Development of the Lbian, Gay, and Bisexual Affirmative Counselg Self-Efficy Inventory – Short Form (LGB-CSI-SF) - PMC

Contents:

• LBIAN AND GAY PSYCHOLOGY: THEORY, REARCH, AND CLIL APPLITNS
• LBIAN GAY PSYCHOLOGY THEORY (35 RULTS)
• PREJUDICE, SOCIAL STRS, AND MENTAL HEALTH LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL POPULATNS: CONCEPTUAL ISSU AND REARCH EVINCE
• SELECTED BIBLGRAPHY FOR LBIAN, GAY AND BISEXUAL CONCERNS PSYCHOLOGY: AN AFFIRMATIVE PERSPECTIVE
• STIGMA AND MORY STRS AS SOCIAL DETERMANTS OF HEALTH AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR YOUTH: REARCH EVINCE AND CLIL IMPLITNS
• DEVELOPMENT OF THE LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL AFFIRMATIVE COUNSELG SELF-EFFICY INVENTORY – SHORT FORM (LGB-CSI-SF)

LBIAN AND GAY PSYCHOLOGY: THEORY, REARCH, AND CLIL APPLITNS

Empirilly rich and tellectually rigoro, Lbian and Gay Psychology prents novative empiril studi that explore the children of lbians, ternalized homophobia, lbian and gay velopment, and aspects of relatnship qualy of habatg upl. url={}Foreword - John C Gonsrek Lbian and Gay Sexual Orientatns - Beverly Greene Implitns for Clil Trag, Practice and Rearch When Perceptns Meet Realy - Mary E Ke Individual Differenc Reactns to Lbians and Gay Men Our Polics and Choic - Carla Goln The Femist Movement and Sexual Orientatn Sexual Pri and Shame Lbians - Suzanna Rose Lbians and Physil Appearance - Esther D Rothblum Which Mol Appli?

Ethnic and Cultural Diversy Among Lbians and Gay Men explor a broad range of culture-related topics specific to the experience of this populatn – and is urageoly prented by an outstandg, diverse group of ntributors. Along wh empiril, clil, and theoretil discsns, the cln of personal narrative offers poignant sight to addnal plexi, prsur, and loss that lbians and gay men mt pe wh a world that often handl diversy wh the closed fist of bigotry. Stigma and Sexual Orientatn: Unrstandg Prejudice Agast Lbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals brgs together theory and empiril data om a variety of discipl – cludg psychology, soclogy, and polil science – to illumate the phenomenon varly referred to as homophobia, heterosexism, or simply prejudice based on sexual orientatn.

Published fal eded form as:PMCID: PMC2072932NIHMSID: NIHMS32623AbstractIn this article the thor reviews rearch evince on the prevalence of mental disorrs lbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) and shows, g meta-analys, that LGBs have a higher prevalence of mental disorrs than heterosexuals. This nceptual amework is the basis for the review of rearch evince, suggtns for future rearch directns, and exploratn of public policy study of mental health of lbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populatns has been plited by the bate on the classifitn of homosexualy as a mental disorr durg the 1960s and early 1970s. That bate posed a gay-affirmative perspective, which sought to classify homosexualy, agast a nservative perspective, which sought to reta the classifitn of homosexualy as a mental disorr (Bayer, 1981).

LBIAN GAY PSYCHOLOGY THEORY (35 RULTS)

Although the bate on classifitn end 1973 wh the removal of homosexualy om the send edn of the Diagnostic and Statistil Manual of Mental Disorrs (DSM; Amerin Psychiatric Associatn, 1973), s herage has lasted. This herage has tated discsn on mental health of lbians and gay men by associatg—even equatg—claims that LGB people have higher prevalenc of mental disorrs than heterosexual people wh the historil antigay stance and the stigmatizatn of LGB persons (Bailey, 1999).

The answer, therefore, pends on scientific and social nsens that evolv and is subject to the vicissus of social change (Gergen, 1985, 2001) distctn between prevalenc of mental disorrs and classifitn the DSM was apparent to Marmor (1980), who an early discsn of the bate said, The basic issue … is not whether some or many homosexuals n be found to be nrotilly disturbed.

PREJUDICE, SOCIAL STRS, AND MENTAL HEALTH LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL POPULATNS: CONCEPTUAL ISSU AND REARCH EVINCE

In a society like ours where homosexuals are uniformly treated wh disparagement or ntempt—to say nothg about outright hostily— would be surprisg ed if substantial numbers of them did not suffer om an impaired self-image and some gree of unhapps wh their stigmatized stat.

Evince om this rearch suggts that pared wh their heterosexual unterparts, gay men and lbians suffer om more mental health problems cludg substance e disorrs, affective disorrs, and suici (Cochran, 2001; Gilman et al., 2001; Herrell et al., 1999; Sandfort, Graaf, Bijl, & Schnabel, 2001). Acrdg to the formulatns, prejudice and discrimatn related to low socenomic stat, racism, sexism, or homophobia—much like the chang precipated by personal life events that are mon to all people—n duce chang that require adaptatn and n therefore be nceptualized as strsful (Allison, 1998; Bart, Biener, & Bach, 1987; Clark, Anrson, Clark, & Williams, 1999; Meyer, 1995; Mirowsky & Ross, 1989; Pearl, 1999b) notn that strs is related to social stctur and ndns is at once tuively appealg and nceptually difficult. Applied to lbians, gay men, and bisexuals, a mory strs mol poss that sexual prejudice (Herek, 2000) is strsful and may lead to adverse mental health out (Brooks, 1981; Cochran, 2001; DiPlacido, 1998; Krieger & Sidney, 1997; Mays & Cochran, 2001; Meyer, 1995).

Mory inty is lked to a variety of strs procs; some LGB people, for example, may be vigilant teractns wh others (expectatns of rejectn), hi their inty for fear of harm (ncealment), or ternalize stigma (ternalized homophobia) FactorsAs early as 1954, Allport suggted that mory members rpond to prejudice wh pg and rilience.

SELECTED BIBLGRAPHY FOR LBIAN, GAY AND BISEXUAL CONCERNS PSYCHOLOGY: AN AFFIRMATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Among gay men, personal acceptance of one’s gay inty and talkg to fay members about AIDS showed the strongt posive associatns wh ncurrent measur of support and chang support satisfactn (Kertzner, 2001). Ined, reappraisal is at the re of gay-affirmative, Black, and femist psychotherapi that aim to empower the mory person (Gars & Kimmel, 1991; hooks, 1993; Sha, 1990; Smh & Siegel, 1985) distctn between personal and group-level pg may be somewhat plited bee even group-level rourc (e. Rearch on Black and Lato LGB dividuals has shown that they often nont homophobia their racial/ethnic muni and alienatn om their racial/ethnic inty the LGB muny (Diaz, Ayala, Be, Jenne, & Mar, 2001; Esp, 1993; Loiano, 1993).

Th, overg negative self-evaluatn is the primary aim of the LGB person’s velopment g out and is a central theme of gay-affirmative therapi (Coleman, 1981–1982; Diaz et al., 2001; Loiano, 1993; Malyon, 1981–1982; Meyer & Dean, 1998; Rotheram-Bos & Fernanz, 1995; Troin, 1989). Bee they volve self-perceptns and appraisals, the mory strs procs are more proximal to the dividual, cludg, as scribed above for LGB dividuals, expectatns of rejectn, ncealment, and ternalized homophobia (box f). For example, such studi may scribe whether LGB people who have experienced antigay discrimatn suffer greater adverse mental health impact than LGB people who have not experienced such strs (Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 1999).

Prejudice events Siar to rearch wh Ain Amerins and other ethnic mory groups (Ksler, Mickelson, & Williams, 1999), rearchers have scribed antigay vlence and discrimatn as re strsors affectg gay and lbian populatns (Gars et al., 1990; Herek & Berrill, 1992; Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 1999; Kertzner, 1999). Antigay prejudice has been perpetrated throughout history: Instutnalized forms of prejudice, discrimatn, and vlence have ranged om Nazi extermatn of homosexuals to enforcement of sodomy laws punishable by imprisonment, stratn, torture, and ath (Adam, 1987). Wh the formatn of a gay muny, as LGB dividuals beme more visible and more readily intifiable by potential perpetrators, they creasgly beme targets of antigay vlence and discrimatn (Badgett, 1995; Herek & Berrill, 1992; Human Rights Watch, 2001; Safe Schools Coaln of Washgton, 1999).

STIGMA AND MORY STRS AS SOCIAL DETERMANTS OF HEALTH AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR YOUTH: REARCH EVINCE AND CLIL IMPLITNS

In 2001, Amnty Internatnal reported that lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr (LGBT) people are subject to wispread human rights ab, torture, and ill treatment, rangg om loss of digny to asslt and murr.

A natnal survey of LGBT youth nducted by the advocy anizatn Gay, Lbian, and Straight Edutn Network (GLSEN; 1999) reported that those surveyed experienced verbal harassment (61%), sexual harassment (47%), physil harassment (28%), and physil asslt (14%).

The overwhelmg majory of LGBT youth (90%) sometim or equently heard homophobic remarks at their schools, wh many (37%) reportg hearg the remarks om faculty or school staff (GLSEN, 1999) men and lbians are also discrimated agast the workplace. Badget’s (1995) analysis of natnal data showed that gay and bisexual male workers earned om 11% to 27% ls than heterosexual male workers wh the same experience, tn, occupatn, maral stat, and regn of rince.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL AFFIRMATIVE COUNSELG SELF-EFFICY INVENTORY – SHORT FORM (LGB-CSI-SF)

Antigay bias crim had greater mental health impact on LGB persons than siar crime not related to bias, and bias-crime victimizatn may have short- or long-term nsequenc, cludg severe reactns such as posttrmatic strs disorr (Herek et al., 1999; McDevt, Balboni, Garcia, & Gu, 2001) Expectatns of rejectn and discrimatn Goffman (1963) discsed the anxiety wh which the stigmatized dividual approach teractns society. Hetrick and Mart (1987) scribed learng to hi as the most mon pg strategy of gay and lbian adolcents, and noted thatdividuals such a posn mt nstantly monor their behavr all circumstanc: how one drs, speaks, walks, and talks bee nstant sourc of possible disvery.

In another study among HIV-negative gay men, those who ncealed their sexual orientatn were more likely to have health problems than those who were open about their sexual orientatn (Cole et al., 1996b)In addn to supprsed emotns, ncealment prevents LGB people om intifyg and affiliatg wh others who are gay.

College stunts wh ncealable stigmas, such as homosexualy, felt better about themselv when they were an environment wh others who were like them than when they were wh others who are not siarly stigmatized. Meyer and Dean (1998) fed ternalized homophobia as “the gay person’s directn of negative social attus toward the self, leadg to a valuatn of the self and rultant ternal nflicts and poor self-regard” (p.