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Edgar Hoover, Public Enemy No. 1</h1><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SplScreenContentHearDek-emptdL iUEiRd wOnsu dJrDEb">The F.B.I. director promised to save Amerin mocracy om those who would subvert —while his secret programs subverted om wh.</div><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl SplScreenContentHearByle-kvEhqE ejWxsm"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH ivtvgj byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span><a class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM ByleLk-gEnFiw iUEiRd ggMZaT cXqSTL eErqIx byle__name-lk button" href="/ntributors/margaret-talbot">Margaret Talbot</a></span></span></p></div><time data-ttid="ContentHearPublishDate" dateTime="2022-11-14T06:00:00-05:00" 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Edgar Hoover." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></picture></span></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 SplScreenContentHearGrid-kFpOdh fLkIyA"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE iTuhkZ ptn SplScreenContentHearCaptn-iOfEOv ckLUKG"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptn__text">Early on, Hoover veloped what beme a lifelong hab of turng his crics to enemi—and vtigatg them as such.</span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnCred-ejegDm iUEiRd iicloT jbIJNS ptn__cred">Bridgeman Imag / Everett</span></div></div></div></hear></div><div data-attribute-verso-pattern="article-body" class="ArticlePageContentBackGround-cNiFNN kbAoLA article-body__ntent"><div class="ActnBarWrapperContent-lasBkU cAHp"><div class="ActnBarWrapperComponent-cjwxLS bEeSLb"><div data-attr-viewport-monor="" class="ActnBarWrapper-dhxmQh kNjTbQ viewport-monor-anchor"><button id="bookmark" aria-label="Save this story" class="ActnBarButton-dyFOZU hQrwCF bookmark large-screen"><span class="ActnBarSendaryButtonPrimaryIn-isbvyN cAwccV bookmark-button-in"><svg class="in in-bookmark" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="><tle>Save this story</tle><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M20 23.9508L12.5 19.7312L5 23.9508V2.95081H14V3.93211H6V22.1845L12.5 18.5536L19 22.1845V8.83866H20V23.9508Z"></path><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M23 3H20V0H19V3H16V4H19V7H20V4H23V3Z"></path></svg></span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ActnBarButtonText-bYXYuh iUEiRd bkefvo gkccfO">Save this story</span></button></div><div data-attr-viewport-monor="" class="ActnBarWrapper-dhxmQh kAEsuD viewport-monor-anchor"><button id="bookmark" aria-label="Save this story" class="ActnBarButton-dyFOZU cjjxgx bookmark mobile"><span class="ActnBarSendaryButtonPrimaryIn-isbvyN cAwccV bookmark-button-in"><svg class="in in-bookmark" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="><tle>Save this story</tle><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M20 23.9508L12.5 19.7312L5 23.9508V2.95081H14V3.93211H6V22.1845L12.5 18.5536L19 22.1845V8.83866H20V23.9508Z"></path><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M23 3H20V0H19V3H16V4H19V7H20V4H23V3Z"></path></svg></span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ActnBarButtonText-bYXYuh iUEiRd bkefvo gkccfO">Save this story</span></button></div></div></div><div class="LightboxWrapper-dxsWBV hhylRt"><div class="ArticlePageChunksContent-etcMtP bwyLBj"><div data-ttid="ArticlePageChunks" class="ArticlePageChunks-fLyCVG Uozmo"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><figure data-ttid="IameEmbed" class="IameEmbedWrapper-sc-dRedg cjyRVU iame-embed"><div data-ttid="IameEmbedContaer" class="IameEmbedContaer-hptgUZ fXVBaX"><div class="IameEmbedAspectRatWrapper-hFVJps BKpgQ"><iame class="IameEmbedContent-cMdiev csnuAY IameEmbedContent lazyload" height="90" width="100%" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-orig allow-popups" tle="Embedd Frame" data-src=" allowfullscreen="" allow="toplay *; encrypted-media *; clipboard-wre; toplay; fullscreen; picture--picture"></iame></div></div></figure><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">One morng the fall of 1971, Print <a href=">Richard Nixon</a> set out to fire J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the F.B.I., who had led over the agency like a potentate sce 1924. The two men were longtime iends, uned by their polil affi, cludg a bone-ep antipathy to the Amerin left, Old and New, and a tenncy to monize their crics. Over the years, Nixon and his wife, Pat, had socialized often wh Hoover and his pann, Cly Tolson. They had even vatned together the fifti, at a seasi rort La Jolla, California, owned by a pair of Texas oil tyons who went out of their way to put their powerful guts at ease. After Nixon lost the 1960 Printial electn, to John F. Kennedy, Hoover was ankly disappoted, and wrote to urge his iend not to give up on polics: “The Uned Stat and the Free World need a man of your stature sperately.” When Nixon ma his eback, 1968, Hoover was a distct asset, an old-school embodiment of law and orr for a Printial mpaign that prented self as the antidote to urban uprisgs, mp protts, and street crime.</p><p class="paywall">But by that fall, more than two years to Nixon’s Princy, Hoover had bee a liabily, the historian Beverly Gage explas her crisply wrten, prodigly rearched, and equently astonishg new bgraphy, “<a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">G-Man: J. Edgar Hoover and the Makg of the Amerin Century</a>” (Vikg). He was seventy-six, and showg his age, nappg for hours his office the afternoons. He was also showg, Gage’s words, “creasg levels of vrl and stabily,” rmg the Whe Hoe, for stance, that the four stunt monstrators shot to ath by Natnal Guardsmen at Kent State had “ved and got what they served.” In 1970, for the first time a reer which he had enjoyed remarkable levels of public approval, half of Amerins polled by Gallup said that they thought he should retire. And there was worse to e.</p><p class="paywall">On the night of March 8, 1971, burglars broke to an F.B.I. field office Media, Pennsylvania, and ma off wh a che of top-secret fil. The culprs, whose inti would not be revealed for years, were a small band of Quaker-spired pacifists who spected that the F.B.I. had filtrated the antiwar movement and other New Left activi. They were proved right by the documents, which they pored over and then began releasg tranch to two members of Congrs, Senator Gee McGovern, of South Dakota, and Reprentative Parren Mchell, of Maryland, and to three newspapers, the Los Angel <em>Tim</em>, the Washgton <em>Post</em>, and the New York <em>Tim</em>. (McGovern, Mchell, and the L.A. <em>Tim</em> turned the fil over to the F.B.I.; the <em>Post</em> and, later, the <em>Tim</em> chose to report on their ntents.) Hoover’s F.B.I., as the fil tablished, had engeered a clanste mpaign aimed at “disptg” and “ntralizg” left-wg and civil-rights anizatns through the e of rmants, smear mpaigns, and llo, cunng plots to break up marriag, get people fired, and exacerbate polil divisns. One of the fil ma reference to the name of the project: <em class="small">COINTELPRO</em>, which stood for “untertelligence program.” It would take years of diggg by journalists, reams of Freedom of Informatn Act requts, and the dogged work of the Church mtee—a ngrsnal body, chaired by the Idaho senator Frank Church, that was formed 1975 to look to the natn’s telligence activi—to reveal substantially more about the program. Unr s spic, the F.B.I. had wiretapped Mart Luther Kg, Jr.,’s hotel rooms and rerd his sexual assignatns. In 1964, soon after Kg was award the Nobel Peace Prize, a package ntag the tap arrived at his home. His wife, Coretta Stt Kg, opened . Insi was a letter, ncted by the F.B.I. and purportg to be om a disappoted Black supporter of Kg’s, that lled him “a filthy, abnormal animal” while seemgly urgg him to kill himself. <em class="small">COINTELPRO</em> operativ went on to spread a false mor that the actrs Jean Seberg was pregnant by a member of the Black Panthers. (In fact, she was married and pregnant wh her hband’s child, but, after the mor circulated, she gave birth prematurely and lost the baby.) In 1969, <em class="small">COINTELPRO</em> operativ llaborated wh Chigo police the raid that killed the twenty-one-year-old Black Panther lear Fred Hampton his bed. Hoover, Gage not, approved a bon for the F.B.I. rmant who had drawn a map of Hampton’s apartment, cludg where he slept.</p><div class="GenericCalloutWrapper-tojWn cBtRxy llout--has-top-borr" data-ttid="GenericCallout"><div class="ExternalLkEmbedWrapper-hNDkqw cDXXLC" data-ttid="external-lk-embed--le"><div class="ExternalLkEmbedText-glBTSy gRKpCf"><a aria-label="<strong>The Bt Books We Read This Week</strong>" class="external-lk external-lk-embed__hed-lk button" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ExternalLkEmbedHed-dSIMOS iUEiRd ljLDe gsZLZF"><strong>The Bt Books We Read This Week</strong></span></a><p class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ExternalLkEmbedDek-btrWcN iUEiRd flMnoK jwHNCY"><em>Read our reviews of notable new fictn and nonfictn, updated every Wednday.</em></p></div><a aria-label="<strong>The Bt Books We Read This Week</strong>" class="external-lk external-lk-embed__image-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa ExternalLkEmbedRponsiveImage-iGydLQ dGzCDw rponsive-image"><img alt="" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w" siz="100vw"/></picture></a></div></div><p class="paywall">In the outcry that followed the early revelatns about <em class="small">COINTELPRO</em>, some members of Congrs lled for Hoover’s rignatn. <em>Life</em> ran an omo image of him as a marble bt, wh the ver le “Emperor of the F.B.I.” Even Nixon’s adviser Patrick Buchanan told the Print that Hoover should go, before his reputatn was picked over “by the jackals of the Left.” Amid public cricism, Hoover had—to Nixon’s annoyance—bee uncharacteristilly ut on certa onts. He was ls aggrsive than Nixon wanted him to be, for stance, pursug whoever had leaked the Pentagon Papers. In tratn, Nixon secretly thorized the creatn of a team of telligence operativ who would do whatever, his view, had to be done. The team me to clu a former F.B.I. agent, G. Gordon Liddy, and was -named the Plumbers.</p><div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--article-mid-ntent" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--article-mid-ntent nsumer-marketg-un__slot---ntent"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><p class="paywall">All that remaed was to cut Hoover loose. The trouble was that he had no tentn of leavg. He had already fagled an extensn of the mandatory feral-ernment retirement age of seventy. By temperament and by iology, he was cled to hold on to his power perpetuy. The Print and his staff spent months schemg about how, exactly, to manver him out. They nsired var al sweeteners—cludg the ia of appotg Hoover to the Supreme Court. Nixon’s advisers posed a script for the Print to e at a breakfast meetg wh Hoover that morng 1971, which he would be assured that, if he stepped down, he would leave wh “full honors (medal, dner etc.).” The two men spoke for almost an hour at the Whe Hoe, Gage tells . But, the end, Nixon uld not brg himself to rece the script.</p><p class="paywall">In fact, the only mment that me out of the meetg was a ncsn om Nixon to crease the F.B.I.’s personnel budget. Nixon, his memoirs, said that he retreated out of loyalty to a great man and an old iend. But to those his circle, Gage wr, the Print “revealed somethg more acute: a fear of Hoover’s skill at wieldg power, and a sense that even the Print was no match for the F.B.I. director.” Nixon told his ais, “We may have on our hands here a man who will pull down the temple wh him, cludg me.” Several more months passed, durg which the Print was always jt about to lower the boom. But when Hoover died—at home, of heart failure, on May 2, 1972—he was still the director of the F.B.I. “That old cksucker!” Nixon exclaimed when he got the news om his chief of staff. Gage puts that reactn down to equal parts surprise and admiratn for the man Nixon ed to ll his bt personal iend ernment.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Prev acunts of how Hoover clung to his posn for so long have tend to strs his pacy to timidate, and even blackmail, Prints. Gage certaly do not ny Hoover’s talent and taste for the dark arts, but she wants to emphasize a simpler explanatn, one ls flatterg to Ameri’s self-regard. For a very long time, most Amerins admired Hoover. In the neteen-thirti, the Bure’s whe-llar officers acquired a new mystique when, at Frankl Roosevelt’s beht, they took on gangsters such as John Dillger and Pretty Boy Floyd. For the first time sce the Bure’s foundg, 1908, agents were allowed to make arrts and rry guns—they shot Dillger down as he left a movie theatre Chigo, where he’d been watchg a gangster picture. Though ially wary of the prs and publicy, Hoover proved apt at turng them to his advantage. The Bure opened s doors to the public for tours, and öperated wh Hollywood studs on a spate of films and, later, a TV seri that glamorized F.B.I. agents and offered tantalizg glimps of the agency’s state-of-the-art forensics. (My father acted one of the F.B.I. lovefts, a B movie lled “Parole Fixer,” om 1940. He was treated to a trip to headquarters, cludg a turn the basement shootg range, and a highly flatterg, personally tographed charal portra of Hoover.) Outsi the director’s office was a display se that ntaed an array of nfisted weapons, along wh John Dillger’s ath mask and bloodstaed straw boater.</p><p class="paywall">But Hoover’s purview took far more than crime. By the late neteen-forti, he had bee the untry’s most reliable anti-Communist warrr, more sober ( all sens of the word) and ls erratic than Joseph McCarthy, and for the long hl. While hbandg his hoard of secrets, he managed to fashn himself to a sort of avuncular avatar of nservative Amerinism. Until the <em class="small">COINTELPRO</em> revelatns, that persona sured his wi appeal. In terviews wh reporters and speech before women’s clubs and the Amerin Legn, Hoover extolled Christian fah and the importance of Sunday school; veighed agast “sob sisters,” fense lawyers, “nvict lovers,” crimal-jtice reformers, and civil-rights “agators”; and harped on the unrelentg threat of Communism to the Amerin way of life. “The tth is that Hoover stayed office for so long bee many people, om the hight reach of ernment, down to the grassroots, wanted him there and supported what he was dog,” Gage wr. In 1964, after he gave a prs nference which he nounced Kg as Ameri’s “most notor liar,” fifty per cent of Amerins sid wh Hoover and jt sixteen per cent sid wh Kg. (The rt were uncid.) And, as the Nixon story shows, Hoover’s crepcular hold over Prints was tenac. He served unr eight of them, four Republins and four Democrats, and, Gage mak clear, most were eher beholn to him or sred of him, or both.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-1 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">There have been other big, amb bgraphi of Hoover, but “G-Man” is the first nearly three s. One advantage to wrg about him now is that, the realm of natnal secury, revelatns burble up over time, fil get classified, <em class="small">FOIA</em> requts hl out unexpected specimens their s. But some of Gage’s ht tak ncern Hoover’s upbrgg a rpectably middle-class but emotnally beleaguered fay, and the formatn of his racial attus a llege aterny wh a sentimental attachment to the Jim Crow South. Many of the book’s other sharp asssments e not om secret documents but om generally available historil sourc that the thor has read wh close attentn or particular nuance.</p><p class="paywall">Hoover was born on January 1, 1895, Washgton, D.C., the cy which he would always live. His father, Dickerson Hoover, worked for the feral ernment, prtg maps for the Coast Survey. He and his wife, Annie, had three children before Edgar, the youngt, arrived. One dghter had died of diphtheria at the age of three, durg a vatn to Atlantic Cy, a blow om which the fay seems never to have entirely revered. Edgar was, Gage says, “an amb, hard-workg child, eager to please his teachers and parents alike.” The fay was lovg, his father gentle and affectnate. He was also, for much of Edgar’s life, gripped by severe prsn. When Hoover was a teen-ager, Dickerson was stutnalized for a time at a sanarium Lrel, Maryland. He died 1921, at the age of sixty-four; the ath certifite listed the as “melancholia” and “ann”—vague diagnos that hted at how ltle effective treatment existed for the mentally ill. It’s difficult to know exactly how his father’s shadowy ndn affected Hoover; there are no extant letters or journals that reveal how he felt about . But Gage suggts that he was probably ashamed of his father, viewg his prsn as weakns. A niece of Hoover’s relled that he seemed angry about : “He never uld tolerate anythg that was imperfect.”</p><div class="Contaer-bkChBi byNLHx"></div><p class="paywall">The Washgton that Hoover grew up had the largt Black populatn of any cy the U.S., and was beg more rigidly segregated. He attend an all-whe public high school and went on to study law at Gee Washgton Universy, an stutn that did not adm Black stunts until 1954. At G.W., what Gage argu was a portento step, Hoover joed the Kappa Alpha aterny. Found 1865 honor of Robert E. Lee, Kappa Alpha was, acrdg to Gage, a bastn of the Lost Cse mythology that glorified the feated plantatn culture of the slaveholdg South. As late as the neteen-fifti, the aterny’s chapters were still holdg Conferate drs balls, blackface mstrel shows, and “secsn ceremoni.” Hoover remaed a loyal alum all his life. Kappa Alpha beme, Gage reports, his “chief source of stenance and iendship”—a mol for the overwhelmgly male, virtually all-whe, sociable but hierarchil and rual-bound F.B.I. that he built up as s director. Through the aterny’s work, he “gaed entree to Washgton’s polil ele,” pecially circl domated by Southern members of Congrs. Perhaps even more important, Kappa Alpha “solidified the nservative racial outlook he would prerve, wh mor variatns, for the rt of his life.”</p><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kKwZhx rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><div data-attr-viewport-monor="" class="RponsiveCartoonWrapper-iTMMjI eXTYsS rponsive-rtoon AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset viewport-monor-anchor"><a class="external-lk rponsive-rtoon__image-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa RponsiveCartoonImage-hzNqyc ikeCcH rponsive-rtoon__image rponsive-image"><noscript><img alt="Moe rtrant at the foot of a baby's hichair lled The Daily Catch." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></a><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE gdZTpI ptn RponsiveCartoonCaptn-dokfdF hJgaLQ rponsive-rtoon__ptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo bsWloa ptn__text">“Today’s special is puréed sweet potato on cracker.”</span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE iTuhkZ ptn RponsiveCartoonCred-bKlQqO faLAFb rponsive-rtoon__cred"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnCred-ejegDm iUEiRd iicloT bmQtfn ptn__cred">Cartoon by Lynn Hsu</span></div><div class="RponsiveCartoonCTA-eiqqMB iDCQRs"><div class="RponsiveCartoonCTAWrapper-CYIqa iTbFtf"><div class="RponsiveCartoonLkButtonWrapper-hqDAJK eSEhbj"><button aria-label="Copy lk to rtoon" class="BaseButton-bLlsy ButtonWrapper-xCepQ bqVKKv YsOBB button button--primary-pair RponsiveCartoonInButton-hBCBMq lpsjql" data-event-click="{"element":"Button"}" data-ttid="Button" 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19.5523 9.58881 20 9.03652 20C8.48424 20 8.03652 19.5523 8.03652 19C8.03652 18.4477 8.48424 18 9.03652 18C9.58881 18 10.0365 18.4477 10.0365 19ZM11.0365 19C11.0365 20.1046 10.1411 21 9.03652 21C7.93195 21 7.03652 20.1046 7.03652 19C7.03652 17.8954 7.93195 17 9.03652 17C10.1411 17 11.0365 17.8954 11.0365 19ZM18.0365 19C18.0365 19.5523 17.5888 20 17.0365 20C16.4842 20 16.0365 19.5523 16.0365 19C16.0365 18.4477 16.4842 18 17.0365 18C17.5888 18 18.0365 18.4477 18.0365 19ZM19.0365 19C19.0365 20.1046 18.1411 21 17.0365 21C15.932 21 15.0365 20.1046 15.0365 19C15.0365 17.8954 15.932 17 17.0365 17C18.1411 17 19.0365 17.8954 19.0365 19Z" fill="black"></path></g><fs><clipPath id="clip0_3732_178638"><rect width="24" height="24" fill="whe"></rect></clipPath><clipPath id="clip1_3732_178638"><rect width="24" height="24" fill="whe"></rect></clipPath></fs></svg></div></button></div></div></div></span></div></figure><p class="paywall">Hired at the Department of Jtice 1917, Hoover hunkered down and never left. He had held a prev job as a clerk at the Library of Congrs, a two-year stt that sparked his zeal for llectg and classifyg rmatn. At Jtice, he was assigned to the Bure of Invtigatn, then a relatively poky subpartment known to the public, if was known at all, for sniffg out vlatns of the 1910 Mann Act. That changed when Woodrow Wilson’s Attorney General, A. Mchell Palmer, began watchg polil subversiv—anarchists, socialists, strike anizers, the ocsnal mail bomber, and not a few pacifists who gmbled to their liberty bbage about Wilson or his war. In 1919 and early 1920, Palmer orred a notor seri of raids, bangg on doors to arrt and, when possible, port spected radils to Rsia, Eastern Europe, or Italy. Palmer picked the young Hoover to head the new Radil Divisn, which anized the raids. He took to the work wh enthiasm, meticuloly fillg the bets at headquarters wh thoands of x rds on troublemakers across the untry.</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><asi class="PersistentAsiWrapper-VGrR daRVRt persistent-asi" style="posn:absolute;top:to;height:to" data-ttid="PersistentAsiWrapper"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="9l1r7"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></asi></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="wksjth"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">It was “an unprecented experiment peacetime polil surveillance” that marked Hoover for life, Gage wr. When he and Palmer were challenged by civil libertarians, a new tegory that rose up partly rponse to the raids, “brought out an ugly, vdictive si to Hoover’s personaly—one that had always been there, perhaps, but that had been ntrolled by a steady diet of praise and succs.” Now he tablished a hab that he would reta for the rt of his life, of turng crics to enemi—and vtigatg them as such. His righteons, bed wh burecratic acumen and polil savvy, won the admiratn of his superrs. In 1924, he beme the actg and then the permanent director of what was still lled the Bure of Invtigatn. There were those who warned that he’d been tated by the excs of the Palmer Raids; Felix Frankfurter, the future Supreme Court Jtice, was one of them. But Hoover was entrenched and wily, and he stck a morn note—rejectg rough stuff like the third gree for terrogatg wrongos, and upholdg forensic novatns, such as a natnal reposory of fgerprts. He was what we might now ll data-driven.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Was Hoover gay? I would have thought that was a settled matter by now, but I would have been wrong. In a recent book, “<a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Secret Cy: The Hidn History of Gay Washgton</a>,” the journalist Jam Kirchick wr, “While ’s certaly plsible that Hoover was gay and that Tolson was his lover, the only evince th far adduced has been circumstantial.” In 2011, when Clt Eastwood ma a b-pic about Hoover that suggted he and Tolson were romantilly volved, the Washgton <em>Post</em> ran an article about ex-F.B.I. agents who angrily nied the notn. It’s te that, the absence of more direct evince, we n’t <em>know</em>. But Gage, who handl the qutn ftly and thoughtfully, will leave most rears wh ltle doubt that Hoover was sentially married to Tolson, a tall, handsome Midwterner wh a G.W. law gree who went to work at the Bure March of 1928, and whom the prs habually referred to as Hoover’s “right-hand man.” Neher of them ever married, or, appears, had a ser romantic relatnship wh a woman. After Hoover’s mother died, 1938—he had lived wh her the fay home until then— was bed about that now, his mid-forti, he was marriageable at last. Hoover half-heartedly fanned the embers of a nvenient mor that he jt might be engaged to Lela Rogers, the age-appropriate, fervently anti-Communist mother of Gger. In 1939, he gave an terview which he claimed to have been searchg va “for an old-fashned girl,” addg that “the girls men take out to make whoopee wh are not the girls they want as the mother of their children.” Meanwhile, the only person wh whom he seems to have enjoyed a documented flirtatn, though was chiefly epistolary, was an F.B.I. agent he had assigned to hunt down Dillger, a young man named Melv Purvis. In a rrponnce om the thirti that Purvis, not Hoover, saved, the director dwelled admirgly on his agent’s swoon-worthy Clark Gable looks; as Purvis’s boss, he alternately promoted him and punished him for showboatg and other actns. (After forcg Purvis out of the Bure, Hoover never spoke to him aga; he did not even acknowledge his ath, by suici, 1960.)</p><p class="paywall">Begng the mid-neteen-thirti, Hoover and Tolson, nfirmed bachelors, as my grandparents would say, were almost separable. Though they did not live together Washgton, they took a r to work together every morng and lunched every day at a rtrant lled Harvey’s. They went to New York night clubs, Broadway shows, and the horse rac à ux, and vatned together—Miami the wter and La Jolla for the entire month of Augt every year. (Gage offers a close readg of photographs Hoover took Miami one year, which clud tenr shots of a shirtls Tolson at play on the beach, and asleep a ck chair.) Social vatns and holiday greetgs om anyone who knew Hoover at all well and wanted to stay on his good si were addrsed to them both. When Hoover died, he left the bulk of his tate to Tolson. F.D.R.’s son Elltt later said that his father had heard the mors about Hoover’s homosexualy but didn’t re “so long as his abili were not impaired.” It was possible for people to know the al and to acknowledge only tacly, if at all, and for Tolson and Hoover to hi pla sight.</p><p class="paywall">What Hoover felt about all this remas elive—a tratn, surely, for the bgrapher, and ocsnally for the rear. We do know what Hoover did when, for example, he heard gossip about his sexualy or was asked to gather rmatn about the sexualy of people ls supremely sulated than he was. If an F.B.I. agent overheard you suggtg that Hoover was gay, you uld anticipate an unved vis om clean-shaven men hats, and a nversatn which you were told to shut up or else. Gage scrib one such cint, om 1952, which an employee at a D.C. bakery equented by G-men told them that a guy he’d met at a party had asked if he’d “heard the director is a queer.” The report reached Hoover, who, Gage says, sent agents to the man’s hoe “to threaten and timidate him to silence.”</p><p class="paywall">Moreover, Hoover dutifully played his part the “lavenr sre” of the neteen-fifti, which targeted homosexuals workg ernment for exposure and expulsn. (The exce was that they posed a secury risk, sce was thought that they were somehow uniquely vulnerable to blackmail, and that, like Communists, they ma up a kd of secret society lodged the heart of our stutns.) Hoover did not speak publicly about the issue the way he did about the Communist threat. But he obtaed om the D.C. police the nam of people arrted for “sexual irregulari” and passed them along to the Whe Hoe. Those who worked for the ernment any pacy, om filg clerk to Cabet secretary, were supposed to be fired—and barred om all future ernment work. Perhaps he thought that his willg participatn a gay wch hunt would flect attentn om his own private life; perhaps he nsired himself and Tolson different om the sexual irregulars the ps were roundg up. In the early neteen-sixti, when a chapter of the Mattache Society, a gay-rights anizatn, started up Washgton, Hoover immediately had s meetgs monored by rmants. Some of the merrier men of the Mattache, for their part, seemed to have got a kick out of sendg Hoover vatns to their events. Gage reports on a memo the fil that reads, “This material is disgtg and offensive and is believed a vigoro objectn to the addn of the Director to s mailg list should be ma.”</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Hoover’s passn for rootg out subversiv the civil-rights movement, on the other hand, burned bright throughout his reer, staed by the racial iology he’d assiated as a young man. For most of his tenure, Hoover risted hirg Black people as anythg other than chffrs and greeters. Through a fle of feral burecracy, his hirg practic were not subject to the same civil-service regulatns as those of other agenci. He took full advantage of this loophole to rec preferentially om Gee Washgton and Kappa Alpha well to the neteen-forti, wh predictably homogeneo rults. (There were also some weird, psdo-phrenologil specifitns: an F.B.I. memo taken the 1971 burglary proscribed the hirg of men wh “pear-shaped heads.”)</p><p class="paywall">Unr varyg gre of prsure om Roosevelt, Tman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson, Hoover’s F.B.I. did vtigate racially motivated murrs the South. A tipoff to the F.B.I., fact, fally led vtigators to the bodi of three civil-rights workers murred durg the Freedom Summer, 1964, and buried ep an earthen dam ral Mississippi, where they would surely have otherwise remaed. In the mid-sixti, the F.B.I. even had a <em class="small">COINTELPRO</em> un dited to filtratg the Ku Klux Klan, and Hoover was trated by the transigence of whe Southern juri who wouldn’t return guilty verdicts for spects the F.B.I. had helped track down; for one thg, ma the Bure look effective. But Hoover’s heart was jt never the harassment of whe supremacists the way was the houndg of Black leftists. For the most part, he risted lls for F.B.I. agents to protect civil-rights monstrators, and he refed to rm Kg of credible ath threats. Lyndon Johnson had to beg him to make an exceptn and send a tail to Jackson, Mississippi, to watch over Kg for a few days the summer of 1964.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-2 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">The relatnship between L.B.J. and Hoover was a ph and pull out of which emerged some assurance, for a time, of Kg’s safety, landmark civil-rights legislatn, and more leverage for Hoover. He liked L.B.J. a lot better than he’d liked the Kennedys, and he was willg to do him some favors. In 1964, when Hoover ttified about the Bure, as he did each year, before the Hoe Appropriatns Commtee, he took the opportuny to go off the rerd and talk about Kg’s sexual pas and his ti to former members of the Communist Party. Johnson’s ais worried that, once the scurrilo remarks entered the Capol Hill gossip stream, the civil-rights bill they were workg to pass would be imperilled. Hoover uld have said more and said more openly—no doubt he would have liked to—but dog so would have sabotaged Johnson while brgg the Bure’s secret spyg operatn to light. He held off. The bill beme law early July. When Johnson signed , he hand out pens to those who’d helped sure s passage, and one of them went to Hoover, who had done so only by stayg quiet. “Wh Johnson’s proddg,” Gage wr, “Hoover showed that the F.B.I. was still pable of producg solid and profsnal work”—trackg down the whereabouts of the three murred civil-rights workers, for stance.</p><p class="paywall">But Johnson also volved Hoover a shady si gig, for which he owed the director. L.B.J. feared that he would lose ntrol of the 1964 Democratic Conventn, late Augt: there were rivals for the nomatn, a Black prott legatn om Mississippi challengg the all-whe official one, and whe Southern Democrats on the rampage. Johnson wanted as smooth an ascensn to the top of the ticket as possible, so he asked Hoover to have F.B.I. agents, supplemented by civil-rights-movement rmants, keep tabs on the protters and on anyone else poised to dispt an all-the-way-wh-L.B.J. spectacle. The agents did their job.</p><p class="paywall">At tim, Gage argu for Hoover as a tragic figure—a man who started out wh a ditn to public service and certa narrow mments to dog thgs expertly and aboveboard, but who allowed his ialistic profsnalism to wane and his missn to be rpted. Yet much that she wr about cuts agast that terpretatn. Hoover may ed have been dited to ernment work and s possibili (an orientatn that we do not, as Gage says, associate wh ntemporary nservatism). From the Palmer Raids to <em class="small">COINTELPRO</em>, however, he was never able to unrstand mpaigns to expand social or racial or genr equaly as anythg other than crimal nspiraci, gned up by foreign agents and their dup. As a rult, Gage nclus, “Hoover did as much as any dividual ernment to nta and cripple movements seekg social jtice, and th to lim the forms of mocracy and ernance that might have been possible.” That is a vastatg asssment.</p><p class="paywall">Hoover’s reputatn may have suffered, but one ccial rpect he still holds the upper hand. In 2027, the rerdgs that the Bure ma Kg’s hotel rooms will be released to the public. We’ll all have the chance to listen to and judge them. In Hoover’s office at the time of his own ath was a set of fil ntag letters and other papers that ncerned his private life. Acrdg to ngrsnal vtigators, the fil clud Bure documents as well. Hoover had given orrs to his long-servg secretary, Helen Gandy, to stroy them when the time me. On the day he died, Gandy began to do so. It took her two months to tear up each paper and then make sure they were all shredd or cerated. Hoover knew how to keep his own secrets. He is keepg some of them still. ♦</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="7bfva6"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 PaywallInleBarrierWhWrapperGrid-fyrGfS kLQIUk grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="body body__le-barrier article__body"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div 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who <a href="/magaze/1995/06/05/rejectg-ga" class="InternalLkEmbedWrapper-fhjgJW cQLtaa">got to Harvard</a>.</p></div></li><li class="LkStackBullet-kQRqul iQHwiG lk-stack--lk-em" data-ttid="LkStackBullet"><div><p>A thief who <a href="/magaze/2004/05/17/the-silver-thief" class="InternalLkEmbedWrapper-fhjgJW cQLtaa">stole only silver</a>.</p></div></li><li class="LkStackBullet-kQRqul iQHwiG lk-stack--lk-em" data-ttid="LkStackBullet"><div><p>The light of the <a href="/tech/annals-of-technology/the-first-light-of-the-try-atomic-tt" class="InternalLkEmbedWrapper-fhjgJW cQLtaa">world’s first nuclear bomb</a>.</p></div></li><li class="LkStackBullet-kQRqul iQHwiG lk-stack--lk-em" data-ttid="LkStackBullet"><div><p>How Steve Mart <a href="/magaze/2007/10/29/-the-bird-ge" class="InternalLkEmbedWrapper-fhjgJW cQLtaa">learned what’s funny</a>.</p></div></li><li class="LkStackBullet-kQRqul iQHwiG lk-stack--lk-em" data-ttid="LkStackBullet"><div><p>Growg up as the <a 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summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Iphigenia Fort Hills" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">A Reporter at Large</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">Iphigenia Fort Hills</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Iphigenia Fort Hills" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">Anatomy of a murr trial.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Ja Mallm</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff hlYhBH summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm fvDIAb" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Transn" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Annals of History</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">The Transn</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Transn" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">Lyndon Johnson and the events Dallas.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Robert A. Caro</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff hlYhBH summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm fvDIAb" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Blood Ti" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Annals of Crime</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">Blood Ti</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Blood Ti" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">Two brilliant llege lovers were nvicted of a btal slayg. All the years later, why has the se bee a e?</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Nathan Heller</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff hlYhBH summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm fvDIAb" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Chameleon" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Annals of Crime</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">The Chameleon</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span 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john edgar hoover gay

A new film on J. Edgar Hoover is a remr that his persecutn of gay people stroyed thoands of liv and reers.

Contents:

J. EDGAR HOOVER: GAY OR JT A MAN WHO HAS SEX WH MEN?

* john edgar hoover gay *

Filmgoers never see the s-long romance between the former FBI director, and his number two, Cly Tolson, nsummated, but there's plenty of lovg glanc, hand-holdg and one scene wh an aggrsive, long, ep was the most powerful man Ameri, who died 1972 -- three years after the Stonewall rts marked the morn gay civil rights movement -- homosexual? "In public, Hoover waged a ventta agast homosexuals and kept "nfintial and secret" fil on the sex liv of ngrsmen and prints.

Dissociatn -- nyg homosexualy, but displayg sexual behavr -- is "not unmon, " acrdg to Dr. Jack Drcher, a New York Cy psychiatrist who is an expert genr and wh strong attractns to other men n have different gre of acceptance om beg fully closeted to beg openly gay. And even if they are homosexually self-aware, they n embrace or reject publicly.

WAS FBI DIRECTOR J. EDGAR HOOVER GAY?

Will the search for famo gay partnerships lead to addg a homophobe to the purple pantheon? * john edgar hoover gay *

"Some men do not publicly intify as gay, regardls of their sexual behavr. "Even the Centers for Disease Control and Preventn (CDC) tracks a group that is not labeled "gay" but "men who have sex wh men. Joseph McCarthy his anti-munist mpaign of the 1950s and who succsfully nvicted Juli and Ethel Rosenberg of pnage, nied he was gay, spe an attractn to, who died of AIDS 1986, was a ntemporary of Hoover and acrdg to one bgraphy, the two attend sex parti together New York the was characterized a scene om Tony Kchner's play, "Angels Ameri, " speakg to his doctor: "..

'J. EDGAR HOOVER WAS NOT GAY!':

"In a 2004 bgraphy by Richard Hack, "Puppetmaster, " which was culled om the not of Tman Capote, who had begun terviews on Hoover and Tolson's relatnship, the thor says Hoover was not gay, but suggts the man was virly turned on by the smut he llected on 200-page secret document was on the extracurricular activi of Capote himself, who was openly Anthony Summers, who exposed the secret sex life of Hoover his 1993 book, "Official and Confintial: The Secret Life of J. And Bra are issug a remake of the medil expert told Summers that Hoover was "strongly predomant homosexual orientatn" and another tegorized him as a "bisexual wh failed heterosexualy.

"I didn't really unrstand anythg about homosexualy at the time, " said Stuart. "Hoover promoted men cled to homosexual discretns, cludg Tolson, who had barely 18 months experience wh the FBI when he beme Hoover's pair ed to make "scy jok" about some of the other agents, like Melv Purvis, who was a hero for arrtg John Dillger, acrdg to 's son shared his father's 500-letter rrponnce wh Hoover, who teased the good-lookg, blond-haired agent as "the Clark Gable of the FBI, " even though he was were timate and one was highly charged wh nuendo, as Hoover referred to himself as the "Chairman of the Moral Uplift Squad. In 1978 when the actrs was asked to ment on Ana Bryant's anti-gay mpaign, Merman told the reporter, "Some of my bt iends are homosexual.

"Harry Hay, founr of the Mattache Society, one of the first gay rights anizatns, nfirmed that Hoover and Tolson sat box owned by and ed exclively by gay men at their racg hnt Del Mar California.

J. EDGAR HOOVER: GAY MARRIAGE ROLE MOL?

"He was fely troubled by homosexualy, " she said 1990, "and my hband's not would have proved that...

UNIQUELY NASTY: J. EDGAR HOOVER'S WAR ON GAYS

I might stir a kettle of worms by makg that statement, but everybody then unrstood that he was a homosexual, not jt the doctors. "He was totally self-servg and the way which he was a reprsed homosexual didn't require him to abe dividual rights and human liberti the way he did, " said Summers. Edgar Hoover was "probably good for the untry, " and whether he was homosexual or not mak no difference.

You n love a person and whether go to the realm of beg gay or not, is here nor there. "A younger generatn of gays was moved by the film precisely bee portrayed such an inic figure's stggle wh his sexualy.

"The dience I was clearly rooted for Hoover to be gay and to have happs his sex and love life, " said Ben Ryan, a 33-year-old novelist om New York Cy. ""Anyone their right md would see this movie and say, 'Oh, well, of urse Hoover was gay, '" he said.

HOMOPHOB WHO WERE SECRETLY GAY: FROM FBI BOSS J. EDGAR HOOVER TO CHISTIAN TV PREACHER TED HAGGARD

"The more spic among might thk that the filmmakers were still aaid of Hoover's ghost sug them for libel if they jt put right out there that he was gay. Earlier that year, the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn’s manual had classified homosexualy as a kd of madns, and Republin senators had charged that homosexualy the Tman admistratn was a natnal secury threat.

For game-fixg claimed that Stevenson, one of “the two bt-known homosexuals the state, ” was nicknamed “Ale. I had a feelg growg up — and later, as I realized I was gay, and me to terms wh my 40s — that somethg mt have happened to my godfather. It wasn’t until the early ’90s, when I asked if my parents thought he had been gay, that they told me of his ath, and of one night, a Spanish rtrant Tampa, when they were shocked to see Arthur emerge om behd the curta of a private dg nook wh a tipsy young airman.

Kameny, a major gay rights lear who died October, has found a seri of personal not and letters om Ike and Mamie to Arthur, regrettg that he wasn’t wh them. In December 1973, the board of the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn voted to rcd s 1952 cisn to classify homosexualy as had been wrong, the directors of the associatn said. Naturally, this spawned a number of mors of Hoover beg a gay man, somethg very much agast the norms of his day.

*BEAR-MAGAZINE.COM* JOHN EDGAR HOOVER GAY

J. Edgar Hoover: Gay, Cross-Drsg Closet Queen .

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