Rearch monstrat the bias faced by dividuals engaged occupatns that are perceived as nsistent wh their genr. The lack of f mol and role ngy theory expla how genr stereotyp give rise to the perceptn that an dividual lacks the attribut necsary to be succsful a genr-ngent job. Men employed jobs tradnally held by women are perceived as wimpy and unservg of rpect. The majory of studi this area have, however, failed to acunt for the sexual orientatn of the dividual beg rated. Therefore, we rried out an experiment where 128 adults wh experience recment and selectn, reced through Qualtrics, rated heterosexual and gay male applints applyg for a genr-typed job. The heterosexual male was rated ls effectual, ls rpect-worthy, and ls hirable the female-typed job ndn than the male-typed job ndn. The gay male applint, however, was rated siarly on all creria across job genr-typ, suggtg the gay male applint was viewed as androgyno rather than high femy and low masculy as ferred by implic versn theory. The implitns of the fdgs are discsed.
Contents:
- THE UNSPOKEN HIERARCHY THE GAY COMMUNYSUBTLY NAVIGATG THE RIPPL OF FLAMBOYANCE, MASCULY, AND EVERY SHA BETWEENNATHAN CHEN·FOLLOWPUBLISHED PRISM & PEN·6 M READ·JUL 14--11SHAREPHOTO BY TTONBRO STUD OM PEXELSYOU KNOW, THERE’S SOMETHG I’VE NOTICED, AND ’S BEEN NAGGG ME LIKE AN CH A HARD-TO-REACH SPOT. IT’S ABOUT THE QUEER MUNY, SPECIFILLY THE GAY MUNY. LET’S UNPACK , SHALL WE?HOLD ON TIGHT. WE’RE DIVG EP TO THE WATERS OF THE UNSPOKEN, THE CRYPTIC, THE HH-HH. AND MD YOU, WE’RE NOT JT DIPPG OUR TO; WE’RE DOG THE FULL-ON NNONBALL.THE INVISIBLE, YET EVER-PRENT PYRAMIDFIRST THGS FIRST. JT BEE YOU N’T SEE , DON’T MEAN ’S NOT THERE. EVER WALKED TO A WALL THE DARK? YEAH, ’S SOMETHG LIKE THAT. BUT WE’RE TURNG ON THE LIGHTS TODAY.THE HIERARCHY WH THE GAY MUNY IS LIKE THE ELEPHANT THE ROOM. BUT STEAD OF AN ELEPHANT, ’S A NEON-DRSED, FEATHER BOA-TOTG DRAG QUEEN WHO’S ATH-DROPPG RIGHT ONT OF YOU.IT’S BASED ON A WHOLE LOT OF THGS — APPEARANCE, MASCULY, AGE, THE LIST GO ON. BUT LET’S TAKE THIS ONE STEP AT A TIME. I MEAN, WE DON’T WANT TO TRIP OVER THE SEQUS AND GLTER, DO WE?1. MASCULY VS. FEMY: THE ENDLS TUG-OF-WARIF YOU’RE READG THIS AND THKG, “WHAT DO YOU MEAN? ISN’T THE GAY MUNY ALL ABOUT BREAKG GENR STEREOTYP?” WELL, STRAP , HONEY, BEE THE REALY IS QUE THE FACE SLAP.THE “MASC4MASC” CULTURE. OH BOY, WHERE DO I BEG? IT’S THE CRAIGSLIST’S MISSED NNECTNS OF GAY CULTURE — EVERYONE KNOWS ABOUT , BUT NO ONE TALKS ABOUT . LET ME BREAK DOWN FOR YOU. “MASC4MASC” IS A TERM OFTEN ED ON GAY DATG APPS, AND BASILLY MEANS “I’M MASCULE, AND I’M ONLY TERTED OTHER MASCULE GUYS.”SEE, THE MUNY, THERE’S THIS UNSPOKEN LE THAT ‘MASCULE’ IS SUPERR TO ‘FEME’. SOUNDS RIDICULO, RIGHT? I KNOW, WELE TO THE TWILIGHT ZONE.2. AGE: THE INNVENIENT TTH
- GAY AND STRAIGHT MEN PREFER MASCULE-PRENTG GAY MEN FOR A HIGH-STAT ROLE: EVINCE FROM AN ELOGILLY VALID EXPERIMENT
- SEXUAL POSNG AND RACE-BASED ATTRACTN BY PREFERENC FOR SOCIAL DOMANCE AMONG GAY ASIAN/PACIFIC ISLANR MEN THE UNED STAT
- HETERONORMATIVY, DISGT SENSIVY, AND HOSTILE ATTUS TOWARD GAY MEN: POTENTIAL MECHANISMS TO MATA SOCIAL HIERARCHI
- KEV MAXEN BE FIRST MALE ACH A US MEN’S PROFSNAL SPORTS LEAGUE TO PUBLICLY E OUT AS GAY
THE UNSPOKEN HIERARCHY THE GAY COMMUNYSUBTLY NAVIGATG THE RIPPL OF FLAMBOYANCE, MASCULY, AND EVERY SHA BETWEENNATHAN CHEN·FOLLOWPUBLISHED PRISM & PEN·6 M READ·JUL 14--11SHAREPHOTO BY TTONBRO STUD OM PEXELSYOU KNOW, THERE’S SOMETHG I’VE NOTICED, AND ’S BEEN NAGGG ME LIKE AN CH A HARD-TO-REACH SPOT. IT’S ABOUT THE QUEER MUNY, SPECIFILLY THE GAY MUNY. LET’S UNPACK , SHALL WE?HOLD ON TIGHT. WE’RE DIVG EP TO THE WATERS OF THE UNSPOKEN, THE CRYPTIC, THE HH-HH. AND MD YOU, WE’RE NOT JT DIPPG OUR TO; WE’RE DOG THE FULL-ON NNONBALL.THE INVISIBLE, YET EVER-PRENT PYRAMIDFIRST THGS FIRST. JT BEE YOU N’T SEE , DON’T MEAN ’S NOT THERE. EVER WALKED TO A WALL THE DARK? YEAH, ’S SOMETHG LIKE THAT. BUT WE’RE TURNG ON THE LIGHTS TODAY.THE HIERARCHY WH THE GAY MUNY IS LIKE THE ELEPHANT THE ROOM. BUT STEAD OF AN ELEPHANT, ’S A NEON-DRSED, FEATHER BOA-TOTG DRAG QUEEN WHO’S ATH-DROPPG RIGHT ONT OF YOU.IT’S BASED ON A WHOLE LOT OF THGS — APPEARANCE, MASCULY, AGE, THE LIST GO ON. BUT LET’S TAKE THIS ONE STEP AT A TIME. I MEAN, WE DON’T WANT TO TRIP OVER THE SEQUS AND GLTER, DO WE?1. MASCULY VS. FEMY: THE ENDLS TUG-OF-WARIF YOU’RE READG THIS AND THKG, “WHAT DO YOU MEAN? ISN’T THE GAY MUNY ALL ABOUT BREAKG GENR STEREOTYP?” WELL, STRAP , HONEY, BEE THE REALY IS QUE THE FACE SLAP.THE “MASC4MASC” CULTURE. OH BOY, WHERE DO I BEG? IT’S THE CRAIGSLIST’S MISSED NNECTNS OF GAY CULTURE — EVERYONE KNOWS ABOUT , BUT NO ONE TALKS ABOUT . LET ME BREAK DOWN FOR YOU. “MASC4MASC” IS A TERM OFTEN ED ON GAY DATG APPS, AND BASILLY MEANS “I’M MASCULE, AND I’M ONLY TERTED OTHER MASCULE GUYS.”SEE, THE MUNY, THERE’S THIS UNSPOKEN LE THAT ‘MASCULE’ IS SUPERR TO ‘FEME’. SOUNDS RIDICULO, RIGHT? I KNOW, WELE TO THE TWILIGHT ZONE.2. AGE: THE INNVENIENT TTH
You know, there’s somethg I’ve noticed, and ’s been naggg me like an ch a hard-to-reach spot. It’s about the queer muny, specifilly the gay muny. Let’s unpack , shall we… * gay male hierarchy *
Whereas most studi on perceptns of feme-prentg gay men have manipulated genr nonnformy via wrten scriptns, rearch suggts that behavural cu such as voice and body-language n migate or exacerbate prejudice toward a stereotyped dividual.
This associatn between masculy and stat endowment has plex implitns for gay men, given the prevailg stereotype that they are more feme pared to heterosexual men (Ke & Dx, 1987; Lippa, 2000; Mchell & Ellis, 2011; Sanchez et al., 2009) Men and the Feme StereotypeSuch a stereotype reflects, to some extent, average differenc genr-typily between gay and heterosexual men. Policg of masculy among gay men is not only self-directed; there is also evince of prejudice toward more feme gay men om wh the gay muny (Bailey et al., 1997; Hunt et al., 2016) Penalti for Feme Gay MenContemporary theori of effective learship have challenged the perceived virtu of masculy.
GAY AND STRAIGHT MEN PREFER MASCULE-PRENTG GAY MEN FOR A HIGH-STAT ROLE: EVINCE FROM AN ELOGILLY VALID EXPERIMENT
There is creased acceptance of gay men most Wtern societi. Neverthels, evince suggts that feme-prentg gay men are still disadvantage * gay male hierarchy *
Theoretil explanatns for the fdgs nsistently foc on the possibily that gay men elic such discrimatn bee of the stereotype that they are feme and are therefore perceived as ls equipped to occupy higher-stat posns social hierarchi, such as the workplace (Ke & Dx, 1987; Lord et al., 1984). Th, the rearch appears to suggt that feme gay men are at particular risk of stat penalti, pecially om dividuals who posss anti-gay Sentiment Amongst Gay MenA further qutn regardg potential stat penalti for feme vers more mascule-prentg gay men is how plic gay men themselv may be perpetuatg such prejudice. Whereas most relevant rearch has ed heterosexual sampl, both lab and field studi on romantic partner preferenc amongst gay men highlight a monplace sire for mascule over feme tras potential partners (Bailey et al., 1997; Clarkson, 2006; Laner & Kamel, 1977; Sanchez & Vila, 2012; Tayawadep, 2002).
Such a nnectn suggts that the extent to which gay men ternalise societal stigma about beg gay may fluence their treatment of dividuals who posss stigmatised is a nsirable lerature monstratg that gay men discrimate agast more feme gay mal beyond the romantic ntext (Brooks et al., 2017; Ravenhill & Visser, 2019; Sánchez & Vila, 2012; Taywadep, 2002). This effect among gay men mirrors siar fdgs observed among heterosexual participants (Aksoy et al., 2019; Frank, 2006; Pellegri et al., 2020) that also ed analogue tasks, which masculy/femy of gay male targets were manipulated via wrten scriptns.
SEXUAL POSNG AND RACE-BASED ATTRACTN BY PREFERENC FOR SOCIAL DOMANCE AMONG GAY ASIAN/PACIFIC ISLANR MEN THE UNED STAT
For gay men the Uned Stat, race/ethnicy has been monstrated to factor importantly to sexual preferenc, and race-based beliefs regardg certa racial groups are prevalent wh the gay male muny. For gay men of lor, such beliefs may differentially fluence their sexual prefe … * gay male hierarchy *
Provid important advanc offerg elogilly valid monstratns of the rctn stat btowed upon feme men by heterosexual dividuals, important unaddrsed qutns rema about whether gay dividuals also show such a bias, g d-visual stimuli, and what psychologil mechanisms might expla such bias. Demonstratg that gay men are as likely to discrimate agast feme gay men as heterosexuals would ntribute to the emergg awarens of tramory prejudice as an area of ncern for the gay Current StudyThe aim of this study is to explore whether a relatively feme-prentatn negatively impacts stat attament for gay men g a more elogilly valid methodology that allows meangful parisons of the reactns of gay and heterosexual men. Moreover, the study aims to tt psychologil mechanisms that may unrly the hypothised reluctance to endow stat to feme-prentg gay relevant lab studi to date have measured stat attament g direct measur, such as subjective ratgs of learship effectivens or behavural tentns.
Though not rmg primary hypoth, we also examed whether sexism may mediate preference for more mascule gay ndidat, given that Sanchez and Vila (2012) found that antifeme attus predicted a preference for mascule-prentg romantic partners. Six cis-male, Whe-Atralian profsnal actors, 25 to 35 years old (who all intify as gay real life) were filmed performg an intil vox pop script two ways; 1) once where they were directed to manipulate their voice and body language (VBL) to be more feme, and 2) once where their VBL was to be more mascule.
” (Actor lghs)The script ma no reference to the ndidate’s qualifitns, occupatn, skills, tn, or hobbi (that is, rmatn that may be nsted as genred by participants; Lippa, 2000), while makg the ndidate’s homosexualy explic (by mentng a same-sex partner). 3Frequency of Vot for Each Actor by Heterosexual and Gay Participants (N = 256)Full size imageMeasurStat EndowmentA sgle forced-choice em askg participants to select their preferred ndidate read as follows:“Please now vote for the actor you thk should be st the Ad Campaign promotg tourism to Sydney. Internalised Anti-Gay Attus (Gay Participants Only)The 3-em ternalised homophobia subsle of the Lbian, Gay and Bisexual Inty Sle (LGBIS; Mohr & Kendra, 2011) was ed to asss negative attus toward onelf as a gay person.
HETERONORMATIVY, DISGT SENSIVY, AND HOSTILE ATTUS TOWARD GAY MEN: POTENTIAL MECHANISMS TO MATA SOCIAL HIERARCHI
* gay male hierarchy *
Usg 5-pot Likert sle where a sre of “0” dited “Totally agree” and a sre of “5” dited “Totally disagree”, gay participants were asked to rate how much they endorsed the ems, “I wish I were heterosexual”; “If were possible I’d choose to be straight”; and “I believe is unfair that I am attracted to people of the same sex”. The average of each participant’s three rpons were lculated to create their Internalised Homonegativy Attus (Heterosexual Participants Only)To measure anti-gay attus we ployed an adapted 6-em versn of the Morn Homonegativy Sle (MHS; Morrison & Morrison, 2002), as ed by Morton (2017), to exclively asss ntemporary negative attus toward gay men.
KEV MAXEN BE FIRST MALE ACH A US MEN’S PROFSNAL SPORTS LEAGUE TO PUBLICLY E OUT AS GAY
Usg 5-pot Likert sle, where a sre of “0” dited “Totally agree” and a sre of “5” dited “Totally disagree”, heterosexual participants were asked to rate statements such as, “Gay men have all the rights they need”; and “Gay men seem to foc on the ways which they differ om heterosexuals, and ignore the ways which they are siar”. The average of each participant’s six rpons were lculated to create their Homonegativy Sexism (All Participants)A 5-em subsle om the Morn Sexism Sle (Swim et al., 1995), asssg ntemporary negative attus toward women was ed.
Fally, logistic regrsns examed whether a preference for mascule vios was predicted by pre-existg levels of ternalised homonegativy (for gay participants) and homonegativy (for heterosexual participants), followed by exploratory analys also g logistic regrsns. 195], that we predicted higher ternalised homonegativy levels would be associated wh a lower likelihood of votg for a feme gay exploratory logistic regrsn analysis was unrtaken to exame if morn sexism predicted ls likelihood of choosg a feme gay male (over a mascule gay male) actor, and if this effect was morated by each participant’s sexual orientatn. The fdg that stronger anti-gay negativy predicted preference for the mascule-prentg actor amongst heterosexual men also replit prev studi (Morton, 2017; Pellegri et al., 2020), offerg further evince for the nnectn between feme-prentatn among gay men and the creased risk of stat-penalti om dividuals who harbour anti-gay attus, even unr circumstanc of affirmative actn (i.
(2021a) found that stronger ternalised anti-gay sentiment predicted masculy-bias – le wh the proposn that the more shame one feels about their sexualy, the ls likely they will want to be reprented by a fellow group-member who perpetuat negative the current study, however, a preference for mascule-prentg actors amongst gay participants was not signifintly predicted by levels of ternalised anti-gay sentiment. The three-em ternalised homonegativy subsle (Mohr & Kendra, 2011) clud ems, such as “I wish I was heterosexual, ” that may have suffered om a floor-effect, whereby the ems were too extreme to be endorsed by a ntemporary sample of gay men (particularly if such gay men were motivated to nceal obv -group prejudice).