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class="ContentHearByleContent-dpPmNn DRFq"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl ContentHearByl-cZqgyJ bqbBYQ"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH ivtvgj byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span><a class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM ByleLk-gEnFiw iUEiRd ggMZaT cXqSTL eErqIx byle__name-lk button" href="/ntributors/adam-gopnik">Adam Gopnik</a></span></span></p></div><time data-ttid="ContentHearPublishDate" dateTime="2011-08-01T00:00:00-04:00" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ContentHearPublishDate-eIBicG iUEiRd kYZrFA kEBrdf">Augt 1, 2011</time></div></div></div></div></div></hear></div><div data-attribute-verso-pattern="article-body" class="ArticlePageContentBackGround-cNiFNN kbAoLA article-body__ntent"><div class="ActnBarWrapperContent-lasBkU cAHp"><div class="ActnBarWrapperComponent-cjwxLS bEeSLb"><div data-attr-viewport-monor="" class="ActnBarWrapper-dhxmQh kNjTbQ viewport-monor-anchor"><button id="bookmark" aria-label="Save this story" class="ActnBarButton-dyFOZU hQrwCF bookmark large-screen"><span class="ActnBarSendaryButtonPrimaryIn-isbvyN cAwccV bookmark-button-in"><svg class="in in-bookmark" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="><tle>Save this story</tle><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M20 23.9508L12.5 19.7312L5 23.9508V2.95081H14V3.93211H6V22.1845L12.5 18.5536L19 22.1845V8.83866H20V23.9508Z"></path><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M23 3H20V0H19V3H16V4H19V7H20V4H23V3Z"></path></svg></span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ActnBarButtonText-bYXYuh iUEiRd bkefvo gkccfO">Save this story</span></button></div><div data-attr-viewport-monor="" class="ActnBarWrapper-dhxmQh kAEsuD viewport-monor-anchor"><button 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class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><div class="GenericCalloutWrapper-tojWn iHBnEl llout--has-top-borr set-embedd-le" data-ttid="GenericCallout"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="A dog owner tryg to teach their dog English" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w, 1920w, 2240w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE iTuhkZ ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embed__ptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnCred-ejegDm iUEiRd iicloT jbIJNS ptn__cred">Illtratns by Jul Feiffer</span></div></figure></div><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg">A year ago, my wife and I bought a dog for our ten-year-old dghter, Olivia. We had tried to fob her off wh fish, which died, and wh a sgg blue parakeet, which she named Skyler, but a Havane puppy was what she wanted, and all she wanted. Wh the diligence of a renega ndidate phg for a polil post, she set about anizg a mpaign: quietly mterg pro-dog iends as a prsure group; troducg persuasive lerature (John Grogan’s “Marley & Me”); monstratg reliabily wh bird re.</p><p class="paywall">I was so ignorant about dogs that I thought what she wanted mt be a Javane, a ltle Indonian dog, not a Havane, named for the cy Cuba. When we disvered, wh a pang, the long Google histori that she left on my wife’s puter—<em>havane puppi/havane re/how to fd a havane/havane, nvcg your parts</em>—I assumed she was misspellg the name. But fact was a Havane she wanted, a small, sturdy breed that, the past , has bee a mastay of New York apartment life. (It was regnized as a breed by the Amerin Kennel Club only the mid-neti.) Shrewd enough to know that she would never get out of the cy to an approved breer, she quietly cid that she uld live wh a Manhattan pet-store “puppy l” dog if she uld check s ey for signs of illns and s temperament for symptoms of sweetns. Fally, she backed to a nice pet store on Lexgton Avenue and showed a ty bundle of ramel-lored fur wh a il black mask. “That’s my dog,” she said simply.</p><p class="paywall">My wife and I looked at each other wh a wild surmise: the moment parents bee parts, creatur beyond nvcg who exist to be nvced. When me to dogs, we shared a distaste that touched the ge of disgt and flirted wh the edge of phobia. I was bten by a nasty German-shepherd guard dog when I was about eight—not a terrible be but trmatic all the same—and led me ever after to cross streets and jump nervoly at the sight of any of s kd. My wife’s objectns were narrowly athetic: the smells, the slobber, the sh. We both disliked dog owners their dog-owng character: the empty lghter as the dog jumped up on you; the relentls apologi for the dog’s bad behavr, along wh the sg assurance that was all actually rather cute. Though I uld read, and even blurb, iends’ books on dogs, I felt about them as if the same iends had wrten books on polar exploratn: I uld grasp as a subject worthy of extend poetic scriptn, but was not a thg I had any plans to pursue myself. “Dogs are failed humans,” a wty iend said, and I agreed.</p><p class="paywall">We were, however, doomed, and knew . The nstutn of parents and children may, like the Brish one, be unwrten, but, as the Brs pot out, that don’t make ls enforceable or thorative. The unwrten pact that erns fay life says somewhere that children who have waed long enough for a dog and want one badly enough have a right to have one. I felt as the Queen mt at meetg an unpleasant Socialist Prime Mister: isn’t what you wanted, but ’s your nstutnal duty to wele, and pretend.</p><div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--article-mid-ntent" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--article-mid-ntent nsumer-marketg-un__slot---ntent"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><p class="paywall">The pet-store people packed up the dog, a female, a ltle crate and Olivia excedly nsired nam. Willow? Daisy? Or maybe Honey? “Why not ll her Butterstch?” I suggted, prompted by a dim memory of one of those Dan Jenks football novels om the seventi, where the nng-back hero always that word when referrg to the hair lor of his leggy Texas girliends. Olivia nodd vlently. Y! That was her name. Butterstch.</p><p class="paywall">We took her home and put her the back storage room to sleep. Ty thg, we thought. Enormo ey. My wife and I were terrified that would be a repeat of the first year wh a baby, up all night. But she was good. She slept right through the first night, and all subsequent nights, wag the morng for you past the pot that a dog uld cently be expected to wa, greetg you wh a worried look, then racg across the apartment to her “papers”—the pads that you put out for a dog to pee and sh on. Her ont legs were shorter than her rear on, puttg a distctive hop her stri. (“Breed tra,” Olivia said, knowgly.)</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-1 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">All the creature wanted was to please. Unlike a child, who pleas spe of herself, Butterstch wanted to know what she uld do to make you happy, if only you kept her fed and let her play. She had none of the imperns of a human fant. A child starts walkg away as soon as she starts to walk—on the way out, om the very first day. What mak kids so lovable is the tensn between their helplsns and their drive to ny . Butterstch, though, was a born urtan. She learned the tricks Olivia tght her wh startlg ease: stg and rollg over and lyg down and standg and shakg hands (or paws) and jumpg over stacks of unsold books. The terms of the tricks were apparent: she did them for treats. But, if was a basic barga, she employed wh an avidy that ma the most touchg thg I have seen. When a plate of steak appeared at the end of dner, she would race through her repertory of stunts and then offer a paw to shake. Jt tell me what you want, and I’ll do !</p><p class="paywall">She was a b like one of Al Capp’s Shmoos, “Li’l Abner,” signed to please people at any st. (People who don’t like Havane fd them too eager to please, and lackg proper doggie digny and rerve.) The key to doggs, I saw, is that, though dogs are pure creatur of sensatn, they are also pable of shrewd short-term plans. Dogs don’t live, like mystics, the moment; dogs live the <em>mute</em>. They live and for the immediate short-term exchange: tricks for food, kiss for a walk. When Butterstch saw me e home wh bags om the grocery store, she would leap wh joy as her memory told her that <em>somethg</em> good was about to happen, jt as she had learned that a cloud-nex of makg phone lls and gettg the leash and takg elevators produced a chance to play wh Lily and Cuba, the two Havane who live upstairs. But she uldn’t grasp exactly how the chas of events work: some days when she heard the name “Lily” she shed to the door, sometim to her leash, sometim to the elevator, and sometim to the door on our floor that rrponds to the door on the eighth floor where Lily liv.</p><le-embed name="feature-flt" attrs="[object Object]" childTyp="image" hasProducts="false" ntentType="llout:feature-flt"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="Dog Story" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div></figure></le-embed><p class="paywall">But she had another si, too. At the end of a long walk, or a prance around the block, she would e wh her ual happy hop, and then, let off her leash, she would growl and hiss and make Ewok-like nois that we never otherwise heard om her; was a ltle sry at first, like the moment “Gremls” when the cute thg be a wild, toothy one. Then she would race madly om one end of the hall to the other, bang her head, and turn around and race back, still sptg and snortg and mumblg guttural nsonants to herself, like a mad German monarch. Sometim she would climax this rampage by pullg up hard and showg her n and directg two sharp angry barks at Olivia, her owner, darg her to do somethg about . Then, jt as abptly, Butterstch would stop, sk to the floor, and once aga bee a sweet, sg pann, trottg loyally behd whoever got up first. The wolf was out; and then was tucked away a heart-drawer of pnce. This behavr, Olivia assured , is a Havane breed tra, lled “n-like-hell,” though “Call of the Wild” might be a better name. (Olivia spent hours on the Havane fom, a worldwi chat board posed mostly of olr women who ll themselv the small dogs’ “mommi,” and share a tone of slightly addled zs, which Olivia expertly imated. Beg a dog owner pleased her almost more than owng a dog.)</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><asi class="PersistentAsiWrapper-VGrR daRVRt persistent-asi" style="posn:absolute;top:to;height:to" data-ttid="PersistentAsiWrapper"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="5g5l6p"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></asi></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="ap3l"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">But what uld acunt for that odd double nature, that pellg sweetns and implic wildns? I began to read as wily as I uld about this strange, ar thg that I had so long been ightened of.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Darwism begs wh dogs. In the openg pag of “On the Orig of Speci,” Darw scrib the way breers n turn big dogs to small on, through selective breedg, and he sists that all dogs scend om wolv. This was proof of the immense amount of hered variatn, and of the abily of herance, blend and directed, to take new directns. “Who will believe that animals closely remblg the Italian greyhound, the bloodhound, the bull-dog or Blenheim spaniel, etc.—so unlike all wild Canidae—ever existed eely a state of nature?” Darw wrote. Out of one, many.</p><div class="Contaer-bkChBi byNLHx"></div><p class="paywall">Ever sce, what we thk Darwism says has been stctured part by what we thk says about dogs. Darw’s stct was, as ual, right. Dogs do scend directly om wolv; the two speci n still breed wh one another (producg many sry-lookg new back breeds). The vexed issue is how long ago they parted ways, and why. The blogil evince and the archeologil evince are at war: DNA analysis pots to a very remote break between wolv and dogs, certaly no later than a hundred thoand years ago, while the earlit unequivol archeologil evince for domtited dogs dat to jt fifteen thoand years ago or so.</p><p class="paywall">One hntg scrap of evince is a grave se Israel, twelve thoand years old, where what is undoubtedly a dog is embraced ath by what is undoubtedly a woman. It suggts that the dog, pletely doglike—smaller cpids and shorter muzzle—was already the object of human affectn at the dawn of the age of agriculture. The fullns of this early relatn suggts the classic story of domtitn, that of the master man and the willg dog. The historian of science Edmund Rsell summariz this story his new book, “Evolutnary History”: “Some brave soul burrowed to a wolf n, ptured cubs, brought the cubs back to mp, and traed them to hunt by mand.” Before long, “people realized that tame wolv (dogs) uld perform other tasks too. . . . Breers manufactured each variety by imagg the tras required, pickg mal and femal wh those tras, and matg them.” If you need to rid your mp of badgers, you bred one long, th dog to another until you had a dachshund, which uld go down a badger hole. The problem wh this view, Rsell explas, is that impli a level of far-sightedns on the part of the first breers that fi all evolutnary experience: “Wolv do not obey human mands, and is hard to image that people persisted raisg dangero animals for uncerta benefs far the future.” To see a Butterstch a wolf would have required magil foright, as if our Paleolhic fathers had started breedg leapg mice the hope that they would someday fly.</p><p class="paywall">And so unterg this view a new view of dog history, more keepg wh our own ostentatly ls man-centered world view. Dogs, we are now told, by a sequence of scientists and speculators—begng wh the blogists Raymond and Lorna Coppger, their 2001 masterwork, “Dogs”—domtited themselv. They chose . A margally lmer nid me close to the circle of human warmth—and, more important, human refe—and was tolerated by the humans si: let him eat the garbage. Then this svengg wolf mated wh another lm wolf, and soon a fay of lmer wolv proliferated jt outsi the firelight. It wasn’t cub-snatchg on the part of humans, but breakg and enterg on the part of wolv, that gave dogs. “Hey, you be feroc and eat them when you n tch them,” the proto-dogs said, evolutnary effect, to their wolf siblgs. “We’ll jt do what they like and have them feed . Digny? It’s a small price to pay for ee food. Check wh you ten thoand years and we’ll see who’s had more kids.” (Estimated plaary dog populatn: one billn. Estimated plaary wild wolf populatn: three hundred thoand.)</p><p class="paywall">The dog maven Mark Derr, his forthg book “How the Dog Beme the Dog,” offers a particularly amb and tailed versn of how the wanrg wolf beme the driftg dog. He adds to the Coppgers’ story many epics and epicycl, cludg a central role for Neanrthal dog-lovers. Though Derr’s book, given the agmentary nature of the evince, is sometim a ltle fantastil, his motive, only half-disclosed, is touchg: Derr isn’t jt a dog fancier, one realiz, but a kd of dog natnalist, a dog jgoist. He believ that what was an alliance of equals has, very recent centuri, been based to produce Step Fetch dogs, like Butterstch, nscripted to cutens. Dogs began as alli, not pets, and iends, not pennts.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-2 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">At a mimum, the theory of the driftg dog n pot to some livg proof, though not of a kd likely to brg joy to the dog-dignifiers. As the Brish anthrozoologist John Bradshaw pots out his new book, “Dog Sense,” even now most dogs drift—not as equals or alli but as waifs. In Third World towns, “village dogs” hang around, ownerls, eatg garbage, fendg for themselv, and gettg beaten off only when they bee nuisanc. (There’s a reason that ’s lled a dog’s life.) The ual ndn of a dog is to be a pigeon.</p><p class="paywall">The tch is that, om an evolutnary pot of view, the village dogs are already dogs. They illumate the problem. Sce the domtitn of the dog predat agriculture, dogs uldn’t have wanred to settlements; there were no settlements. They uldn’t have wanred wh hunter-gatherers, bee other wolf packs would have marked and owned the next terrory. There jt don’t seem to have been enough time for the slow velopment om wanrg wolf to driftg proto-dog whout the sgle cisive terventn of someone to nudge the wolf toward dogdom. “The scenar of self-domtitn is very hard to envisn if people were still wanrg semomadilly, and the evince says they were,” the anthropologist Pat Shipman says firmly her book “The Animal Connectn: A New Perspective on What Mak Us Human.” Anyway, why didn’t hyenas and fox, which have been around for jt as long, disver the same advantage hangg close to people as wolv did?</p><p class="paywall">One explanatn, favored by Bradshaw, suppos a classic Darwian mutatn, a full-fledged “sport” of nature. At some pot, a mutant wolf appeared, by chance, which was not jt margally tamer but far more biddable than any other creature. This sounds odd, but, as Bradshaw pots out, dogs <em>are</em> odd, sentially unique—the only animal on earth that needs no tamg to live wh people while still happily breedg wh s own. The abily of dogs to make a life wh isn’t a product of their beg man-bred; was the change that let men breed them.</p><p class="paywall">More is at stake here than a speculatn about the history of one pet speci. If the new story is more or ls right, and dogs chose to bee dogs (meang only that the tamer, man-iendly wolv produced more cubs than their wilr, man-hatg s), then the le between artificial and natural selectn seems far ls solid, and the role of man at the center ls fixed. Ined, Rsell suggts that even our distct breeds may be more drifts than cisns: “Unnsc selectn probably played a more important role than methodil selectn bee was simpler and brought benefs the prent. . . . Keepg the dogs bt at a certa task each generatn would have steadily enhanced the sired tras.” There may be a province the fall of a sparrow; but there is Darwian ntgency even the hop of the Havane.</p><le-embed name="feature-flt" attrs="[object Object]" childTyp="image" hasProducts="false" ntentType="llout:feature-flt"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="Dog Story" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div></figure></le-embed><p class="paywall">What a dog owner, wh the full thory of fourteen months of dog, suggts might be missg om the acunts is somethg simple: people love pets. Bradshaw, though he lik the driftg-dog theory, observ that we needn’t jtify the existence of pet dogs our early history by arguments about their value as food or tools. The norm even the most “primive” hunter-gatherer societi is to take a pet even though—as wh the dgo pups that the Aborig take Atralia— always go “bad” as an adult, and is of no help any task at all. (The dgo are feral scendants of domtited Asian dogs, wh their social gen somehow wrenched awry.) For that matter, people do live wh morn wolv—prumably ma more paranoid by lennia of persecutn—even now. As Bradshaw wr, “Humans will keep puppi purely for their cutens.” The most eful role a pet may play is to be there for the pettg. The way dogs are ed now might be the way we e dogs.</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="6kor2m"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">Another strange and hntg scrap of evince about early dog and man is the Chvet ve, southern France: a set of twned footprts, twenty-six thoand years old, of an eight-year-old child walkg si by si, ep to the ve, wh what is evintly some kd of hound—a small wolf or a large dog. It may turn out that the tracks e om different tim (though their paired stris seem well matched). But for the moment the evince seems to show that the first dog all the rerd was there as the pann of a small boy.</p><p class="paywall">Or girl? Olivias have always wanted Butterstch. The willg wolf may have wanred to the circle beyond the firelight, but the dog may well have first emerged on the safer si of the fire as the dream pann of a child.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">The range of evolutnary jt-so stori and speculatns is self proof of the way dogs have burrowed to our imagatns. Half the pleasure of havg a dog, I uld see, was storytellg <em>about</em> the dog: she was a screen on which we uld all project a private preoccupatn. In addn to the real dog, each child had a pretend versn, a daemon dog, to speak to and about. Le, our sixteen-year-old, imaged Butterstch as an elrly, wise woman om the Deep South. “Lez not pot the fger, childun,” he would have her say when she did somethg nghty. Olivia had her as a hyper-tense three-year-old, full of beans and naïveté. “Oh, and then they took me to the Park, and then we had ltle scraps of steak, and, oh, Skyler— was the bt day ever,” she would report the dog sayg to the bird, wh the breathlsns of a small child. Even the grownups had a fictive dog who lived alongsi the real one: my wife’s dog was a year-old baby she had loved and missed (she pecially loved the early-morng off-leash hours Central Park, when the dawn belongs to chargg dogs and ffee-sippg owners); me was a genial pann who enjoyed long walks and listeng to extend stretch of tentatively posed prose. Once, I was playg rerdgs of Erroll Garner on piano, that bright, bouncg, synpated plative jazz sound, and Olivia said, “That’s the mic Butterstch hears her head all day.”</p><p class="paywall">What mic <em>do</em> a dog hear her head all day? Our dog was so much part of the fay that we took human feelgs and thoughts for granted and then would sudnly be remd that she experienced the world very differently. Once, we saw her standg at the top of the steps leadg to the sunken livg room of our apartment. She began to whe and, as she rarely did, to bark—steppg forward to timidate some creature we uldn’t see, then fearfully steppg back. We were sure om the tensy of her barkg that there mt be a ront down by the baseboard that the brave ltle dog had spotted. Fally, one of noticed that I had thrown a dark shirt over the back of the whe sofa; I picked up and me toward her wh . She whimpered and then began to stnchly fy her fear by barkg aga. That was ! She was terrified of a piece of empty brown material. When we tried the experiment aga, she reacted aga—not so strongly, but still.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-3 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">So, what mic? There is a new lerature of dog psychology, to go along wh and plement that on dog history. There are acunts of bad dogs cured, like “Bad Dog: A Love Story,” by Mart Kihn; of good dogs loved, as Jill Abramson’s “The Puppy Diari”; of strange dogs ma whole and wild dogs ma docile; of love liv altered by lovg dogs, as Jte van r Ln’s “Marc of Umbria: What an Italian Dog Tght an Amerin Girl About Love.” The most scientific-md of the new crop is Alexandra Horowz’s well-received “Insi of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell and Know.” (The tle , wngly, om a fe Groucho joke.) Horowz, a former fact checker the halls, has gone on to bee a profsor of psychology at Barnard, and she’s wrten a terrifilly telligent and readable book, a study of the gnn of those who don’t que have . She tails the dog’s sensorium. Dogs have a wildly fe nose for scent: we n tect molecul parts the ln, dogs parts the billn. She explas why they sniff each other’s rear—there’s an anal gland peculiar to dogs, s secretns as different each om each as a voice—and why that behavr remas myster: dogs don’t seem to regnize the distct smell of other dogs and always return to sniff aga; yet no dog lik havg done to him.</p><p class="paywall">On eher si of the scientific dog wrer, Horowz or Bradshaw, one sens the phantoms of two alpha wrers: Car Millan, televisn’s “dog whisperer,” and John Grogan, the “Marley & Me” memoirist—the psdo-science of the dog as pack animal, on the one hand, and the sentimental fictn of the all-sympathetic dog, on the other. Horowz tri to disabe dog owners of the Millanque notn that dogs are really pack creatur lookg for an alpha hound to subm to. Dogs, she explas, are domtited animals, and to treat them as though they were still a pack rather than long adapted to a subservient role a human fay is as absurd as treatg a child as though were “really” still a primate livg a tree.</p><p class="paywall">Above all, Horowz tails the dog’s special kd of telligence. When other telligent animals are prented wh a ductn or “object permanence” problem—a ball vanish to one of two box; which box did go to?—most of them solve the problem by watchg where the ball go. The dog solv the problem by watchg where his owner looks. Dogs are hypersensive to even the slightt favorg actns of the owner, and will cheerily search for the treat the box the owner seems to favor even if they have seen the treat go to the other. This was the anctral bet that dogs ma thoands of years ago: give up tryg to prey on the prey; try pleasg the people and let them get the prey. Dogs are the only creatur that have learned to gaze directly at people as people gaze at one another, and their nnectn wh is an sential and endurg one.</p><p class="paywall">Yet Horowz regniz, too, the threat of the overly humanized view of the dog. She lov dogs general—and her own mongrel hound, Fnegan, particular—but throughout the book are eful hts, perhaps partly advertent, that what the science shows is that the entire dog-man relatn is sentially a sm, n by the dogs. Certaly, the quali herent breeds—nobily, hghts, solidy, even the sg happs of the Havane—are tricks of our md, where we project primate exprsns of ner mood to ne masks. The Havane isn’t happy and the Shih Tzu isn’t angry and the bulldog isn’t pecially stolid or stubborn; they are jt stuck wh the fac, sg or snarlg, we’ve pned on them through breedg. And the virtu we cred them wh—whether the big on of bravery, loyalty, and love or the smaller on of happs, honty, and guilt—are jt as illory. “Maxie looked so guilty when I found her chewg the treat box that was jt hilar,” a “mom” will wre on the Havane fom—but the are illns, projected onto creatur whose repertory of nscns is very much smaller. Loyalty, longg, and even grief are, the evince suggts, mere mimic emotns projected to two far simpler on that dogs actually posss: adherence to the food-giver and anxiety about the unfaiar.</p><le-embed name="feature-flt" attrs="[object Object]" childTyp="image" hasProducts="false" ntentType="llout:feature-flt"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="Dog Story" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div></figure></le-embed><p class="paywall">We’ve all heard the acunts of dogs leapg to the rcue, pullg children om the water when the ice cracks, and so on, but Horowz pots out that, staged suatns of crisis, dogs don’t leap to the rcue or even try to get help. If a bookse is ma to fall (harmlsly, but they don’t know that) on their owner, they mostly jt stand there, helpls and nfed. The dog may bark when se s owner distrs, and the barkg may summon help; the dog stays near s fay, even when ightened, and that may be eful. But the dog has no particular plan or purpose, much ls rolutn or urage. This don’t mean that the rerd rcu haven’t happened; ’s jt that the many more moments when the dog watch s owner slip beneath the ice don’t get rerd. The dog will bark at a burglar; but the dog will also bark at a shirt.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Maybe, though, Horowz and Bradshaw are too quick to accept the notn that the dog is merely a creature of limed appete and rerced stct. Not so many years ago, after all, people whe lab ats were sayg exactly the same thgs abut human babi—that they were half bld, creatur of mere reflex and associative trag, on whom their dottle-braed moms were projectg all kds of gnn that they uldn’t actually procs. Now psychologists tell that babi are tellectually rich and cur and hypothis-formg and goal-directed. One wonrs if somethg siar isn’t about to happen wh pets. The experts, Bradshaw pecially, tell that Butterstch ss by the door all afternoon bee she has been unnscly traed to associate Olivia’s after-school homeg wh the livery of treats. But what would be so different if we said that she ss by the door bee she is wag patiently for Olivia, has a keen ner sense of what time she’ll be home, and miss her bee they play together and enjoy each other’s pany, which, of urse, clus the pleasur of good food? This is the same scriptn, verg exactly the same behavr, only the first acunt puts the act terms of mechanil reflex and the other terms of sir and hop and affectns. Our preference for the former kd of language may look as strange to our scendants, and to Butterstch’s, as would if we applied to a child. (The language of behavrism and stct n be applied to anythg, after all: we’re not really fallg love; we’re jt anticipatg sexual pleasure leadg to a pnt geic mix.)</p><p class="paywall">But, if the rctive argument seems to cheat dogs of their te feelgs, the oppose tenncy, which creds dogs wh feelgs almost intil to those of humans and wh makg the same claims on our moral nscience, is equally unnvcg. In the forthg “Lovg Animals: Toward a New Animal Advocy,” Kathy Rudy, who teach ethics at De, mak the se for dog equaly jt as strongly as Derr do his more narrowly evolutn-md book. Rudy believ that dogs have been as opprsed and lonized as Third World peopl have, and that what they need is not empathy but liberatn. She has a nfed notn of somethg that she lls “palism,” and which is somehow held uniquely rponsible for the opprsn of animals, cludg dogs. Of urse, only advanced palist societi have started movements for animal rights; prepalist societi were far celler to animals, as are non-palist morn on. (Consir the state of zoos and animals the Eastern bloc or Cha.) But her love for dogs is evint throughout. She tells that “ would not be an overstatement to say that most of the important and succsful relatnships I’ve had my life have been wh nonhuman animals,” and she mak a passnate se for treatg animals as equals rights, not as modi to be cynilly exploed for rearch or even, I suppose, for fay bondg.</p><p class="paywall">The trouble wh arguments for treatg animals as equals is that the language of rights and rponsibily impli, above all, reciprocy. We believe to be wrong for wh to take blacks as slav, and wrong for blacks to enslave wh. Yet animals themselv are generally far celler to other animals the wild than we are to them civilizatn; though we may believe to be uhil for to torment a ln, few would say is uhil for the ln to torment the gazelle. To e the language of opprsn on behalf of creatur that their natur mt be ee to opprs others is surely to be g the wrong moral language. A language of passn is the right one: we should not be cel to lns bee they suffer pa. We don’t prevent the ln om eatg the gazelle bee we regnize that he is, the fe old-fashned term, a dumb animal—not one pable of reasong about effects, or really alterg his behavr on ethil grounds, and therefore not rightly vered by the language of rights. Dogs, siarly, serve protectn om sadists, but not ference to their need for, say, sex. We n nter them wh a clear nscience, bee abstence is not one of their optns.</p><p class="paywall">This is why we feel uneasy wh too much sgle-md love directed toward dogs—wh gog ne, like Rudy her dog-centered love life. It isn’t the misdirectn so much as the equaly, the disequilibrium between the plex tensy of human love and the pragmatism of animal acceptance. Love is a two-way street. The woman who strok and os and holds her dog too much unnerv , not on her behalf but on the dog’s. He’s jt not that to you.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">The ept problem that dogs pose is what would be like if all our virtu and emotns were experienced as stcts. The qutns about what a dog is pable of dog—how se, smells, pe, explor—are, prciple, answerable. The qutn of what go on the md of a dog—what feels like to be a dog—is not. In this ntext, Horowz c a classic article by the philosopher Thomas Nagel, “What Do It Feel Like to Be a Bat?” Nagel’s pot was that the only way to know what is like to be a bat is to be one. He wr:</p><blockquote class="BlockquoteEmbedWrapper-sc-SdiGL jPeLne paywall blockquote-embed"><div class="BlockquoteEmbedContent-RbGs gmbtPx blockquote-embed__ntent"><p>It will not help to try to image that one has webbg on one’s arms, which enabl one to fly around at dk and dawn tchg sects one’s mouth; that one has very poor visn, and perceiv the surroundg world by a system of reflected high-equency sound signals; and that one spends the day hangg upsi down by one’s feet an attic. In so far as I n image this (which is not very far), tells me only what would be like for <em>me</em> to behave as a bat behav. But that is not the qutn. I want to know what is like for a <em>bat</em> to be a bat. Yet if I try to image this, I am rtricted to the rourc of my own md, and those rourc are aquate to the task.</p></div></blockquote><p class="paywall">Though we n know that dogs live by smells, not by words, we n’t really image what would feel like to be a creature for which thoughts are smells. We, creatur of language who anize our experience abstract ncepts, n’t image what ’s like to be the head of a beg that has no language. To have the experienc while retag our memory of humanns would make a human a dog su, not a dog. We would have to bee a dog, for real; then, reborn as a human, we uldn’t expla to ourselv, let alone someone else, what ’s like to be a dog, sce the language of beg-like isn’t part of what beg a dog is like.</p><le-embed name="feature-flt" attrs="[object Object]" childTyp="image" hasProducts="false" ntentType="llout:feature-flt"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="Dog Story" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div></figure></le-embed><p class="paywall">Yet, for all the seemgly unbridgeable distance between and them, dogs have found a shortcut to our mds. They live, as Horowz and Bradshaw and Rudy, too, all see, wh our circle whout belongg to : they speak our language whout actually speakg any, and share our ncerns whout really beg able to unrstand them. The verbs tell some of the story: the dog shar, feels, engag, whout beg able to speak, plan, or ( some human sense) thk. We may not be able to know what ’s like to be a dog; but, over all those thoands of years, Butterstch has figured out, some stmental way, what ’s like to be a person. Whout language, ncepts, long-term al thkg, she n still enter to the large part of our md ma up of appet, longgs, and loyalti. She do a better impersonatn of a person than we do an approximatn of a dog. That is, om the evolutnary and philosophil pot of view, an impersonatn, produced and improved on by generatns of dogs, bee pays, don’t alter s power. Dogs have ltle imagatn about and our ner liv but limls tun about them; we have false tuns about their ner liv but limls imagatn about them. Our relatnship meets the middle.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">One day, around Christmas, I got a mixed box of cholat—k for Olivia, darks for me—and noticed, the eveng, that some were missg, and that Butterstch had brown around her muzzle. “She’s eaten cholate!” Olivia cried. Cholate is very bad for dogs. She went at once to the fom. “My hand trembl as I wre this,” she typed, “but my baby has eaten cholate!” Blsedly, we got an avalanche of unsel om Havane-lovers all over the world: check her, watch her, weigh a cholate, weigh the dog, keep an eye on her all night. Fally, I put her to bed her back room, and promised Olivia I would monor her. Olivia chewed her lip and went to bed, too.</p><p class="paywall">It n’t really be dangero, I thought; I mean, the creatur eat out of garbage ns. At four the morng, I went to check on her. She stirred at once, and we looked at each other, shared that tomatic enigmatic gaze that is the glue of the man-dog relatn. I stayed wh her until the light me, annoyed beyond words at the hold she had put on our unwillg hearts. She ma through the night a lot better than I did.</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="22qt6"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="41k3s"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">Dogs aren’t the Uncle Toms of the animal world, I thought as dawn me; they’re the dignified dual cizens who plead the se for all of mute creatn wh their human owners. We are born trapped our own selfish sks, and we open our ey to the rgs of existence around . The rg right around , of lovers and spo and then kids, is easy to encircle, but that is a form of selfishns, too, sce the lovers give love and the kids extend our liv. A handful of sats “love out to the horizon,” circle after circle—but at the st, almost always, of seeg past the circle near at hand, not really beg able to love their timat. Most of the time, we llapse the circl of passn, don’t look at the on beyond, orr to give the people we love their proper due; we open our ey to see the wir circl only when new creatur e , when we realize that we really s at the center of a Saturn’s worth of circl, stretchg out om our ltle mpfire to the wolv who wa outsi, and ever outward to the unknowable—toward, I don’t know, ep-sea fish that live on lava and then beyond toward all existence, where each parrot and every mosquo is, if we uld only see , an dividual. What’s terrifyg is the number of bad stori to which I was once ured, and which now claim my attentn. A iend’s dog had leaped om a wdow a thunrstorm and only now uld I feel the horror of : the poor terrified thg’s leap. Another iend’s dog had been paralyzed, and stead of a limpg animal I saw a fouled iend, a small Hector. My circl of passn have been pried open.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-4 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">We n’t enter a dog’s md, but, as on that dark-cholate night, I saw that isn’t that hard to enter a dog’s feelgs: feelgs of pa, fear, worry, need. And so the dog ss right at the edge of our circle, lookg out toward all the others. She is ours, but she is other, too. A dog belongs to the world of wolv she om and to the circle of people she has joed. Another circle of existence, toward which we are pable of beg passnate, li jt beyond her, and her paw pots toward , even as her ey sn ours for dner. Cats and birds are wonrful, but they keep their own unsel and their own inty. They s wh their own circl, even the hoe, and let spy, ocsnally, on what ’s like out there. Only the dog ss right at the edge of the first circle of rg, and pots to the great unendg circl of Otherns that we n barely beg to ntemplate.</p><p class="paywall">The al that the dog has ma to get here, as all the dog scientists pot out, is btal. <em>I’ll act all, you know, like, lovg and loyal, if you feed me.</em> Yet don’t we make the same al—urtship and gentle promis of votn exchange for sex, sex exchange for stat? Creatur of appet and sir, who need to eat, and have not been spayed, we n the same sm on each other that Butterstch ns on . And a sm that go on long enough, and works more or ls to everyone’s benef, is simply lled a culture. What mak the dog al movg is that you two, you and your dog, are ls the willg renewers of than jt the livg wns to a ntract signed between man and wolf thirty thoand years ago. What’s the fe prt that you don’t read is that if you accept the terms no longer feels like a al.</p><p class="paywall">Butterstch, meanwhile, seems happy. She’s here, she’s there, a domtic ornament; she tak a place at the table, or unr , anyway, and remas an animal, wh an animal’s mute nfns and narrow rout and appet. She jumps up on visors, sniffs iends, chews sho, and, even as we lghgly apologize for her misbehavr and orr her “Off!,” we secretly thk her misbehavr is sweet. After all, where we are creatur of past and future, she liv the mute’s joy: a ltle wolf, racg and snortg and srg; and the small gratiatg spir, dog anythg to please. At tim, I thk that I n see her turn her head and look back at the ghost of the wolf mother she parted om long ago, sayg, “See, was a good bet after all; they’re nice to me, mostly.” Then she was by the door for the next member of the circle she has suated herself to to e back to the hearth and seal the basic social ntract mon to all thgs that breathe and feel and gaze: love given for promis kept. How do anyone live whout a dog? I n’t image. ♦</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="vhp33b"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 PaywallInleBarrierWhWrapperGrid-fyrGfS kLQIUk grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="body body__le-barrier article__body"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div class="ntaer--body-ner"><asi class="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper-iBnuqk lfXXa-D" data-ttid="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper"><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--paywall-le-barrier" role="prentatn" aria-live="pole" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--paywall-le-barrier"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></asi></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ContentWrapperGrid-fvkmBv brYtrA grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="body body__ntaer"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div class="ntaer--body-ner"></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><div class="ContentFooterWrapper-jVNdRG dTJkpP ArticlePageContentFooterGrid-ccsXYy eMZRHU article-body__footer"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><footer class="ContentFooterMagazeDisclaimer-gzKAqo iZIuUU" data-ttid="MagazeDisclaimerWrapper">Published the prt edn of the <a href="/magaze/2011/08/08" data-reactroot="">Augt 8, 2011</a>, issue.</footer></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="ContributorsWrapper-eNpWFu GWFsc ntributors" data-ttid="Contributors"><div class="ContributorBWrapper-bnVHbt gMon"><div class="ContributorBAvatar-bIGTqf eMWbvj"><a href="/ntributors/adam-gopnik"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW jvZaPI rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa rponsive-image"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></picture></span></a></div><div class="ContributorBContent-ubQdr jZTSSi"><div class="ContributorBHear-ledood XOIEx"></div><div class="ContributorBB-fBolsO giFhKz"><a href="/ntributors/adam-gopnik">Adam Gopnik</a>, a staff wrer, has been ntributg to The New Yorker sce 1986. He is the thor of, most recently, “<a href=">The Real Work: On the Mystery of Mastery</a>.”</div><div class="ContributorBFooter-brqDlv ezUmSv"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div data-ttid="TagCloudWrapper" class="TagCloudWrapper-gGgndx ctyZyK ContentFooterTagCloud-krQmRG ZLGh"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ TagCloudSectnHear-cOforY iUEiRd bPyAoD kQQRmu">More:</span><a href="/tag/animals" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM TagCloudLk-kvjZFu iUEiRd ggMZaT gFob hIhJOI"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ TagCloudName-eAUnLd iUEiRd gwIVBQ bUkXwu">Animals</span></a><a href="/tag/apartments" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM TagCloudLk-kvjZFu iUEiRd ggMZaT gFob hIhJOI"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd 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SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Fictn</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href="/magaze/2007/11/05/the-dog-2" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">The Dog</div></a><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Roddy Doyle</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff ewgXAt summary-em summary-em--article summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm dqlGhv" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href="/humor/daily-shouts/thgs-i-want-to-ask-my-dog" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Thgs I Want to Ask My Dog" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl bcywvc summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Daily Shouts</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href="/humor/daily-shouts/thgs-i-want-to-ask-my-dog" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">Thgs I Want to Ask My Dog</div></a><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Marsh McCall</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff ewgXAt summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm dqlGhv" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Civil-Rights Showdown Nobody Remembers" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl bcywvc summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Books</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">The Civil-Rights Showdown Nobody Remembers</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Civil-Rights Showdown Nobody Remembers" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">Clton High was the first Southern school to be tegrated by urt orr. Why did reluctant acceptance turn to vlence?</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Louis Menand</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff ewgXAt summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm dqlGhv" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Fally, the Tmp Case We’ve Been Wag For" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl bcywvc summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Letter om Bin’s Washgton</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">Fally, the Tmp Case We’ve Been Wag For</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Fally, the Tmp Case We’ve Been Wag For" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">But, wh 2024 loomg, is already too late?</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>San B. Glasser</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm dqlGhv ad ad--read-more"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--read-more" data-no-id="cwtxxj"></div></div></div><div class="SummaryCollectnGridToActnWrapper-gnReGN eGayfk"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="TaboolaWrapper-hMVdpE iYfBhy"><div class="TaboolaWidgetWrapper-egPIjc hkSrgt TaboolaWidget-eUSdED hQCCRa" data-ttid="TaboolaWidgetWrapper"><div class="TaboolaWidgetContent-iBEQTO eXroXG TABOOLA" id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails---f" data-ttid="TaboolaWidgetContent"></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--footer should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--footer" data-no-id="aiadm9"></div></div></div></div></div></ma><div class="BasePageMaFooterFiller-hTlZph jSriYf page__ma-footer-filler"></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div 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