Prejudice, Social Strs, and Mental Health Lbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populatns: Conceptual Issu and Rearch Evince - PMC

Contents:

• ARE HOMOPHOB REALLY GAY?
• SCIENCE PROV THAT HOMOPHOBIA MEANS YOU’RE (PROBABLY) GAY
• HOMOPHOB LIKELY TO BE CLOSET GAYS, STUDY FDS
• THE IMPACT OF INTERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIA ON OUTNS FOR LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INDIVIDUALS
• ACCS TO HEALTH SERVIC BY LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR PERSONS: SYSTEMATIC LERATURE REVIEW
• PREJUDICE, SOCIAL STRS, AND MENTAL HEALTH LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL POPULATNS: CONCEPTUAL ISSU AND REARCH EVINCE

ARE HOMOPHOB REALLY GAY?

Add this anecdote to several others cludg that of right wg polician Larry Craig, who pled guilty to lewd behavr toward other men an airport bathroom but who also champned anti-gay legislatn durg his polil reer, and Ted Haggard, lear of the famoly anti-gay Natnal Associatn of the Evangelils, who rigned after was disvered he was engagg male prostut. " [5 Ways to Foster Self-Compassn Your Child]Those participants who reported their heterosexualy spe havg hidn same-sex sir were also the most likely to show hostily toward gay dividuals, cludg self-reported anti-gay attus, endorsement of anti-gay polici and discrimatn such as supportg harsher punishments for rearch may help to expla the unrpngs of anti-gay bullyg and hate crim, the rearchers note. Regardg the third hypothis, heterosexual male attus were not signifintly different than female attus when ntrollg for homophobia, however, there was a substantial sex difference the associatn between homophobia and attus: Heterosexual men, but not heterosexual women, were more likely to favor lbian marriage over gay male marriage if they were also ls homophobic agast lbians than gay men.

Alternatively, or addn, may also be due to heterosexual men valug lbian relatnships as erotic and excg, and gay male relatnships as unerotic and revoltg (Louirback & Whley, 1997; Rend & Byers, 2001) heterosexual female trend towards not differentiatg between the typ of marriage might be a functn of women's low differentiatn homophobia towards gay male and lbians. Regardls of the explanatn, the moratg effects of genr on homophobia extend what is currently unrstood about heterosexual attus by showg yet another stance which heterosexual women are more tolerant and heterosexual men, more extreme towards homosexuals, and particular, gay current rearch has important implitns for both gay rights activism and society at large—particularly if both lbian and gay male marriag are to ever be legally granted. Hence, is necsary to provi a summary and analysis of that purported up-to-date scientific evince which supports the claim that homosexualy is not a mental two groups that are typilly emed thorative and credible experts on mental disorrs the Uned Stat are the Amerin Psychologil Associatn (APA) and the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn; th, I will prent their stanc on homosexualy and then analyze the “scientific evince” that they claim supports their stanc.

” Gonsrek claims that bee homosexuals are siar to heterosexuals measur of prsn, self-teem, relatnship disrd, and sexual disrd, tomatilly follows that homosexualy is not a disorr, as he not: “The general ncln is clear: The studi overwhelmgly suggt that homosexualy per se is not related to psychopathology or psychologil adjtment” (Gonsrek 1991, 115–36). Hence, there are multiple mental disorrs which measurg adjtment has no relevance whatsoever to the mental disorr; this is a major ficiency the lerature ed as scientific evince to support the ncln that homosexualy is not a mental is a signifint fdg, although I am not the first to mentn the problem wh diagnosg mental disorrs by lookg at distrs, social functng, or other endpots that are clud unr the terms “adjtment” and “adaptatn. Ronald Bayer summarized the events surroundg the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn's (1973) cisn by notg that Spzer'srtricted fn of mental disorrs, articulated after he had cid that homosexualy had been appropriately classified, entailed two elements: For a behavr to be termed a psychiatric disorr, had to be regularly acpanied by subjective distrs and/or “some generalized impairment social effectivens or functng.

SCIENCE PROV THAT HOMOPHOBIA MEANS YOU’RE (PROBABLY) GAY

In orr to be nsistent wh their logic ed to normalize homosexualy, they mt normalize all other sexual actns that stimulate one to the pot of asm that do not e bad measurements of “adjtment” or rult impaired social functng; is te that they also allow a diagnosis of a sexual disorr if a viance “harm” to another, but that is only if there is lack of nsent.

HOMOPHOB LIKELY TO BE CLOSET GAYS, STUDY FDS

Unfortunately, fatally flawed reasong has served as the basis for “rigoro” and “scientific evince” supportg the claim that homosexualy is not a mental disorr but is rather a normal variant of human sexual nnot nclu (wh Aled Ksey) that a human behavr is normal simply bee is more mon than prevly assumed—otherwise all human behavrs, cludg serial killg, would have to be nsired normal. Negative attu towards homosexualy is likely to be more pronounced among dividuals who harbor unacknowledged attractn towards the same sex, and who grew up nservative thorarian hoeholds which forba such sir, a seri of psychology studi have study, which analyzed four separate experiments nducted the US and Germany, provis empiril evince to suggt that some dividuals homophobia is the external maniftatn of reprsed sexual sir they feel towards their own genr. Individuals who intify as straight but psychologil tts show a strong attractn to the same sex may be threatened by gays and lbians bee homosexuals remd them of siar tennci wh themselv, Netta Weste, a lecturer at the Universy of Essex and the study's lead thor, many s the are people who are at war wh themselv and they are turng this ternal nflict outward, add -thor Richard Ryan, profsor of psychology at the Universy of Rochter who was volved the study, which about 650 llege stunts rearchers said may not be jt a cince that several vehemently homophobic public figur are often ught engagg homosexual acts.

They ced exampl of Ted Haggard, the evangelil preacher who opposed gay marriage but was exposed a gay sex sndal 2006 and Glenn Murphy, Jr., the former chairman of the Young Republin Natnal Feratn and vol opponent of gay marriage, who was acced of sexually assltg a 22-year-old man lgh at or make fun of such blatant hypocrisy, but a real way, the people may often themselv be victims of reprsn and experience exaggerated feelgs of threat, Ryan said.

Subjects, who said they were heterosexual, but reported homosexual tennci durg tasks, were more likely to be hostile to gays, the study an earlier study, nducted by the Department of Psychology, Universy of Geia 1996, was found that homophobia is associated wh homosexual aroal that the homophobic dividual is eher unaware of or fdgs of the study nducted by a team om the Universy of Rochter, the Universy of Essex, England, and the Universy of California Santa Barbara, will be published the April issue of the Journal of Personaly and Social Psychology. Low self-teem and low self-acceptance; shame; guilt; prsn and anxiety; feelgs of aquacy and rejectn; verbal and physil abe by fay, partners, and/or peers; homelsns; prostutn; substance e and abe; and suici are some of the mon feelgs or behavrs that are associated wh ternalized homophobia (CSAT, 2001; Diamond & Wilsnack, 1978; Grossman, 1996; Lewis, Saghir, & Robs, 1982; Ross & Rosser, 1996; Saghir & Robs, 1973; Spencer, & Patrick, 2009; Stall & Wiley, 1988; Ste & Cabaj, 1996).

THE IMPACT OF INTERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIA ON OUTNS FOR LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INDIVIDUALS

This assumptn was based on the profsnal lerature that unrsred the fact that experienc an anti-gay society n lead LGB dividuals to ternalize prejudicial msag and have negative views of self, and the potential nsequenc of g out to fay (fay crisis), iends (disnnectn and loss of iends), and work lleagu (dismissal and mistreatment; Hunter, 2007; Rotheram-Bos & Langabeer, 2001; Sav-Williams & Ream, 2003). Bis bmedil and epimlogil rmatn on disease prevalence, risk, and vulnerabily, be important to know the formulatn of public health polici directed to the group, implitns of genr issu, the stcturg of health servic, and performance of profsnals, sce the make up the factors that directly terfere wh accs and that guarantee the right to health of the homosexual populatn [6, 7]. [1] BrazilSciELO52 managers Health and 43 LGBT activistsAnalysis of ernment documentary sourc and applitn of semi-stctured are difficulti implementatn of health actns wh rpect to homosexuals, which impli the search for servic only suatns of emergency re, nsired the gateway system by LGBT groupBarbosa and Facchi [2] BrazilSciELO30 homosexual womenEthnographic observatn and applitn of semi-stctured to be stanc of discrimatn agast homosexuals health servic, LGBT members seek health re generally suatns of greater illns.

Healthre profsnals should adopt behavrs vg the LGBT populatn, assurg them the rmatn that should take to acunt all aspects of health and not only aspects related to, Barrgton, Bolanõs, Arandi and Paz-Bailey [9] GuatemalaCochrane8 transsexuals, 16 homo/ bisexual men and 5 heterosexual menApplitn of semi-stctured and bisexual men suffer om difficulti of accs to health servic due to homosexual orientatn as well as experience breach of nfintialy and discrimatn servic by profsnals. Quantative StudyBuchmueller and Carpenter [5] Uned StatPubMed5, 265 homosexuals and 802, 659 heterosexualsApplitn of stctured terviews and acplishment of logistic are differenc attendance between homosexual and heterosexual women wh regard to accs to surance and health servic; the first prent more difficulti, bee of prejudice and discrimatn based on sexual, Randall and Gor.

[13] USAPubMed6, 972 gay menProspective study wh recment and applitn of stctured ternalized homophobia by the homosexual hrs the search for health servic, brgg him a set of health problems, among them those of mental 2 prents a flowchart that summariz the ma nclns about the studi found, analyzg the terface between intified studi revealed the ma implitns of homosexualy towards accs to health servic: differenc health re between heterosexual and homosexual dividuals, particularly for the female homosexual populatn [5–10]; munitn difficulti as a accsibily barrier to the gay populatn to health servic [3]; prejudicial nduct adopted by health profsnals [4, 11]; breach of nfintialy durg nsultatns [9]; disclosure of sexual orientatn health servic [12]; persu of health servic major ndns suatns, bee of stutnal homophobia [1, 2]; ternalized homophobia [13]; agg and homosexual orientatn as accs barriers [14]; need for holistic re beyond the sexual issu of the homosexual populatn [8]; and higher performance of profsnal servic towards the re of LGBT youth [15]. This relatnship may jtify the fdgs of the studi, where the votnal trag health is ground on a heteronormative and prejudiced culture, which impli an stutnal vlence health servic, which n nsequently jtify the rctn of health re by the LGBT orr to do the ntextualizatn of the selected studi, the ax “health servic”, “implitns of homosexualy” and “votnal trag health” were renamed the form of tegori and discsed wh the aim of explag the rults of rearch and discsg their fdgs, rpectively : (i) homophobia health re: LGBT accs barriers; (ii) implitns of homosexualy self-re and health servic accs; and (iii) votnal trag health: fics to attendance for the LGBT the first tegory, the challeng for health re to the LGBT populatn are discsed, which, part, are associated wh sexual practic and liftyl of the group perceived as viant om a supposed normal range fed by genr relatns, which dite heterosexualy as domant pattern of sexual orientatn.

ACCS TO HEALTH SERVIC BY LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR PERSONS: SYSTEMATIC LERATURE REVIEW

This ndn rerc social patterns of sexual experience, thereby fg guil to sexual/erotic practic and hailg heterosexualy, or other words, the emotnal/sexual attractn to the oppose sex, as domant pattern of sexual orientatn [1] the papers are rejected, the example of homosexualy, rejectn behavrs are envisned as a vic circle, transmted om generatn to generatn, and characterized as homophobia [1].

Shame and fear of reprisals after disclosure of sexual orientatn have shown associatn wh a set of problems among gay and bisexual men, cludg prsn and anxiety, relatnship problems, sexual pulsn, and the e of psychoactive substanc [19] general, the existence of ternal and external homophobia impli the displacement of the populatn, s of illns, to pharmaci first. Implitns of homosexualy self-re and accs to health servicAlthough most scientific studi have female participants, bee historilly women seek attendance for health re, knowledge about accs to servic by the general homosexual populatn is a key dimensn to the formulatn of appropriate public search for health servic for homosexual women pared wh heterosexual women reveals a lower equency nductg preventive and route tts, such as preventive examatn agast cervil and breast ncer [2, 6, 10, 11].

PREJUDICE, SOCIAL STRS, AND MENTAL HEALTH LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL POPULATNS: CONCEPTUAL ISSU AND REARCH EVINCE

Homosexual women are ten tim more likely not to have and/or receive the rults of Pap tts and are four tim more likely do not to unrgo mammography [10] rctn the equency of performg the Pap smear is jtified by homosexual women the way the examatn is nducted, sce n reveal the prence of self-reported physil attribut as masculized and make possible to intify a sexualy that may be seen as viant [2]. It is noteworthy that the AIDS epimic has raised the pursu of this populatn to the servic, makg gays more likely to seek preventive re for suatns that put them at risk of HIV fectn [3, 5], as there is a historil and cultural associatn between male homosexualy and regard to the search for accs to health rmatn, a study nducted Mexi and Brazil, wh a sample of 122 homosexual participants, revealed that this group’s sourc of rmatn are gay iends, magaz/books, webs, and civil society anizatns [2, 4].