What Do We Know about Gay and Lbian Coupl? on JSTOR

Contents:

• RELATNSHIP QUALY OF GAY AND LBIAN HABG UPL
• RELATNSHIP QUALY OF PARTNERS HETEROSEXUAL MARRIED, HETEROSEXUAL HABG, AND GAY AND LBIAN RELATNSHIPS
• CORRELAT OF RELATNSHIP SATISFACTN HABG GAY AND LBIAN UPL: TEGRATN OF NTEXTUAL, VTMENT, AND PROBLEM-SOLVG MOLS
• COHABATN AND ROMANTIC RELATNSHIP QUALY AMONG PORTUGUE LBIAN, GAY, AND HETEROSEXUAL INDIVIDUALS
• GAY AND LBIAN PARENTG: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THEM AND METHODOLOGIL STRATEGI OF BRAZILIAN REARCH

RELATNSHIP QUALY OF GAY AND LBIAN HABG UPL

Asssg Multiple Determants of Relatnship Commment Cohabg Gay, Cohabg Lbian, Datg Heterosexual, and Married Heterosexual Coupl on JSTOR. For stance, 45% of adults the Silent Generatn (those born between 1928 and 1945) favor allowg gays and lbians to wed, pared wh 74% of Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996).

4As wh the general public, Amerins who intify as lbian, gay, bisexual or transgenr (LGBT) are most likely to ce love as a very important reason for gettg married. Sce then, several other European untri – cludg England and Wal, France, Ireland, all of Sndavia, Spa and, most recently, Atria, Germany and Malta – have legalized gay marriage.

RELATNSHIP QUALY OF PARTNERS HETEROSEXUAL MARRIED, HETEROSEXUAL HABG, AND GAY AND LBIAN RELATNSHIPS

We tted petg hypoth about the stabily of same-sex vers different-sex habg upl that were guid by plete stutnalizatn, mory strs, relatnship vtments, and uple homogamy perspectiv (predictg that same-sex upl would be ls stable) as well as enomic rourc (predictg that same-sex upl would be more stable). From the plete stutnalizatn, mory strs, relatnship vtments, and uple homogamy perspectiv, we anticipate that same-sex habg upl are ls stable.

Explanatns for RelatnshipStabily Same-sex upl may experience lower levels of relatnship stabily bee of plete stutnalizatn, mory strs, relatnship vtments, and uple homogamy. Cohabg wh a member of the same sex may generate strs bee reprents a public prentatn of a gay or lbian dividual wh their levels of stabily may be observed among same-sex upl partly bee of socmographic ditors, the prence of children, and uple homogamy terms of age, race, and tn.

Send, homogamy is associated wh greater stabily among different-sex upl (Bratter and Kg 2008; Phillips and Sweeney 2006; Teachman 2002). Prr work dit that homogamy (age, race/ethnicy, tn) is lower among same-sex than different-sex upl (Rosenfeld and Kim 2005; Schwartz and Graf 2009).

CORRELAT OF RELATNSHIP SATISFACTN HABG GAY AND LBIAN UPL: TEGRATN OF NTEXTUAL, VTMENT, AND PROBLEM-SOLVG MOLS

Gays and lbians who live stat wh supportive polici (employment discrimatn and bullyg laws) targeted at sexual mori experience lower levels of ser psychologil ndns (Hatzenbuehler et al.

Overall, same-sex habg upl may be more protected agast dissolutn than are different-sex habg upl bee the former posss characteristics associated wh lower dissolutn, cludg higher e and tn; however, same-sex habg upl may receive ls support for their relatnships, ls often have relatnship vtments (children), and are ls homogamo terms of age and 1Couple characteristics, by unn typeCohabg CouplMarried Coupl. We found that same-sex and different-sex habg upl share siar levels of relatnship rults belie several perspectiv monly ed to expla variatn relatnship stabily, cludg plete stutnalizatn, mory strs, relatnship vtment, uple homogamy, and socmographic perspectiv.

Th, the policy ntext appears to play some role the stabily of habg relatnships, and attentn to other polici related to lbian and gay protectns is warranted. 2We e the terms “homogamy” and “heterogamy” as they are monly ed mographic rearch on habatn (Blackwell and Lichter 2004; Schwartz 2010), but we regnize that the terms technilly refer to marriage. Brothers and sisters of lbians, gay men, and bisexuals as a mographic parison group: An novative rearch methodology to exame social change.

COHABATN AND ROMANTIC RELATNSHIP QUALY AMONG PORTUGUE LBIAN, GAY, AND HETEROSEXUAL INDIVIDUALS

Lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, queer, and non-bary dividuals (LGBTQ +) have been members of fai of orig, fai of choice, and fai head by lbian and gay parents throughout history. Most gay men bee parents the ntext of prev relatnships, adoptn, and through assisted reproductive technologi (Carneiro et al., 2017; Wycisk, 2015) of June 2021, 30 untri worldwi regnize same-sex marriag.

In Europe, some untri, such as Atria, Belgium, Denmark, Fland, France, Germany, Greenland, Ireland, Iceland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Northern Ireland, Portugal, Spa, Swen, and the Uned Kgdom, the adoptn by same-sex upl, as well as sgle lbian, gay, and bisexual dividuals, is allowed.

However, more and more, lbians, gays, and bisexuals create their fay arrangements and have received visibily and support, maly due to the legal and polil regnn of civil marriage and the adoptn among same-sex upl Lat Ameri (Lira & Morais, 2017; Ryan & Berkowz, 2009) 1995, Brazil announced the Registered Civil Partnership-PCR bill No. In this sense, some profsnals unrstood that gay and lbian dividuals uld also be treated the same way as heterosexual cisgenr dividuals and they provid them wh this service.

GAY AND LBIAN PARENTG: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THEM AND METHODOLOGIL STRATEGI OF BRAZILIAN REARCH

However, the parental rights of gay and lbian parents have not always been guaranteed, sce they still pend on jurispnce (Cerqueira-Santos et al., 2017).

Addnally, there are difficulti timatg wh precisn the number of fai head by gay or lbian parents several untri, pecially Brazil (Power et al., 2010).

In particular, there is a gap the scientific lerature regardg which methodologil strategi and stments are ed for vtigatg stigma and rilience procs fai head by gay or lbian parents (Lira & Morais, 2017; Meyer & Frost, 2013). Although procr such as terviews and clil observatns are tly relevant environments dited to fay health, standardized stments for asssg lbian and gay parentg may have some advantag ntexts such as psychotherapy, physil and mental health re, social, and legal assistance (Costa et al., 2013a, b) stments provi evince regardg the needs, fenc, and loss of the fay system and n strengthen the nsistency and validy of the fdgs towards stutns foced on the re and promotn of fay health (Lira & Morais, 2018; Parker et al., 2018). Also, the discsn regardg the typ of evince-based stments and/or fay terventns n further promote an crease the qualy of life and well-beg of lbian and gay parents and their children through the preparatn and planng of asssments and fay health procr that are more sensive to the real mands of the fay nfiguratns (Lira & Morais, 2018; Parker et al., 2018; Wright & Masten, 2015).

The analysis of such the scientific lerature regardg which n provi a culturally sensive unrstandg of what aspects of fay health has been vtigated, what measur or strategi were ed rearch as regards fai head by lbian and gay parents (Lira & Morais, 2017; Meyer & Frost, 2013).

Th, this study aimed to review them and methodologil strategi of the Brazilian scientific lerature regardg fai head by gay and lbian parents. Th, the study will seek to answer the followg qutns: “What are the them that characterize rearch regardg fai head by lbian and gay parents Brazil?

Incln CreriaArticl were eligible for cln the review acrdg to the followg creria: (a) be an empiril article of quantative, qualative, or multi-method character wh full-text available; (b) havg as rearch participants cisgenr gay or lbian parents and/or their children; (c) published the perd between 2009 and October 2019; (d) English and Portugue; (e) alg wh aspects of cisgenr gay and lbian parentg; and (f) beg a study nducted wh Brazilian participants or wh Brazilian ntext—produced or about Brazil or a Brazilian regn/cy. Afterwards, we analyzed abstracts, and we nsired the excln creria listed below: duplite articl; book chapters; news; technil documents; ments; other lerature reviews (systematic and narrative); dissertatns and th; and studi whose objective alt wh the theme of homosexualy but did not relate to fai or parentg.

We cid not to clu systematic reviews and theoretil articl or those that alt wh the attus of the general populatn or profsnals regardg lbian and gay parentg the rp of analysis, le wh the objective of this study, which is to characterize the scientific lerature as regards fai head by gay or lbian parents, terms of objectiv, methods, them, and rults.

In Portugue, we ed the followg batn of search scriptors wh Boolean operators: (homossexual* OR lésbi OR gay OR homoparental OR lgbt*) AND (fa* OR parentalida OR maternida OR paternida OR “reprodução assistida” OR “direos reprodutivos”) AND (Brasil*) NOT (trans*). In English, we ed the followg terms: (homosexual* OR lbian OR gay OR lgbt* OR same-sex) AND (fa* OR parent* OR mother* OR father* OR “assisted reproductn” OR “reproductive rights”) AND (Brazil*) NOT (trans*).

Reflexive StatementIt is necsary to pot that, we, the thors, are cisgenr gay mal and heterosexual femal, and traed the disciple of psychology.

We did, however, mata our emphasis on unrstandg the methodologil strategi of studi regardg gay and lbian parents and their children’s perspectiv on their experienc. Concerng the, rearchers nducted most studi wh female parental upl or lbian parents a stable relatnship, married, or habg (n = 11), and among the, some also clud divorced and remarried lbian parents (n = 4), and male parental upl or married (Mach, 2016; Tombolato et al., 2018; Vule et al., 2015) or sgle gay parent (Amazonas et al., 2013).

Many studi reported the difficulty to accs gay and lbian parents and their children when they first ntacted muny health re or social and legal assistance stutns or NGOs that worked wh sexual mory dividuals and many rearchers achieved the participants through their social work. Also, two studi ed stments built by the rearch group and prevly tted on the target dience, namely, the Soc-Enomic Profile Qutnnaire of Homoparental Fai and the terview script Gettg to Know Homoparental Fai (Tombolato et al., 2018, 2019). Only five articl ed verifitn procr as a way to enhance the credibily/tstworths of the study, such as (a) peer review or briefg, through regular meetgs wh the rearch team apart om the terviews (Lúc et al., 2018); (b) data triangulatn, through the bed analysis of data om a survey regardg scientific and legal aspects RT, data om RT webs (Brazil and USA), and data om terviews wh RT health profsnals (Mach & Couto, 2014), and also, through the analysis of separated terviews wh lbian or gay parents and wh their children (Sátiro & Barr, 2016); (c) external ds/ter-rater reliabily, through analysis of terviews wh the LGBTQ + NGO team asi om the dividual terviews (Mqua & Pavia, 2015); and (d) prolonged engagement the field, through the analysis of field diari addn to the terviews (Vule et al., 2015).

We did not asss any article as beg too poor for cln; tails are Table 2 Qualy asssmentFull size tableThemWe intified four broad them ncerng Brazilian qualative studi regardg fai head by gays and lbian parents: (a) Fay nceptns: the historil importance of the blogil bond and the ia of affectn as a means by which the parents and their children -nstct a sense of fay; (b) parentg rout and their repercsns for the uple and/or fay relatns; (c) prejudice agast sexual diversy, social support, and the impact on fay relatnships; (d) lerary and media reprentatns regardg gay and lbian parentg.

The them are not mutually exclive; they overlap and teract, reflectg the relatnal nature of the fdgs and the teractns among each part of the fay system (parental uple, parent–child relatns, sexual, and genr diversy) Conceptns: The Historil Importance of the Blogil Bond and the Ia of Affectn as a Means by Which The Parents and Their Children Co-nstct a Sense of FayThe sense of fay for gay and lbian parents and their children is nceived the studi clud this systematic review by the affective bonds that are tablished between their members, not by blogil kship, nor by the sexual orientatn of the parental uple.

In terviews, the gay and lbian uple revealed the nnectns between their personal histori, their uple histori, and the sire to have children (Lira et al., 2016a). Specifilly, if the g out procs of the lbian and gay parents led to an ial fay rejectn om their fai of orig, they stated that havg children enabled a (re)rapprochement (Lira et al., 2016b; Mach, 2016). Parentg Rout and Their Repercsns for the Couple and/or Fay RelatnsConcerng the parentg rout ed by the study participants, we noticed that the majory of the rearch wh female upl and lbian parents explored the experience of parenthood through assisted RT, while the studi wh gay parents showed the nstutn of their fai through adoptn.

If both parents performed the basic and ma childre activi, children did not report to prefer one or the other (Pont et al., 2015, 2017) we now turn to gay male parents, even when they exprs the sire to have a geilly related child, they choose to adopt.

Among other reasons, due to the fear of the bond that may be tablished, through pregnancy, between the surrogate and the child (Amazonas et al., 2013; Mach, 2016; Mach & Couto, 2014; Tombolato et al., 2019) regard to the adoptn by gay or lbian parents, studi showed that the nstctn of the feelg of parenthood n happen both daily child-rearg or at the first moment they see the child and that emotnal bonds are strengthened across time livg together (Amazonas et al., 2013). In the upl’ disurse, the perceptn of adoptn stands out as a social mment (Amazonas et al., 2013; Mach, 2016; Mach & Couto, 2014; Tombolato et al., 2019), is important to highlight that the upl (gays and lbians) terviewed seek children for adoptn outsi the most mand profil the untry. The data suggted that gay and lbian parents ga greater social acceptance when they meet some heteronormative standards (Tombolato et al., 2018, 2019) prejudice that such parents have experienced due to their non-heterosexual orientatns, pecially om their fai of orig, was also manifted the form of non-acceptance of their parenthood or emotnal distancg.