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3.8l.1-.09zm6.41-19.6a9.78 9.78 0 01-6.91 2.3 8.92 8.92 0 01-6.3-2.9l-.2.1v14.6h3.8l9.7-14zm22.9 43.41l-8.8-6.91-2.71 2.7-1.3-1.29 3.1-3.21V39.4H671l-.2-.2 3.5-5.2h2.5v-6.7L687.41 16l.2.2V34h8l.2.2-3.5 5.2h-4.7v30.3l4.8 3.7 3.3-3.4 1.3 1.4z"></path></svg><span class="alic gray font-xxxxs font--body">Democracy Di Darkns</span></div></div><hear class="w-100" data-qa="ma-full"><div class="hi-for-prt"><div class="wpds-c-bHXelH wpds-c-kBYYkb wpds-c-bHXelH-fGHEql-maxWidth-fluid wpds-c-bHXelH-iiAiuHj-css"><nav aria-label="Sectn" class="wpds-c-bJFhqa wpds-c-bJFhqa-eLuFnJ-hasBorr-te wpds-c-bJFhqa-hIlwIL-alignment-left wpds-c-bJFhqa-eDNePg-cv flex overflow-hidn overflow-xscroll mw-vw-100 grid-mobile-full-bleed" data-qa="sendary-nav" tabx="0"><div class="wpds-c-fSNrbZ"><a data-qa="sendary-nav-primary-lk" href=" by history_tle" class="wpds-c-kXFwZK wpds-c-kXFwZK-KuHyo-upperCaseLabel-te wpds-c-kXFwZK-gYpUjR-font-meta wpds-c-kXFwZK-hbKkTl-labelColor-black">Ma by History</a><a class="wpds-c-jWXnFc 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wpds-c-PJLV-jYXVnY-lor-black wpds-c-PJLV-mlvxn-size-lg"></div></div><div class="PJLV PJLV-iklXUFA-css"><h1 class="PJLV PJLV-iirWFJy-css overriStyl" data-ttid="headle" data-qa="headle" id="ma-ntent"><span data-qa="headle-text" class="PJLV">Communist stat have sometim been havens for LGBTQ rights</span></h1></div><h2 class="font--subhead font-light offblack mb-sm pb-xxs-ns subheadle" data-qa="subheadle" style="max-width:1000px">When munism was queer</h2><div class="flex prt-byle prt-mt-none"><div class="byle-wrapper flex-lumn flex"><div class="PJLV PJLV-ihSmMVC-css"><div class="PJLV PJLV-iPJLV-css mb-xxs overriStyl" style="gap:0.5rem" data-qa="thor-byle"><span class="wpds-c-PJLV"><div class="flex" data-qa="thor-byle"><div class="mr-sm flex lh-0"><div class="wpds-c-iTcer"><img src=" alt="" class="wpds-c-dgBqAZ"/></div></div><span class="left"><div class="flex"><div class="dib font-xxs mb-xxs" data-qa="name-wh-optnal-lk" data-cy="name-wh-optnal-lk"><span data-qa="attributn-text" class="wpds-c-cNdzuP">Perspective by <!-- --> </span><span data-qa="thor-name" rel="thor" class="wpds-c-cNdzuP wpds-c-cNdzuP-cIdiJW-isLk-false">Samuel Huneke</span></div></div><span class="wpds-c-ewNrgJ thor-scriptn" data-qa="thor-scriptn">Samuel Huneke is a historian of morn Germany and an assistant profsor of history at Gee Mason Universy.</span></span></div></span></div></div><div data-ttid="timtamp" class="wpds-c-kgabfe wpds-c-kgabfe-ieEDlgV-css"><span data-ttid="display-date" class="wpds-c-iKQyrV">March 22, 2022 at 6:00 a.m. EDT</span></div></div></div></hear></div><article class="grid-article mb-xxl-ns" data-qa="ma"><div data-ttid="le-art" data-qa="le-art" class=""><figure class="overflow-hidn relative hi-for-prt center center mb-sm mb-md-ns ml-to-ns mr-to-ns grid-mobile-full-bleed"><div style="filter:blur(10px);transn:filter .1s;le-height:0" class="w-100 mw-100 h-to" width="600" height="403"><img style="background-size:ver;max-width:1600px;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http%3A//; xmlns%3Axlk='http%3A//; viewBox='0 0 1280 853'%3E%3Cfilter id='b' lor-terpolatn-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGssianBlur stdDeviatn='.5'%3E%3C/feGssianBlur%3E%3CfeComponentTransfer%3E%3CfeFuncA type='discrete' tableValu='1 1'%3E%3C/feFuncA%3E%3C/feComponentTransfer%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage filter='url(%23b)' x='0' y='0' height='100%25' width='100%25' xlk%3Ahref='data%3Aimage/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAGCAIAAACepSOSAAAACXBIWXMAAC4jAAAuIwF4pT92AAAAs0lEQVQI1wGoAFf/AImSoJSer5yjs52ktp2luJuluKOpuJefsoCNowB+kKaOm66grL+krsCnsMGrt8m1u8mzt8OVoLIAhJqzjZ2tnLLLnLHJp7fNmpyjqbPCqLrRjqO7AIeUn5ultaWtt56msaSnroZyY4mBgLq7wY6TmwCRfk2Pf1uzm2WulV+xmV6rmGyQfFm3nWSBcEIAfm46jX1FkH5Djn5AmodGo49MopBLlIRBfG8yj/dfjF5TUAAAAASUVORK5CYII='%3E%3C/image%3E%3C/svg%3E')" alt="" class="w-100 mw-100 h-to" width="600" height="403" srcSet=" 400w, 540w, 691w, 767w, 916w, 1200w" siz="(max-width: 440px) 440px,(max-width: 600px) 691px,(max-width: 768px) 691px,(m-width: 769px) and (max-width: 1023px) 960px,(m-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1299px) 530px,(m-width: 1300px) and (max-width: 1439px) 691px,(m-width: 1440px) 916px,440px" dg="async"/></div><figptn class="ml-gutter mr-gutter mr-to-ns ml-to-ns font--subhead font-xxxs mt-xs left gray-dark">Football supporters wh LGBT pri flags at the Allianz Arena Munich on June 23. 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In the last year, the Cuban health mistry <a href=">unfurled</a> an enormo rabow flag to mark Internatnal Day Agast Homophobia, and former print Raúl Castro <a href=">clared</a> that nontg homophobia remaed one of the ernment’s chief goals.</p></div></div><div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="db dn-ns mr-neg-gutter ml-neg-gutter mb-md hi-for-prt" data-qa="subscribe-promo"><div data-orientatn="horizontal" role="separator" class="wpds-c-dbVHzF wpds-c-dbVHzF-hDkAcj-variant-flt"></div><a class="pt-sm pb-sm flex ems-center bold font-xxxs font-xxs-ns jtify-center" href=" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="lor:#166dfc;borr:none"><svg class="ntent-box" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns=" aria-hidn="te" focable="false" role="img"><tle>Wp</tle><path d="M11.055 8.728l-1.018-1.019-.782.782v6.292l1.782 1.564.018-.019v-7.6zm-4.11.236L5.674 7.71l-.836.855v6.237l1.545 1.327.564-.636V8.964zm2.656 9.074l-2.528-2.182-1.927 2.182-2.619-2.255v-3.564h-.509c-.454 0-.672.273-.745.636H1.09a2.89 2.89 0 0 1-.091-.69c0-.473.2-1.71 1.527-1.71V7.691c0-1.073-.709-1.127-.709-2.054 0-1.037.982-2 2.782-2.637l.164.145c-.6.291-1.09.655-1.09 1.437 0 1.2 1.163.89 1.163 2.782v.727l2.127-2.236 2.237 2.2 2.109-2.2 2.036 2v6.728l-3.745 3.455zm11.108-9.625l-1.073-.982-.964 1.018v6.6c.855.11 1.491.4 2.019.964l.018-.018V8.413zm-2.382.418l-.528.545v10.237l.528.492V8.83zm1.49 9.055c-.308-.382-.69-.709-1.145-.836v3.782l-.036.018-1-.927-2.11 1.945-.036-.018V16.96c-.636.145-1.327.545-1.854 1.2l-.146-.091c.127-1.4.818-2.436 2-2.837v-3.545h-.382c-.527 0-.89.363-.963.763h-.219c-.054-.145-.127-.381-.127-.836 0-.891.6-1.564 1.582-1.564h.11V8.085l-.655-.582-.51.51-.254-.237 2.018-2.073 1.71 1.564V9.05l.527-.564v-2.09h.345v1.727l2.273-2.419L23 7.576v7.91l-3.182 2.4z" fill-le="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="mr-xs ml-xs gray-darkt flex ems-center">Get the full experience.<span class="ml-xs subs-theme blue">Choose your plan</span></span><svg class="ntent-box" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns=" style="fill:#166dfc" aria-hidn="te" focable="false" role="img"><tle>ArrowRight</tle><path d="M7.664 1.25l6 6a1 1 0 010 1.414l-6 6L6.25 13.25 10.499 9H2V7h8.585L6.25 2.664 7.664 1.25z" fill-le="nonzero"></path></svg></a><div data-orientatn="horizontal" role="separator" class="wpds-c-dbVHzF wpds-c-dbVHzF-hDkAcj-variant-flt"></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">To some Amerins, the velopments might seem to fly the face of the untry’s munist history. After all, Fil Castro’s ernment terned gay people mps the 1960s and sent HIV-posive dividuals to ernment sanariums the 1980s. As one lumnist <a href=">wrote</a> of the Amerin left the San Diego Unn-Tribune, “ is remarkable that any [liberal] uld look at the Castros’ history on race and sexualy and nclu they had shared valu.”</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">It has been mon for U.S. mentators to e queer people to discred socialism — a kd of pkwashg reverse. But dog so flattens the historil relatnship between queer polics and munism. Centerg only the homophobic elements munism, this rhetoric ignor the tly imprsive advanc ma by some munist regim on queer rights (and papers over long histori of tolerance of LGBTQ people non-munist untri). A more reful examatn of this history shows that munism and queerns might actually belong together.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb dn db-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-sktop"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-none pt-lg pb-lg" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"><div>Advertisement</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb db dn-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-mobile"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-sm pt-sm pb-sm" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">Sexualy was not a preoccupatn of munism’s earlit theorists. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who penned “The Communist Manifto” 1848, had ltle to say on the topic. What they did was ntemptuo.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">But other early leftists were not so dismissive. Augt Bebel, lear om 1892 to 1913 of the German Social Democratic Party, the largt socialist party Europe, was a forceful proponent of legalizg homosexualy. He even took to the floor of the German parliament 1898 to mand a repeal of the untry’s sodomy law. Siarly, after the Bolsheviks seized power Rsia, they troduced a morn penal 1922 that abolished Rsia’s sodomy law. In the 1920s, munist and socialist parti were often proponents of legalizg same-sex acts.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">The middle of the 20th century, however, wnsed a backlash. In the early 1930s, Joseph Stal’s regime recrimalized male homosexualy and imprisoned thoands of gay men unr the new law. Communist partisans also me to see accatns of homosexualy as a nvenient way to smear their right-wg enemi. The famo gay thor Kls Mann, an exiled opponent of Hler’s ernment, plaed 1934 that queer people were beg “the Jews of the antifascists” — the left’s favored spegoat. Gay men and lbians were not only nvenient targets, whose persecutn allowed munists to st themselv as morally superr to their fo. In transgrsg genr and sexual norms, they also f poorly wh the creasgly macho ethos wh munist parti and regim.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb dn db-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-sktop"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-none pt-lg pb-lg" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"><div>Advertisement</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb db dn-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-mobile"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-sm pt-sm pb-sm" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">This reprsive tenncy endured after World War II. Rsia would not crimalize homosexualy until 1993. Other munist stat strengthened laws agast homosexualy after the war. Even more tolerant untri such as Poland also did not abi queer activism. When gay activists began to anize the 1980s munist Poland, the ernment cracked down a mass actn known as Operatn Hyacth, probably fearful of what perceived as anized ristance to the ernment.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">But other munist untri, queer people ma remarkable stris. Archiv and oral histori reveal that for many gay and lbian people East Germany durg the Cold War, the munist natn was a more open and tolerant place than many Wtern stat. The obscured histori fly the face of rhetoric that suggts munism and queerns are irrencilably opposed to each other.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div id="gift-share-le" data-ttid="gift-share-le" class="PJLV PJLV-ilotWTr-css hi-for-prt"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expand="false" aria-ntrols="gift-share-drawer" role="button" tabx="0" aria-label="Share this article" id="gift-share-drawer-ntrol-le" data-ttid="gift-share-drawer-ntrol-le" class="wpds-c-PJLV wpds-c-gsmDXe wpds-c-gsmDXe-goNocI-placement-Inle foc-highlight"><div data-ttid="gift-share-terstial-trigger" class="wpds-c-kPqOkS wpds-c-kPqOkS-jtSXsT-hasSubsText-false"><span class="wpds-c-hBJqc"><span class="wpds-c-dzSncg">Share this article</span></span><span class="wpds-c-eCvK"><span class="wpds-c-enedHQ wpds-c-enedHQ-cCdK-isShown-false">Share</span><svg xmlns=" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidn="te" focable="false" role="img" class="wpds-c-fBqPWp wpds-c-fDHGth"><path fill="currentColor" d="M8 .6v3.8h.1c-4.4 0-7.3 4.5-6.9 8.8.1.8.2 1.2.2 1.2l.2 1 .4-1.3c.8-2 2-4 6.2-3.9H8v4l7-6.9L8 .6Zm1 11.3V9.3h-.9c-3 0-4.8.5-6.2 2.9.5-3.3 2.7-6.8 6.2-6.8H9V3l4.5 4.4L9 11.9Z"></path></svg></span></div></button></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">In the 1950s and 1960s, for stance, East Germany pursued a markedly more tolerant policy than did Wt Germany. Its mocratic tw retaed the Nazi-era law crimalizg gay men. East Germany reverted to a far ls strgent versn, drawg on the German Communist Party’s historic support for crimalizatn.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb dn db-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-sktop"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-none pt-lg pb-lg" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"><div>Advertisement</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb db dn-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-mobile"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-sm pt-sm pb-sm" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">The difference was strikg; while Wt Germany <a href=" target=_blank>nvicted</a> over <a href=" target=_blank>50,000 men</a> between 1949 and 1969 of homosexualy, East Germany nvicted only a ty actn of that number. At the same time, began to liberalize s penal much earlier than Wt Germany, largely ceasg to prosecute nsensual adult homosexualy 1957. Other Soviet-bloc untri also crimalized homosexualy the postwar s: Czechoslovakia 1962, Hungary 1961 and Bulgaria 1968.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">This relative tolerance allowed queer subcultur to velop East Germany, particularly s larger ci. Gay men cised for sex public baths and parks, while certa bars tacly tered to queer clientele. Hoe parti beme a staple of the queer scene those years. In her memoir, Charlotte von Mahlsdorf, perhaps the most famo trans woman German history, remembered gog to lively hoe parti Berl full of queer East Germans.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">In the 1970s, a group of gay men and lbians began to meet East Berl, termed to rve out a public space for themselv. Hosted by von Mahlsdorf the basement of the mm she directed, the group peppered the munist regime wh petns. They requted that lears agree to open a munitn center for gay and lbian cizens, a space where they uld meet eely, discs their sexualy and te the East German public. The group was largely unsuccsful, as the ernment remaed skeptil of the need for such public engagement.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb dn db-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-sktop"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-none pt-lg pb-lg" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"><div>Advertisement</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb db dn-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-mobile"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-sm pt-sm pb-sm" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">But the 1980s, other gay and lbian activists began anizg unr the spic of the Prottant Church, the only nomally pennt anizatn the untry. In cy after cy, new groups arose — over a dozen across the ty untry (East Germany had a smaller populatn than Florida). They forced the regime to take them serly, and eventually cid that the bt way to fe the possible polil challenge that queer activism posed was to accept the groups’ mands. It did so, part, bee activists had been adamant about amg their requts terms of the needs of socialism, emphasizg that creatg greater opportuni for queer East Germans would only strengthen their mment to munism.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">In short orr, the dictatorship promulgated a slew of liberal polici, om allowg queer people to serve the ary to equalizg the age of nsent to missng new books and movi about homosexualy. Burecrats and policians argued that dog so would strengthen socialist society by better tegratg queer people to and dismantlg social homophobia.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">As a rult, the 1980s were a tly remarkable time for queer East Germans, what one of my terview partners lled “the most betiful gay time.” When the Berl Wall fell and Germany was rnified, many of the gay men and lbian women exprsed a sense of loss. They felt alienated by the nsumerist, Wtern gay subculture. Whereas the growg subculture the East had ma many of them feel more closely aligned wh the munal, socialist project, the Wt German subculture revolved around a highly dividualized inty and the right to exprs mercially.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb dn db-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-sktop"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-none pt-lg pb-lg" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"><div>Advertisement</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><div class="cb db dn-ns" data-qa="article-body-ad" data-ttid="article-body-ad-mobile"><div aria-hidn="te" class="hi-for-prt relative flex jtify-center ntent-box ems-center b bh mb-md mt-sm pt-sm pb-sm" style="m-height:250px;borr-top-lor:;borr-bottom-lor:"><div class="center absolute w-100 borr-box" style="top:"><div class="dib gray-dark pl-xs pr-xs font-sans-serif light font-xxxxs lh-md" style="--primary-borr-lor:"></div></div><div data-ttid="placeholr-box" class="w-100 h-100 absolute flex flex-lumn jtify-center borr-box bg-offwhe" style="width:300px;height:250px"><div class="flex flex-lumn jtify-center font-sans-serif center font-xxs light gray-dark lh-md"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">Other Eastern bloc untri were also fiantly queer. Hungary had long been known as a iendly place for gay and lbian people, s pal Budapt seen as Eastern Europe’s Amsterdam. Prague, too, was a sirable statn for gay vatners behd the Iron Curta. In both Hungary and Czechoslovakia, gay and lbian activists also ma efforts to anize the 1980s and nvced the rpective munist regim to make chang to social regulatns.</p></div><div class="article-body" data-qa="article-body"><p data-ttid="drop-p-letter" data-el="text" class="wpds-c-cYdRxM wpds-c-cYdRxM-iPJLV-css overriStyl font-py" dir="null">The history of queerns and munism is not simply one of reprsn. It ntas moments of both ambiguy and genue advanc — advanc that often outstripped the supposedly eer Wt. At a time when the left still bat whether inty or class is the bt basis on which to build progrs and whether socialism n be renciled wh a polics om the margs, is important to remember that socialism and queerns have and n aga walk hand--hand.</p></div><div class="wpds-c-jkoBlc wpds-c-jkoBlc-leHWbT-removeAllStyl-te"><div class="wpds-c-dhzjXW wpds-c-dhzjXW-iPJLV-css overriStyl mt-md tt"><div id="gift-share-end" data-ttid="gift-share-end" class="PJLV PJLV-idiqKOk-css hi-for-prt"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expand="false" aria-ntrols="gift-share-drawer" role="button" tabx="0" aria-label="Share this article" id="gift-share-drawer-ntrol-end" data-ttid="gift-share-drawer-ntrol-end" class="wpds-c-PJLV wpds-c-gsmDXe wpds-c-gsmDXe-iIVoLq-placement-Shortcut foc-highlight"><div class="wpds-c-UazGY" id="gift-share-shortcut" data-ttid="gift-share-shortcut"><svg xmlns=" fill="var(--wpds-lors-primary)" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidn="te" focable="false" role="img" class="wpds-c-fVfumU "><path fill="currentColor" d="M8 .6v3.8h.1c-4.4 0-7.3 4.5-6.9 8.8.1.8.2 1.2.2 1.2l.2 1 .4-1.3c.8-2 2-4 6.2-3.9H8v4l7-6.9L8 .6Zm1 11.3V9.3h-.9c-3 0-4.8.5-6.2 2.9.5-3.3 2.7-6.8 6.2-6.8H9V3l4.5 4.4L9 11.9Z"></path></svg><div class="PJLV wpds-c-kwcHlj">Share</div></div></button></div><div class="wpds-c-hcekgi"><div class="mb-lg-mod" data-qa="ments-btn-div"><button aria-label="Scroll to the ments sectn" data-qa="ments-btn" class="wpds-c-kSOqLF wpds-c-kSOqLF-SQjOY-variant-sendary wpds-c-kSOqLF-eHdizY-nsy-flt wpds-c-kSOqLF-ejCoEP-in-left wpds-c-kSOqLF-igqYgPb-css ments hi-for-prt"><svg xmlns=" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="currentColor" aria-hidn="te" focable="false" role="img" class="wpds-c-fBqPWp "><path d="M14 14V2H2v9.47h8.18L12.43 13ZM3 10.52V3h10v9.23l-2.5-1.66Z"></path></svg><span></span> Comments</button></div></div></div><div class="PJLV PJLV-iipsdti-css"><div></div></div><div class="PJLV PJLV-iipsdti-css"><div></div></div><sectn class="PJLV PJLV-icEohIP-css dn-ns hi-for-prt" data-ttid="mostRead" subscriptns-sectn="ntent"><div data-ttid="lazy-most-read-parent" class=""><div style="m-height:800px"></div></div></sectn><div class="PJLV PJLV-ickXkbz-css"><div data-qa="newsletter" class="hi-for-prt relative"><div class="dib w-100"><div><div class="flex jtify-center align self-center center transn-all duratn-400 ease--out" data-qa="sc-newsletter-signup" aria-label=""><svg aria-labelledby="react-aria-1-aria" role="img" viewBox="0 0 100 80"><tle id="react-aria-1-aria">Loadg...

karl marx gay

For years gay people were tolerated the arts – and were then acced of takg over. Gregory Woods trac the works of wrers, artists, tellectuals and film stars who transformed 20th-century culture

Contents:

FROM GAY NSPIRACY TO QUEER CHIC: THE ARTISTS AND WRERS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

And so, jt when you thought the Twtersphere might be about to explo wh homophobic abe about misplaced special terts, there was nothg to pla urse, by highlightg the sexuali of the wrers, I’m engagg much the same impertence. However, I feel fortable wh havg raised the issue, sce prompts tertg qutns about the nature and fluence of gay culture – whether is a stagnant oxbow or a strong current at the centre of the uld be that official regnn is a relevant ditor here. To what extent was fluence ed by homosexual powerbrokers (Diaghilev the Ballets Rs, Hugh Bemont London’s Wt End theatr, David Geffen Hollywood) to further the reers of other homosexuals?

The great Icelandic novelist Halldór Laxns noted 1925 that Reykjavik had fally acquired all the acutrements of morny: “not only a universy and a movie theatre, but also football and homosexualy”.

THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT AND GAY RIGHTS: THE HIDN HISTORY

Durg a discsn 1949, when the archect Frank Lloyd Wright said that “this movement which we ll morn art and patg has been greatly, or is greatly, bt to homosexualism”, he was tryg to prent mornism as unacceptable; but on the same ocsn Marcel Duchamp intified lbians and gay men as beg largely rponsible for the healthy state of the arts: “I believe the homosexual public has shown more tert [] or cursy for morn art than the heterosexual.

You uld say that acceptance of homosexualy beme one of the key measur of morny long before societi like ours Bra nscend to update their anti-gay 1869, Friedrich Engels had already noticed, as he put a letter to Karl Marx, that “the perasts are begng to unt themselv”, speculatg half jokgly that they might one day amount to “a power the state”. Prs verage brought the existence of homosexualy to the foreont of the llective nscns a way that turned out to be both threateng and enablg to homosexuals: threateng bee sndal uld happen to any of them, but enablg bee gave them accs to rmatn about the homosexual muny a world where was rarely oute of this sense that homosexual people existed large numbers while still remag more or ls visible to the naked eye was the spicn that when they got together they were likely to engage somethg more, somethg even worse than the dulgg of a perversn. Notorly, the works of homosexualy seemed to transcend many more formal social and polil boundari, reifyg crossovers not only between natnal and ethnic cultur, but between high society and the mi-mons of bohemian artists, and so forth.

PASTOR HAGEE: THE ANTICHRIST IS GAY, "PARTIALLY JEWISH, AS WAS ADOLPH HLER" (PAGG JOE LIEBERMAN!)

The Homtern certaly helped cross-fertilise the history of f and bars Europe and Lat Ameri is full of artistic groups whose drkg and smokg oiled the wheels of nversatn, helpg to tegrate gay men to mastream cultural velopment. ” The gay athet Evelyn Wgh’s novels all have close nnectns wh ternatnal mornism: Ambrose Silk, Put Out More Flags, is nostalgic for “the days of Diaghilev” and has “equented” Cocte and Ste Paris; Anthony Blanche, Brishead Revised, has ded wh Prot and Gi, been even closer to Cocte and Diaghilev, and received pi of the novels of Ronald Firbank “wh fervent scriptns”. ”Hollywood stume signer Gilbert Adrian, known profsnally as Adrian, wh Greta there were plenty of openly gay people behd the scen, notably divid by genr along regnisable l: lots of lbian technicians, lots of gay male signers and choreographers.

Many of the great ins of femy were shaped or signed by gay men: Joan Crawford by William Hayn, Marlene Dietrich by Travis Banton, Greta Garbo by Adrian, Judy Garland by Roger Ens, Marilyn Monroe by Jack Cole. Ernt Hemgway is the key performer this chara, his characterisatn of Ste as “a woman who isn’t a woman” a c mirrorg of his own genr follows that the cultural history of homosexualy is everywhere shadowed by that of homophobia.

The cintal succs of Tennsee Williams, Edward Albee and William Inge on the Broadway stage the 1950s was followed by a backlash of attacks, maly om straight male crics plorg their supposed sexism: their women characters were distortns, eher bee they were “really” men or bee, as women, they were hated by their misogynistic homosexual thors. You didn’t even have to arrive to meet tertg people: you uld enunter them on the way, on the transatlantic lers (Noël Coward and Sergei Eisenste were placed at the same table on one crossg) or the Tra Bl down to the Riviera, or the Orient ubiquy began to make seem difficult for homophob to travel anywhere tertg whout enunterg their bugbear. The secret of their homosexualy might be open to a social circle but a secret om fay, or open to iends and fay but a secret om work, or even, some s, known to both private and public worlds, but never openly spoken of.

*BEAR-MAGAZINE.COM* KARL MARX GAY

From gay nspiracy to queer chic: the artists and wrers who changed the world | Books | The Guardian .

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