Sexual Inty Development among Gay, Lbian, and Bisexual Youths: Consistency and Change Over Time - PMC

Contents:

• YOUNG ADULT GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S STIGMA EXPERIENC AND MENTAL HEALTH: AN 8-YEAR LONGUDAL STUDY
• A LONGUDAL STUDY OF PREDICTORS OF SUICI ATTEMPTS AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR YOUTH
• A LONGUDAL STUDY OF INTERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS AMONG LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL ADOLCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS: MEDIATNAL PATHWAYS OM ATTACHMENT TO ROMANTIC RELATNSHIP QUALY
• A LONGUDAL STUDY OF TERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS AMONG LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL ADOLCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS: MEDIATNAL PATHWAYS OM ATTACHMENT TO ROMANTIC RELATNSHIP QUALY
• RELATNSHIP BETWEEN SEXUAL BEHAVRS WH NON-MTED RELATNSHIP PARTNERS AND COVID-19 RTRICTNS AND NOTIFITN RAT: RULTS OM A LONGUDAL STUDY OF GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN ATRALIA
• STUDY: GAY AND BISEXUAL YOUTH MORE LIKELY TO ABANDON CHURCHGOG AS THEY REACH ADULTHOOD
• A LONGUDAL STUDY OF PREDICTORS OF SUICI ATTEMPTS AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR YOUTH
• CALIFORNIA SCHOOL BOARD ADOPTS SOCIAL STUDI TEXTBOOKS THAT CLU GAY RIGHTS AFTER WARNGS OM ERNOR
• SEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL YOUTHS: CONSISTENCY AND CHANGE OVER TIME
• EX-GAYS?: A LONGUDAL STUDY OF RELIGLY MEDIATED CHANGE SEXUAL ORIENTATN PAPERBACK – SEPTEMBER 24, 2007

YOUNG ADULT GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S STIGMA EXPERIENC AND MENTAL HEALTH: AN 8-YEAR LONGUDAL STUDY

Fdgs are discsed terms of mon velopmental fluenc across early sexual orientatn inty formatn, cludg gay and bisexual young men's rilience to stigma-based strs; the transn om llege; and the rapidly changg social climate surroundg sexual mory dividuals. This short-term prospective study examed general and lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr (LGBT)-specific risk and protective factors for suici attempts an ethnilly diverse sample of LGBT youth (N = 237, 47. LGB-related discrimatn and social excln n crease proximal strsors the form of poor self-image, ternalized homophobia, fear of rejectn, and ncealg one’s sexual orientatn acrdg to Hatzenbuehler’s psychologil mediatn amework [10, 11].

A lack of fay support for LGB dividuals has been lked to a range of trimental health out, cludg higher risk of mood disorrs [13, 21], lower levels of psychologil well-beg [25], creased risks of suici-related behavurs [13, 26, 27], a higher likelihood of experiencg ternalized homophobia [28], and prsn [13, 21].

In a US populatn-based study, gay men had 32% higher (adjted) prevalence of trouble fallg asleep and a 22% higher prevalence of wakg up feelg unrted pared to heterosexual men, whereas bisexual women had a 43% higher prevalence of trouble fallg asleep pared to heterosexual women [29].

A LONGUDAL STUDY OF PREDICTORS OF SUICI ATTEMPTS AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR YOUTH

Sexual orientatn was ptured by askg participants to intify which of the followg bt scrib their sexual orientatn: “heterosexual or straight”, “gay or lbian”, “bisexual”, “other”, or “prefer not to say”. Historilly, advocy anizatns cludg PFLAG [56] (Parents, Fay and Friends of Lbians and Gays) the US (1973), and FFLAG [57] (Fai and Friends of Lbians and Gays) the UK (1956) were tablished to addrs the abe (e.

Bisexual men are perceived to sound more mascule than men who are straight, acrdg to a study of Atralian subjects.Amics at the Universy of Sydney pared the voic of gay, straight and bisexual men a study volvg 160 people.In the rearch led by clil psychologist Jam Morandi, people were reced to analyse the voic of 60 men, 20 of whom were gay, 20 straight and 20 bisexual.

They were then asked to rate the men on their sexual orientatn g a sle om zero (exclively heterosexual) to 10 (exclively homosexual).Listeners were also asked to rate each man’s perceived level of femy or masculy the voic on a siar sle.The men volved the study were asked to rerd themselv on a smartphone recg the first two l of the Atralian natnal anthem.Voice sampl were then modified to remove any background noise while volume levels were ma the same to ensure nsistency.Rults om the study showed listeners uld distguish between gay and straight men’s voic wh an accuracy of 62 per cent, apparently nsistent wh prev rearch.However, the study participants uld not terme any differenc between bisexual and straight men’s voic wh any gree of accuracy. The thors said their rearch showed bisexual men’s voic were perceived as beg more exclively attracted to women pared wh both gay and straight men’s voic.Bisexual men’s voic were rated as more mascule than both gay and straight men’s voic.Rearchers claimed the abily to intify a man’s bisexual inty om his voice alone uld have cril social implitns such as helpg to rce feelgs of alienatn.‘Voice may unter visibily many bisexuals feel’An abstract of the study, tled Can listeners tect if a man is bisexual om his voice alone, reads: “The prent study examed whether bisexual men n be intified om their voic ak to how gay men n be intified on their voice alone.“If this is the se, voice may be an important target of discrimatn on the one hand but may also unter the visibily many bisexuals feel (if their bisexual inti n be apprehend by their voice alone, whout explic disclosure required).“The fdgs may also she light on whether bisexual male voic, like gay male voic, differ om straight voic terms of their genr non-nformy – a qutn that to date has not been examed.”But amics noted the rearch was limed on the grounds all men who participated the study are Atralian, which may not be reflected among wir cultur.And the thors nced the study did not ntrol for the rerdg environment or microphone-to-mouth distance, which uld have affected the qualy of the voice sampl.The thors said the fdgs suggted that while the voic of bisexual men the sample were perceived as more mascule and attracted to femal, listeners did not associate this imprsn wh bisexualy.As a rult, while bisexual men may appear to be at lower risk of facg voice-based intifitn and discrimatn than gay men, they may often be mistaken as beg straight.The study was published the Journal of Sex Rearch. Intense physil distancg measur the form of lockdowns rponse to more severe COVID-19 outbreaks, particularly perds of longer than a week, terpt (physil) sexual partnerg, cludg among gay and bisexual men (GBM) (Camargo et al., 2021; Hyndman et al., 2021; Reyniers et al., 2020; Sanchez et al., 2020; van Bilsen et al., 2021).

A LONGUDAL STUDY OF INTERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS AMONG LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL ADOLCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS: MEDIATNAL PATHWAYS OM ATTACHMENT TO ROMANTIC RELATNSHIP QUALY

Chang behavur om participants who rpond to surveys prr to onset of the panmic and the basele of this stage of the study progrsn have been reported elsewhere (Hammoud et al., 2020) were eligible if they were at least 16 years old, intified as gay or bisexual, or had sex wh a man the prev 12 months, and lived Atralia.

AbstractThis short-term prospective study examed general and lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr (LGBT)-specific risk and protective factors for suici attempts an ethnilly diverse sample of LGBT youth (N = 237, 47. Although LGBT youth have not been found to be over-reprented aths by suici (Rend, Berlim, Begolli, McGirr, & Turecki, 2010; Rich, Fowler, Young, & Blenkh, 1986; Shaffer, Fisher, Hicks, Paris, & Gould, 1995), at least 16 studi of lbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth have reported high rat of suici attempts, rangg om 20 to 53% (Haas et al., 2011; McDaniel, Purcell, & D’Augelli, 2001; Sav-Williams, 2001b).

A LONGUDAL STUDY OF TERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS AMONG LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL ADOLCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS: MEDIATNAL PATHWAYS OM ATTACHMENT TO ROMANTIC RELATNSHIP QUALY

73 for of Same-Sex AttractnAn em om the Sexual Risk Behavr Asssment Schle for Homosexual Youths (Schrimshaw, Rosar, Meyer-Bahlburg, & Scharf-Matlick, 2006) was ed to asss age of first same-sex attractn: “How old were you when you were first sexually attracted to the same sex ( years)? ”LGBT VictimizatnA 10-em measure asssed the equency of lifetime experienc of victimizatn “bee you are, or were thought to be, gay, lbian, bisexual, or transgenr” (D’Augelli, Hershberger, & Pilkgton, 1998).

RELATNSHIP BETWEEN SEXUAL BEHAVRS WH NON-MTED RELATNSHIP PARTNERS AND COVID-19 RTRICTNS AND NOTIFITN RAT: RULTS OM A LONGUDAL STUDY OF GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN ATRALIA

For example, one study of a sample of young adult gay men found an associatn between childhood femy and suicidaly that was mediated by experienc of bullyg (Friedman, Koke, Silvtre, Korr, & S, 2006). Although youths who nsistently intified as gay/lbian did not differ om other youths on time sce experiencg sexual velopmental ton, they reported current sexual orientatn and sexual behavrs that were more same-sex centered and they sred higher on aspects of the inty tegratn procs (e.

G., more certa, fortable, and acceptg of their same-sex sexualy, more volved gay-related social activi, more posssg of posive attus toward homosexualy, and more fortable wh others knowg about their sexualy) than youths who transed to a gay/lbian inty and youths who nsistently intified as bisexual.

Keywords: Comg-out procs, sexual inty, sexual orientatn, sexual behavr, ternalized homophobia, gay, lbian, bisexual, adolcents, longudal, genr differencThe velopment of a gay, lbian, or bisexual (GLB) sexual inty is a plex and often difficult procs.

STUDY: GAY AND BISEXUAL YOUTH MORE LIKELY TO ABANDON CHURCHGOG AS THEY REACH ADULTHOOD

Ined, the ngence among gay inty and heterosexual behavr has been ed to expla the eventual transn om heterosexual to homosexual behavr, so as to elimate dissonance between inty and behavr (Higgs, 2002).

Inty formatn nsists of beg aware of one’s unfoldg sexual orientatn, begng to qutn whether one may be GLB, and explorg that emergg GLB inty by beg volved gay-related social activi and/or sexual activi (Cass, 1979; Chapman & Brannock, 1987; Morris, 1997; Troin, 1989).

A LONGUDAL STUDY OF PREDICTORS OF SUICI ATTEMPTS AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR YOUTH

This is evint by the dividual g to accept a GLB inty, rolvg ternalized homophobia by transformg negative attus to posive attus, feelg fortable wh the ia that others may know about the unfoldg inty, and disclosg that inty to others (Morris, 1997; Rosar et al., 2001). Among 216 behavrally bisexual men (ag 18 – 30 years), Stok and lleagu (1997) found that over the urse of one year, 49% reported no chang sexual orientatn, 34% beme more homosexually oriented, and 17% more heterosexually oriented.

Given ngence theory, we hypothize that youths wh a nsistent gay/lbian inty would have a sexual orientatn that is more same-sex centered and would be more likely to report same-sex behavrs but ls likely to report other-sex behavrs than youths who, for example, recently transed om a bisexual inty to a gay/lbian inty.

CALIFORNIA SCHOOL BOARD ADOPTS SOCIAL STUDI TEXTBOOKS THAT CLU GAY RIGHTS AFTER WARNGS OM ERNOR

In an earlier report on our sample, we found that youths who self-intified as gay/lbian, as pared wh bisexual, were volved more gay-related social activi, endorsed more posive attus toward homosexualy, were more fortable wh other dividuals knowg about their same-sex sexualy, and disclosed their sexual inty to more dividuals (Rosar et al., 2001).

We hypothize that nsistently intified gay/lbian youths have a current sexual orientatn that is more same-sex centered, report a higher prevalence of sexual behavr wh the same sex but a lower prevalence of sexual behavr wh the other sex, and evince higher levels of inty tegratn than youths who have changed sexual inti or nsistently intified as bisexual. The equali are such that we hypothize that youths who have transed om a bisexual to a gay/lbian inty are more likely than nsistently bisexual youths to have a current sexual orientatn that is more same-sex centered, report a higher prevalence of sexual behavr wh the same sex but a lower prevalence of sexual behavr wh the other sex, and evince higher levels of inty tegratn. MethodParticipantsMale and female youths, ag 14 to 21 years, were reced om anizatns that serve GLB youths New York Cy, cludg three gay-foced muny-based anizatns (CBOs) and two GLB llege stunt anizatns om public lleg.

Each ponent of the SERBAS-Y ed this report is discsed tail Inty A sgle em om the SERBAS-Y asssed sexual inty at every asssment perd by askg youths, “When you thk about sex, do you thk of yourself as lbian/gay, bisexual, or straight? Youths also were asked about the age when they first thought they “might be” gay/lbian, when they first thought they “might be” bisexual, when they first thought they “really were” gay/lbian, and when they first thought they “really were” bisexual.

SEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL YOUTHS: CONSISTENCY AND CHANGE OVER TIME

Socsexual Developmental Milton As part of an ventory to asss volvement gay-related activi (Rosar et al., 2001; see below for tails), we asked youths at basele for the age when they first spoke or wrote to anyone (e. Measur of Inty IntegratnInvolvement Gay-Related Activi The prevalence of lifetime volvement gay/lbian-related social activi was asssed at basele g a 28-em sle veloped for this study (Rosar et al., 2001).

Attus Toward Homosexualy A 33-em sle adapted om the Nungser Homosexual Attus Inventory (Nungser, 1983) was modified for youths by simplifyg the language, makg more rmal, and generalizg the em ntent to clu both mal and femal. Comfort wh Homosexualy A modified versn of the Nungser Homosexual Attus Inventory (see above for further scriptn; Nungser, 1983), was admistered at all three asssments g a 4-pot rponse sle rangg om “disagree strongly” (1) through “agree strongly” (4).

EX-GAYS?: A LONGUDAL STUDY OF RELIGLY MEDIATED CHANGE SEXUAL ORIENTATN PAPERBACK – SEPTEMBER 24, 2007

91 across the three asssments) of Sexual Inty to Others Youths were asked at basele to enumerate “all the people your life who are important or were important to you and whom you told that you are (lbian/gay/bisexual)” (Rosar et al., 2001). Certaty About, Comfort Wh, and Self-Acceptance of Sexualy At the 6-month and 12-month asssments, ems were add to asss the mment of the youths to their gay/lbian inty or to that part of their bisexual inty that was centered on the same sex (Rosar, Hunter, & Gwadz, 1994).

Over the three subsequent asssments, the number of youths intifyg as gay/lbian creased, while the number of youths intifyg as only bisexual 1Sexual Inty at Every Asssment BaseleBasele6 months12 monthsOnly gay/lbian39%66%74%74%Both gay/lbian and bisexual39%nananaOnly bisexual22%31%23%19%Straightna1%4%5%Otherna2%0%1%Neher gay/lbian nor bisexual1%0%0%0%(n)(156)(156)(142)(140)The above examatn of sexual inty over time ignor potential chang wh youths of different sexual inti. Of youths who had intified only as bisexual at earlier asssments, 60–70% ntued to intify as bisexual, while approximately 30 – 40% assumed a gay/lbian inty over 2Consistency and Change Sexual Inty Over Time. Asssment PerdBasele6 months12 monthsGay/LbianBisexualGay/LbianBisexualGay/LbianBisexualInty Reported Prr to Basele (N = 155): Only gay/lbian (n = 60)100%0%93%7%98%2% Both gay/lbian and bisexual (n = 60)71%29%77%23%80%20% Only bisexual (n = 35)6%94%40%60%40%60%Inty Reported at Basele (N = 152): Gay/lbian (n = 103)93%7%93%7% Bisexual (n = 49)41%59%49%51%Inty Reported at Six Months (N = 137): Gay/lbian (n = 105)96%4% Bisexual (n = 32)30%70%Individual-Level Chang Sexual Inty Over TimeAs valuable as the aforementned data may be, they are limed bee the level of analysis is the sample rather than the dividual.

Therefore, at the dividual-level of analysis, we created profil for each youth of the change sexual inty over the four longudal tim (see Table 3), rultg three major groups posed of youths who (1) nsistently self-intified as gay/lbian, (2) transed om bisexual to gay/lbian inti, or (3) nsistently self-intified as bisexual. Youths monstratg other patterns of change sexual inty also are prented Table 3; however, there were too few such youths for cln subsequent 3Individual-Level Consistency and Change Sexual Inty Over TimeSelf-Intified Sexual IntyN%Consistently gay/lbian8757%Transed om bisexual to gay/lbian2718%Consistently bisexual2215%Transed om gay/lbian to bisexual85%Transed om bisexual to straight53%Transed om gay/lbian to straight32%Change Sexual Inty: Univariate RelatnsWe ed a seri of one-way ANOVAs to pare the three GLB sexual inty groups (i.