><p class="paywall">There is now, however, an active bate around what bathrooms we should be able to e. A recently proposed Indiana law would make a crime for a person to enter a sgle-sex public rtroom that do not match the person’s “blogil genr,” fed terms of chromosom and sex at birth. The punishment uld be up to a year jail and a five-thoand-dollar fe. Siar laws proposed several other stat have not passed. The proposals attempt to unter recent mov many stat to allow transgenr people to accs bathrooms that rrpond to their genr inty. In the wake of the Supreme Court’s same-sex-marriage cisn, last summer, the skirmish may give the sense of movg the L.G.B.T.-equaly bate om the sublime to the ridiculo. But the implitns of the ntroversy go far beyond bathrooms.</p><p class="paywall">Last fall’s <a href=">succsful mpaign Hoton</a> to reject a broad anti-discrimatn ordance ma clear that rtrooms will be fields of battle over genr and sexualy for the foreeable future. The Hoton <a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">ordance</a>, which prohibed discrimatn employment and hog based on tegori cludg sex, race, relign, and genr inty, was feated a referendum after opponents pated as a “bathroom ordance” that would enable men to enter women’s rtrooms. <a href=">One ad</a> the mpaign showed a young girl beg followed to a bathroom by an olr man. <a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Another ad</a> emphasized the risk of havg registered sex offenrs bathrooms wh women and girls. The vulnerabily that most people feel a public rtroom, wh their troers pulled down proximy to others, was easily exploed nnectn wh sexual asslt. Sayg no to the so-lled bathroom ordance was amed as preventg sexual danger to women and girls (even though danger to transgenr dividuals is often seen as a reason to support bathroom accs).</p><p class="paywall">Today’s most-proment arguments agast clive rtrooms are remarkably nsistent wh the Victorian notns that led to sex-segregated bathrooms the first place. When the iology of separate spher for male and female, public and private, the market and the home reigned, the growth of women’s prence public life led to the sire to protect women om the c dangers of the male world. Among the legal effects was the 1873 Supreme Court holdg Bradwell v. Illois that was not unnstutnal for a state to ny women admissn to the bar on the basis of their sex, wh a famo ncurrg opn that stated, “Man is, or should be, woman's protector and fenr. The natural and proper timidy and licy which belongs to the female sex evintly unfs for many of the occupatns of civil life.” The same separate-spher paternalism led to the signatn of certa physil spac for women apart om those for men, cludg bathrooms public venu. The were safe spac, if you will, tucked a world which women were vulnerable. As our society is currently experiencg a rurgence of paternalist ncern about women’s sexual vulnerabily—pecially the ntext of that great equalizer, tn— is no surprise that there would also be a new emphasis on the Victorian phenomenon of separate rtrooms.</p><div class="Contaer-bkChBi byNLHx"></div><p class="paywall">The nnectn of public bathrooms wh nmned sexual behavr also relat to our recent history of crimalizg homosexualy. For most of the twentieth century, gay sex was crimal, and public disclosure of a man’s homosexualy spelled the ath of his reputatn and reer. Public rtrooms were s of clanste sex among men, and unrver police engaged bathroom surveillance to tch men seekg sex toilet stalls. David Sklansky, a law profsor at Stanford, has <a href=">argued</a> that morn legal ias of privacy were fed the neteen-sixti part bee of the Supreme Court’s distaste for this sordid police practice. Acrdg to his theory, bathroom sex is the “secret subtext” of Katz v. Uned Stat, which requir the police to have a warrant to eavdrop electronilly on a ll ma om a telephone booth, and is the source for the morn ia that the Constutn protects a reasonable expectatn of privacy. Sce Lawrence v. Texas_,_ 2003, has been unnstutnal to crimalize gay sex takg place private, but this protectn do not apply to sex (gay or straight) public spac. As late as 2007, Senator Larry Craig was arrted an airport-rtroom sex stg for signallg tert sex wh a stranger an adjacent stall, and nvicted of disorrly nduct.</p><div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--article-mid-ntent" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--article-mid-ntent nsumer-marketg-un__slot---ntent"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><p class="paywall">Whereas homosexualy was until recently nsired the paradigm of sexual viance, today’s bathroom bate focs on heterosexual viance. The unrver figur we image are not snoopg ps but rather heterosexual men who might pretend to be women “that day” to follow women and girls to rtrooms. I’m not aware of reliable statistics that would dite that public bathrooms are more sexually dangero than any other plac—or would be, were they to be segregated—though the history of bathroom sex do associate the space wh sexual nduct. Even if the sexual-asslt argument agast allowg transgenr rtroom accs is implsible, is still hard to e up wh an acunt of why public bathrooms should be genr-segregated that do not rely on a genred versn of privacy and safety that repulat “separate spher” and sexual vulnerabily.</p><p class="paywall">Today, men and women, not assumed to be only heterosexual, are expected to functn at work alongsi one another, eat at adjacent seats rtrants, s cheek by jowl b and airplan, take class, study librari, and, wh some exceptns, even pray together. Why is the multi-stall bathroom the last public vtige of genred social separatn? When men, gay or straight, n stand shoulr to shoulr at urals whout a send thought, is there much to back up the view that men and women mt not pee or poop next to one another, pecially if closed stalls would shield them om view? Women may have some distctive sanatn needs, but why do that require a wholly separate space om men?</p><p class="paywall">Perhaps the pot is precisely that the public rtroom is the only everyday social stutn remag which separatn by genr is the norm, and undog that separatn would feel like the last shot the “war on genr” self. As we nsir the possibily of electg our first female Print, the bathroom as the se of sex difference has been unrled by another ndidate, Donald Tmp, who said, “I don’t want to thk about” the “disgtg” thgs Hillary Clton was dog the bathroom, a ment wily unrstood to be about her female sex. Though both men and women mt perform private bodily functns public bathrooms, the mere thought of a woman dog implied an irrcible sex difference that ma pla a gross ngy wh the ultimate public role. Public rtrooms are not jt toilets; for more than a hundred years, they have implited qutns of who really belongs public, civic, and profsnal life.</p><p class="paywall">One practil reason we n’t change to unsegregated bathrooms overnight is that municipal, state, and feral legal s, many wh origs the neteenth century, mandate that there be separate facili for each sex, bs and plac of work. The wispread s uld be changed one by one. But seems more likely that, when to multi-stall bathrooms, genr segregatn will rema the norm, and that we will see the addn of more sgle-stall rtrooms that are open to any genr. Transgenr people’s need to e bathrooms that match their intified genr is most and not reasonably nied. Old iology, the meantime, stays alive mundane legal regulatn that rists more thorough change and term our plumbg.</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><asi class="PersistentAsiWrapper-VGrR daRVRt persistent-asi" style="posn:absolute;top:to;height:to" data-ttid="PersistentAsiWrapper"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box ArticlePageSplAdRail-OyjwD jikppc"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="ArticlePageSplAdRailContent-jsltpq iZDmmY spl-ad-rail-ntent"><div class="ArticlePageSplAdRailTop-jUrrVY jzzFg"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="w8ynmk"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div 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240w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></picture></span></a></div><div class="ContributorBContent-ubQdr jZTSSi"><div class="ContributorBHear-ledood XOIEx"></div><div class="ContributorBB-fBolsO giFhKz"><a href="/ntributors/jeannie-s">Jeannie S Gersen</a> is a ntributg wrer to The New Yorker and a profsor at Harvard Law School.</div><div class="ContributorBFooter-brqDlv ezUmSv"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div data-ttid="TagCloudWrapper" class="TagCloudWrapper-gGgndx ctyZyK ContentFooterTagCloud-krQmRG ZLGh"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ TagCloudSectnHear-cOforY iUEiRd bPyAoD kQQRmu">More:</span><a href="/tag/bathrooms" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM TagCloudLk-kvjZFu iUEiRd ggMZaT gFob hIhJOI"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ TagCloudName-eAUnLd iUEiRd gwIVBQ bUkXwu">Bathrooms</span></a><a href="/tag/transgenr" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM TagCloudLk-kvjZFu iUEiRd ggMZaT gFob hIhJOI"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ TagCloudName-eAUnLd iUEiRd gwIVBQ bUkXwu">Transgenr</span></a></div></div></div></div><div data-ttid="ContentFooterBottom" class="ContentFooterBottom-jwWZfC kcbyiW"><div class="ContentFooterNewsletterContentWrapper-bmjtna kixtae"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div data-ttid="NewsletterSubscribeFormWrapper" class="NewsletterSubscribeFormWrapper-fCqqkN jKSBhE newsletter-subscribe-form ContentFooterNewsletterForm-hKeYwa liPqcf"><div 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gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Pla Ro</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff hlYhBH summary-em summary-em--article summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm eamwqR" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href="/magaze/2014/08/04/woman-2" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="What Is a Woman?" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Amerin Chronicl</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href="/magaze/2014/08/04/woman-2" target="_self"><div 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class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">The dispute between radil femism and transgenrism.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Michelle Goldberg</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff hlYhBH summary-em summary-em--article summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm eamwqR" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href="/culture/photo-booth/transgenr-portras-and-the-thgs-a-body-wont-tell" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Transgenr Portras and the Thgs a Body Won’t Tell" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Photo Booth</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href="/culture/photo-booth/transgenr-portras-and-the-thgs-a-body-wont-tell" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">Transgenr Portras and the Thgs a Body Won’t Tell</div></a><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Michael M. Weste</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff hlYhBH summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm eamwqR" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="How Much Do Words Matter?" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Page-Turner</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">How Much Do Words Matter?</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="How Much Do Words Matter?" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">A scholar of medieval lerature believ that words ed the past n empower women the prent.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>S.C. 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