Genr norms affect attus towards gay men and lbian women globally

Contents:

• HIDN BRA: AMERI'S CHANGG ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE
• PUBLIC ATTUS TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALY AND GAY RIGHTS ACROSS TIME AND COUNTRI
• GENR NORMS AFFECT ATTUS TOWARDS GAY MEN AND LBIAN WOMEN GLOBALLY
• AMERINS’ SHIFTG ATTU ON GAY RIGHTS
• GENR INTIFITN AND ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE: GENR AND SEXUALY DIFFERENC AND SIARI
• RADILLY NORMAL: HOW GAY RIGHTS ACTIVISTS CHANGED THE MDS OF THEIR OPPONENTS
• LET THEM BE, NOT ADOPT: GENERAL ATTUS TOWARDS GAYS AND LBIANS AND SPECIFIC ATTUS TOWARDS ADOPTN BY SAME-SEX COUPL 22 EUROPEAN COUNTRI

HIDN BRA: AMERI'S CHANGG ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE

STEVE INSKEEP, HOST: We have a eper look this morng at one of the most profound shifts public attus ever rerd - 's the public view of people who are gay and much of this natn's history, of urse, the vast majory of people disapproved of homosexualy so strongly that anyone who me out was guaranteed to face difficulty and even risked danger.

PUBLIC ATTUS TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALY AND GAY RIGHTS ACROSS TIME AND COUNTRI

And then, what ltle data we have on trans rights also suggts that there's been a sharp crease appreciatn for the rights of trans I thk one of the thgs that has been shown by the Marriage Equaly Movement is that if you're a gay or lbian, you have more rights than you ed to have. It nsirs 1) what the trends have been and how chang vary across untri, 2) cross-natnal differenc support of homosexualy and gay rights and what untry-level factors expla the cross-natnal variatn, 3) mographic rrelat of support for homosexualy/gay rights, 4) the nnectn of hort differenc to trends, and 5) the bed role of dividual and untry-level variabl on shapg attus towards homosexualy and gay rights. Helpful rpons of a therapist treatg an dividual who is troubled about her or his same sex attractns clu helpg that person actively pe wh social prejudic agast homosexualy, succsfully rolve issu associated wh and rultg om ternal nflicts, and actively lead a happy and satisfyg life.

The phrase “g out” is ed to refer to several aspects of lbian, gay, and bisexual persons’ experienc: self-awarens of same-sex attractns; the tellg of one or a few people about the attractns; wispread disclosure of same-sex attractns; and intifitn wh the lbian, gay, and bisexual muny. To better unrstand what shap the attus and prejudic, Maria Lra Bettsoli, Alexandra Supp, and Jamie Napier (all New York Universy—Abu Dhabi) tted how beliefs about genr norms (expectatns of society for how men and women act and look) and people's attus towards gay men and women relate across the globe. Ls than 50 percent said they should be hired as doctors or clergy, and jt over a quarter said they should be hired as elementary school, nearly all Amerins, 93 percent, believe lbian and gay people should have equal accs to jobs — wh 91 percent sayg they should be hired as doctors and 81 percent sayg they should be hired as elementary school teachers.

To tt this assumptn, we nducted a study aimed at examg the relatnship between genr intifitn and attus toward lbians and gay men among people of different genrs and sexual Iology and Attus toward Gay PeopleGenr iology, broad terms, is ually unrstood as an dividual’s ternalizatn of cultural belief systems and attus toward members of a particular genr group. Prev rults revealed that endorsement of TMI was associated wh negative attus toward women (Corprew III et al., 2014; Gage &Lease, 2018; Hyatt et al., 2017; Lease et al., 2020; Stanr et al., 2018) and gay people (Barron et al., 2008; Keiller, 2010; McDermott et al., 2014; Parrott et al., 2002) scholars have suggted that tradnal genr iologi might expla genr differenc attus toward gay men and lbian women. This difference is likely due to straight people exprsg more negative attus than sexual mory dividuals toward sexual together, studi on tradnal genr iologi may expla the differenc attus toward gay people that exist between men and women, and between straight and sexual mory dividuals.

GENR NORMS AFFECT ATTUS TOWARDS GAY MEN AND LBIAN WOMEN GLOBALLY

Sce people of diverse genrs and sexuali support different genr iologi, one might assume that the groups there will be a different relatnship between genr intifitn and attus toward gay particular, sce TMI impli stricter adherence to differenc between men and women than TFI, we hypothized that stronger genr intifitn among men would be associated wh more negative attus toward lbians and gay men than among women (hypothis 1).

AMERINS’ SHIFTG ATTU ON GAY RIGHTS

In addn, sce straight dividuals were found to endorse tradnal genr iologi more than sexual mory dividuals, we hypothized that stronger genr intifitn would be associated wh more negative attus toward lbians and gay men among straight people than among sexual mory dividuals (hypothis 2) wh stronger genr intifitn attribute more stereotypil characteristics to genr -group members, give a more posive asssment of people who nform to genr stereotyp, and a more negative asssment of people who vlate them.

Sce, acrdg to tradnal genr iologi, men should emphasize their differenc om women more than women do om men, we hypothized that stronger genr intifitn would be associated wh more negative attus toward gay men than toward lbians (hypothis 3) Context of the StudyMost of the studi on the relatnship between tradnal genr iologi, genr inty and attus toward gay people have been nducted the USA and some European untri that are ually characterized by relatively high levels of genr equaly and posive attus toward gay people. In our opn, featur of the social ntext would strengthen the lk between genr intifitn and attus toward lbians and gay featur of the social ntext dite that, on the one hand, tradnal genr iologi are wispread Rsia, and, on the other, there are no social norms that lim the exprsn of negative attus toward lbians and gay men. In particular, several studi have revealed that bisexual people tend to be exclud by both straight and gay dividuals; they were stereotyped as ls tstworthy, ls cled toward monogamo relatnships and not as able to mata a long-term relatnship (Burke &LaFrance, 2016; Zivony &Lobel, 2014).

Table 1 Dcriptive statistics and Pearson rrelatnsFull size tableAttus toward Gay Men and Lbian WomenTo measure attus toward gay men and lbian women, we ed qutnnair measurg the perceived abnormaly of non-straight sexual orientatn through negative emotns toward gay people and support for their rights. All qutnnair had two different versns ed for randomly assigned rponnts: one versn, prented to 438 participants, referred to ‘gay men’, while the send, referrg to ‘lbian women’, was prented to 413 measure the perceived abnormaly of beg a gay person, we ed the Threat to Moraly sle om the Rsian Attus to Homosexuals Inventory (RAHI; Gulevich et al., 2016).

GENR INTIFITN AND ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE: GENR AND SEXUALY DIFFERENC AND SIARI

Simple slop analysis (see Table 4) further dited that, except for the lk between SI and support for munitn rights, the higher levels of SI and SD ponents of genr intifitn were more strongly related to more negative attus toward gay men and lbian women the subsample of men than women. However, the current rults revealed genr differenc asssg the perceived normaly of homosexualy, negative emotns toward gay people, and support for their fay and munitn general, the study’s fdgs supported the assumptn that more negative attus toward gay people were predicted by stronger genr intifitn of the rponnts. They showed that the subsample of men, stronger gnive and emotnal-evaluative ponents of genr intifitn were associated wh more negative attus toward gay men and lbian women, while the subsample of women this associatn was prent only for support for munitn general, the rults are le wh those om a Swiss study that monstrated that strong genr intifitn was associated wh more negative attus toward gay people among men, but not women (Falomir-Pichastor &Mugny, 2009).

At the same time, our rearch has revealed that genr intifitn, pecially s gnive ponent, is strongly related to attus toward gay men and lbian women, though the lk was morated by one’s genr and sexual, prev studi were nducted North Amerin and European untri, and their rults were based on predomantly straight rponnts. Th, although possible, we believe is unlikely that the relatnship between genr intifitn and attus toward homosexual dividuals would have been affected by social sirabily (see Tracey, 2016), our data did not allow for an examatn of the lk among cisgenr and transgenr dividuals. Ttg a Theory of Public Reactns to Activist Vlence, " by Brent Simpson, Robb Willer, and Matthew Feberg, 2018 The Gay Revolutn: The Story of the Stggle, by Lilian Farman, 2015 "Christiany, Social Tolerance, and Homosexualy, " by John Boswell, 1980 Why Civil Ristance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonvlent Conflict, by Eri Chenoweth and Maria J.

RADILLY NORMAL: HOW GAY RIGHTS ACTIVISTS CHANGED THE MDS OF THEIR OPPONENTS

While much rearch shows that attus towards homosexualy have grown creasgly posive over the s (Anrsen and Fetner, 2008a; Treas, Lui and Gubernskaya, 2014; Halman and van Ingen, 2015; Fetner, 2016), homosexuals are likely to experience var typ of discrimatn (Riggle, Rostosky and Horne, 2010) and acceptance of LG people has not been achieved among var segments of the populatn. In particular, studi fd that olr people (Treas, 2002; Takács, Szalma and Bart, 2016), the ls ted (Ohlanr, Batalova and Treas, 2005; Halman and van Ingen, 2015) and highly relig dividuals (Gerhards, 2010; Jäckle and Wenzelburger, 2015) are still likely to reject homosexualy. Therefore, the procs through which homosexualy be acceptable the ey of public opn is still mismatch between the rights of LG people at the macro/stutnal level and the persistence of negative attus towards homosexualy at the micro/dividual level rais qutns about the diffn of posive attus towards gays and lbians.

Furthermore, we tt whether dividual characteristics known to affect the adoptn of novative behavur—namely tn, religsy, and personaly valu—are associated wh posive attus towards homosexualy across social systems and whether their salience chang over rults dite that dividual-level variabl operate differently pendg on the extent to which untri have equalized fay rights across the LG and the straight populatns. Therefore, our applitn of diffn theory to chang attus towards homosexualy, we tt (i) which dividuals are faster at adoptg novative behavur; and (ii) whether the strength of the dividual characteristics is the same at different stag the diffn procs, fed both terms of time t and space Z.

Same-sex marriage is also prent English-speakg untri such as the Uned Stat, Canada, and Atralia, but also Mexi, South Ai, and some untri South Ameri such as Brazil, Argenta, and fal goal to achieve equaly of fay rights among gays, lbians and straights regards reproductive rights. Therefore, our first hypothis is that:H1: the crease posive attus toward homosexualy over the observed perd will be stronger untri that belong to the early and late majory groups pared to the early adopters and laggard groupThis expectatn is picted by the S-curve Figure 1b.

LET THEM BE, NOT ADOPT: GENERAL ATTUS TOWARDS GAYS AND LBIANS AND SPECIFIC ATTUS TOWARDS ADOPTN BY SAME-SEX COUPL 22 EUROPEAN COUNTRI

In fact, some of the characteristics have also been found to drive attus towards homosexualy (Ohlanr, Batalova and Treas, 2005; Halman and van Ingen, 2015; Takács, Szalma and Bart, 2016) terms of soc-enomic stat, studi fd that more highly ted subjects are nsirably more likely to be acceptg of homosexualy pared wh ls ted on, both the Uned Stat (Ohlanr, Batalova and Treas, 2005) and several European untri (van n Akker, van r Ploeg and Scheepers, 2013; Kuntz et al., 2015; Takács, Szalma and Bart, 2016). Studi even fd a negative associatn between macro-level religsy and dividual-level attus: on average subjects are more disapprovg of homosexualy untri wh higher levels of religsy (Adamczyk and Pt, 2009; van n Akker, van r Ploeg and Scheepers, 2013), terms of munitn behavur, diffn theory stat that dividuals are more likely to be novators if they are more nnected to other dividuals (Rogers, 1962: p.

Var empiril studi support the tuns (Schiappa, Gregg and Hew, 2006; Skipworth, Garner and Dettrey, 2010; Lewis, 2011) fdgs gui our basic expectatn: on average, higher tn (i), low nservatism (ii), lower levels of religsy (iii), and greater social nnectedns (iv) will all be associated wh more posive attus towards homosexualy. To tt H1 (the crease posive attus towards homosexualy over the observed perd will be stronger untri that belong to the early and late majory groups pared wh the early adopters and laggard group), we specify the followg mol: Pyijk=1=Fαjk+β1x1ijk+⋯+βnxnijk(1) Equatn (1) reprents the dividual level. Predicted probabili of agreeg strongly wh the statement ‘Gays and lbians should be ee to live the life they wish’ the 27 European untri over time ( of untry-level random effects) 3 reports the probabily of strongly agreeg wh the statement by year of the survey the four groups of untri.