Alan Turg: Computer Pneer, Co-Breaker, Gay In | Live Science

Contents:

• ALAN TURG: GAY MAN WHO SAVED THE WORLD YET DIED DISGRACE
• RISHI SUNAK APOLOGIS TO LGBT VETERANS FOR PAST ARMED FORC GAY BAN
• REMEMBERG ALAN TURG, THE GAY BRISH WAR HERO WHO DIED AFTER BEG PERSECUTED BY HIS UNTRY
• ALAN TURG BGRAPHY: COMPUTER PNEER, GAY IN
• ALAN {LOR:#595959;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:600;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:0.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.25REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}} A{-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:HER;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;} A:HOVER{LOR:#A00000;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;}THE FAMED -BREAKG WAR HERO, NOW NSIRED THE FATHER OF PUTER SCIENCE AND ARTIFICIAL TELLIGENCE, WAS CRIMALLY NVICTED AND HARSHLY TREATED UNR THE U.K.'S HOMOPHOBIC {MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;} SPAN{LE-HEIGHT:1.6;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;}{FONT-STYLE:NORMAL;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;FONT-FAY:RALAS,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;LOR:#323232;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.3;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;TEXT-TRANSFORM:PALIZE;}{DISPLAY:LE-BLOCK;TEXT-TRANSFORM:UPPERSE;MARG-LEFT:0.625REM;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;}UPDATED: JUL 22, {DISPLAY:-WEBK-BOX;DISPLAY:-WEBK-FLEX;DISPLAY:-MS-FLEXBOX;DISPLAY:FLEX;}{MARG-BOTTOM:0.9375REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 64REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(100VW - (1REM * 2));MARG-LEFT:1REM;MARG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(-1 * 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - (LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 2 * 1REM)) / -2);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 90REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / 2);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / -2) - 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 2);MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 + 1REM)) / -2) - LC(2 * 1REM));}[DATA-HAS-SPONSOR] {MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);MARG-RIGHT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);}}{JTIFY-SELF:CENTER;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG-LEFT:-50VW;MARG-RIGHT:-50VW;WIDTH:100VW;LEFT:50%;RIGHT:50%;}}{HEIGHT:TO;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO LC(50% - 50VW);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO;}}{POSN:RELATIVE;HEIGHT:TO;}{POSN:RELATIVE;--POSN:ABSOLUTE;HEIGHT:TO;} IMG{MAX-WIDTH:100%;HEIGHT:TO;} A{POSN:ABSOLUTE;}{POSN:RELATIVE;WIDTH:100%;HEIGHT:100%;OBJECT-F:VER;VERTIL-ALIGN:TOP;}{BACKGROUND:#C92228;BOTTOM:0;PADDG:.5REM;RIGHT:0;}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{PADDG:0.39REM;}}{DISPLAY:BLOCK;HEIGHT:1REM;WIDTH:1REM;}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{WIDTH:1.063REM;HEIGHT:1.063REM;}}{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{PADDG-LEFT:3.5REM;PADDG-RIGHT:3.5REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MAX-WIDTH:45.25REM;MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 73.75REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 100REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}} EM{FONT-STYLE:ALIC;FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;}{CLEAR:BOTH;NTENT:" ";DISPLAY:BLOCK;FONT-SIZE:0.7REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.5REM;HEIGHT:0REM;VISIBILY:HIDN;}{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;} EM{FONT-STYLE:ALIC;FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;}(1912-1954){LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:800;LETTER-SPACG:0.02EM;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;MARG-TOP:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}} B, STRONG{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;} EM, I{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-STYLE:ALIC;}WHO WAS ALAN TURG?ALAN TURG WAS A BRILLIANT BRISH MATHEMATICIAN WHO TOOK A LEADG ROLE BREAKG NAZI CIPHERS DURG WWII. IN HIS SEMAL 1936 PAPER, HE PROVED THAT THERE NNOT EXIST ANY UNIVERSAL ALGORHMIC METHOD OF TERMG TTH MATHEMATICS, AND THAT MATHEMATICS WILL ALWAYS NTA UNCIDABLE PROPOSNS. HIS WORK IS WILY ACKNOWLEDGED AS FOUNDATNAL REARCH OF PUTER SCIENCE AND ARTIFICIAL TELLIGENCE. EARLY LIFEENGLISH SCIENTIST ALAN TURG WAS BORN ALAN MATHISON TURG ON JUNE 23, 1912, MAIDA VALE, LONDON, ENGLAND. AT A YOUNG AGE, HE DISPLAYED SIGNS OF HIGH TELLIGENCE, WHICH SOME OF HIS TEACHERS REGNIZED, BUT DID NOT NECSARILY RPECT. WHEN TURG ATTEND THE WELL-KNOWN PENNT SHERBORNE SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 13, HE BEME PARTICULARLY TERTED MATH AND SCIENCE. AFTER SHERBORNE, TURG ENROLLED AT KG'S COLLEGE (UNIVERSY OF CAMBRIDGE) CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND, STUDYG THERE OM 1931 TO 1934. AS A RULT OF HIS DISSERTATN, WHICH HE PROVED THE CENTRAL LIM THEOREM, TURG WAS ELECTED A FELLOW AT THE SCHOOL UPON HIS GRADUATN. IN 1936, TURG LIVERED A PAPER, "ON COMPUTABLE NUMBERS, WH AN APPLITN TO THE ENTSCHEIDUNGSPROBLEM," WHICH HE PRENTED THE NOTN OF A UNIVERSAL MACHE (LATER LLED THE “UNIVERSAL TURG MACHE," AND THEN THE "TURG MACHE") PABLE OF PUTG ANYTHG THAT IS PUTABLE: IT IS NSIRED THE PRECURSOR TO THE MORN PUTER. OVER THE NEXT TWO YEARS, TURG STUDIED MATHEMATICS AND CRYPTOLOGY AT THE INSTUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY PRCETON, NEW JERSEY. AFTER RECEIVG HIS PH.D. OM PRCETON UNIVERSY 1938, HE RETURNED TO CAMBRIDGE, AND THEN TOOK A PART-TIME POSN WH THE GOVERNMENT CO AND CYPHER SCHOOL, A BRISH -BREAKG ANIZATN.CRYPTANALYSIS AND EARLY COMPUTERSDURG WORLD WAR II, TURG WAS A LEADG PARTICIPANT WARTIME -BREAKG, PARTICULARLY THAT OF GERMAN CIPHERS. HE WORKED AT BLETCHLEY PARK, THE GCCS WARTIME STATN, WHERE HE MA FIVE MAJOR ADVANC THE FIELD OF CRYPTANALYSIS, CLUDG SPECIFYG THE BOMBE, AN ELECTROMECHANIL VICE ED TO HELP CIPHER GERMAN ENIGMA ENCRYPTED SIGNALS.TURG’S NTRIBUTNS TO THE -BREAKG PROCS DIDN’T STOP THERE: HE ALSO WROTE TWO PAPERS ABOUT MATHEMATIL APPROACH TO -BREAKG, WHICH BEME SUCH IMPORTANT ASSETS TO THE CO AND CYPHER SCHOOL (LATER KNOWN AS THE GOVERNMENT COMMUNITNS HEADQUARTERS) THAT THE GCHQ WAED UNTIL APRIL 2012 TO RELEASE THEM TO THE NATNAL ARCHIV OF THE UNED KGDOM. TURG MOVED TO LONDON THE MID-1940S, AND BEGAN WORKG FOR THE NATNAL PHYSIL LABORATORY. AMONG HIS MOST NOTABLE NTRIBUTNS WHILE WORKG AT THE FACILY, TURG LED THE SIGN WORK FOR THE AUTOMATIC COMPUTG ENGE AND ULTIMATELY CREATED A GROUNDBREAKG BLUEPRT FOR STORE-PROGRAM PUTERS. THOUGH A PLETE VERSN OF THE ACE WAS NEVER BUILT, S NCEPT HAS BEEN ED AS A MOL BY TECH RPORATNS WORLDWI FOR SEVERAL YEARS, FLUENCG THE SIGN OF THE ENGLISH ELECTRIC DEUCE AND THE AMERIN BENDIX G-15 — CREDED BY MANY THE TECH DTRY AS THE WORLD’S FIRST PERSONAL PUTER — AMONG OTHER PUTER MOLS. TURG WENT ON TO HOLD HIGH-RANKG POSNS THE MATHEMATICS PARTMENT AND LATER THE PUTG LABORATORY AT THE UNIVERSY OF MANCHTER THE LATE 1940S. HE FIRST ADDRSED THE ISSUE OF ARTIFICIAL TELLIGENCE HIS 1950 PAPER, "COMPUTG MACHERY AND TELLIGENCE," AND PROPOSED AN EXPERIMENT KNOWN AS THE “TURG TT” — AN EFFORT TO CREATE AN TELLIGENCE SIGN STANDARD FOR THE TECH DTRY. OVER THE PAST SEVERAL S, THE TT HAS SIGNIFINTLY FLUENCED BAT OVER ARTIFICIAL TELLIGENCE.HOMOSEXUALY, CONVICTN AND DEATHHOMOSEXUALY WAS ILLEGAL THE UNED KGDOM THE EARLY 1950S, SO WHEN TURG ADMTED TO POLICE, LLED TO HIS HOE AFTER A JANUARY 1952 BREAK-, THAT HE'D HAD A SEXUAL RELATNSHIP WH THE PERPETRATOR, 19-YEAR-OLD ARNOLD MURRAY, HE WAS CHARGED WH GROSS CENCY. FOLLOWG HIS ARRT, TURG WAS FORCED TO CHOOSE BETWEEN TEMPORARY PROBATN ON THE NDN THAT HE RECEIVE HORMONAL TREATMENT FOR LIBIDO RCTN, OR IMPRISONMENT. HE CHOSE THE FORMER, AND SOON UNRWENT CHEMIL STRATN THROUGH JECTNS OF A SYNTHETIC TROGEN HORMONE FOR A YEAR, WHICH EVENTUALLY RENRED HIM IMPOTENT. AS A RULT OF HIS NVICTN, TURG'S SECURY CLEARANCE WAS REMOVED AND HE WAS BARRED OM NTUG HIS WORK WH CRYPTOGRAPHY AT THE GCCS, WHICH HAD BEE THE GCHQ 1946. TURG DIED ON JUNE 7, 1954. FOLLOWG A POSTMORTEM EXAM, WAS TERMED THAT THE E OF ATH WAS CYANI POISONG. THE REMAS OF AN APPLE WERE FOUND NEXT TO THE BODY, THOUGH NO APPLE PARTS WERE FOUND HIS STOMACH. THE TOPSY REPORTED THAT "FOUR OUNC OF FLUID WHICH SMELLED STRONGLY OF BTER ALMONDS, AS DO A SOLUTN OF CYANI" WAS FOUND THE STOMACH. TRACE SMELL OF BTER ALMONDS WAS ALSO REPORTED VAL ANS. THE TOPSY NCLUD THAT THE E OF ATH WAS ASPHYXIA DUE TO CYANI POISONG AND LED A SUICI. IN A JUNE 2012 BBC ARTICLE, PHILOSOPHY PROFSOR AND TURG EXPERT JACK COPELAND ARGUED THAT TURG'S ATH MAY HAVE BEEN AN ACCINT: THE APPLE WAS NEVER TTED FOR CYANI, NOTHG THE ACUNTS OF TURG'S LAST DAYS SUGGTED HE WAS SUICIDAL AND TURG HAD CYANI HIS HOE FOR CHEMIL EXPERIMENTS HE NDUCTED HIS SPARE ROOM.AWARDS, REGNN AND ROYAL PARDONSHORTLY AFTER WORLD WAR II, TURG WAS AWARD AN ORR OF THE BRISH EMPIRE FOR HIS WORK. FOR WHAT WOULD HAVE BEEN HIS 86TH BIRTHDAY, TURG BGRAPHER ANDREW HODG UNVEILED AN OFFICIAL ENGLISH HERAGE BLUE PLAQUE AT HIS CHILDHOOD HOME.IN JUNE 2007, A LIFE-SIZE STATUE OF TURG WAS UNVEILED AT BLETCHLEY PARK, BUCKGHAMSHIRE, ENGLAND. A BRONZE STATUE OF TURG WAS UNVEILED AT THE UNIVERSY OF SURREY ON OCTOBER 28, 2004, TO MARK THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS ATH. ADDNALLY, THE {-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:#A00000;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;}{LOR:#595959;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;}PRCETON UNIVERSY ALUMNI WEEKLY NAMED TURG THE SEND MOST SIGNIFINT ALUMN THE HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL — JAM MADISON HELD THE NO. 1 POSN. TURG WAS HONORED A NUMBER OF OTHER WAYS, PARTICULARLY THE CY OF MANCHTER, WHERE HE WORKED TOWARD THE END OF HIS LIFE. IN 1999, TIME MAGAZE NAMED HIM ONE OF S "100 MOST IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF THE 20TH CENTURY," SAYG, "THE FACT REMAS THAT EVERYONE WHO TAPS AT A KEYBOARD, OPENG A SPREADSHEET OR A WORD-PROCSG PROGRAM, IS WORKG ON AN RNATN OF A TURG MACHE." TURG WAS ALSO RANKED 21ST ON THE BBC NATNWI POLL OF THE "100 GREATT BRONS" 2002. BY AND LARGE, TURG HAS BEEN REGNIZED FOR HIS IMPACT ON PUTER SCIENCE, WH MANY CREDG HIM AS THE "FOUNR" OF THE FIELD. FOLLOWG A PETN STARTED BY JOHN GRAHAM-CUMMG, THEN-PRIME MISTER GORDON BROWN RELEASED A STATEMENT ON SEPTEMBER 10, 2009, ON BEHALF OF THE BRISH ERNMENT, WHICH POSTHUMOLY APOLOGIZED TO TURG FOR PROSECUTG HIM AS A HOMOSEXUAL."THIS REGNN OF ALAN'S STAT AS ONE OF BRA'S MOST FAMO VICTIMS OF HOMOPHOBIA IS ANOTHER STEP TOWARDS EQUALY AND LONG OVERDUE. BUT EVEN MORE THAN THAT, ALAN SERV REGNN FOR HIS NTRIBUTN TO HUMANKD," BROWN STATED. "IT IS THANKS TO MEN AND WOMEN WHO WERE TOTALLY MTED TO FIGHTG FASCISM, PEOPLE LIKE ALAN TURG, THAT THE HORRORS OF THE HOLOT AND OF TOTAL WAR ARE PART OF EUROPE'S HISTORY AND NOT EUROPE'S PRENT. SO ON BEHALF OF THE BRISH ERNMENT, AND ALL THOSE WHO LIVE EELY THANKS TO ALAN'S WORK I AM VERY PROUD TO SAY: WE'RE SORRY, YOU SERVED SO MUCH BETTER."IN 2013, QUEEN ELIZABETH II POSTHUMOLY GRANTED TURG A RARE ROYAL PARDON ALMOST 60 YEARS AFTER HE MTED SUICI. THREE YEARS LATER, ON OCTOBER 20, 2016, THE BRISH ERNMENT ANNOUNCED “TURG’S LAW” TO POSTHUMOLY PARDON THOANDS OF GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN WHO WERE NVICTED FOR HOMOSEXUAL ACTS WHEN WAS NSIRED A CRIME. ACRDG TO A STATEMENT ISSUED BY JTICE MISTER SAM GYIMAH, THE LAW ALSO TOMATILLY PARDONS LIVG PEOPLE WHO WERE “NVICTED OF HISTORIL SEXUAL OFFENS WHO WOULD BE NOCENT OF ANY CRIME TODAY.IN JULY 2019, THE BANK OF ENGLAND ANNOUNCED THAT TURG WOULD APPEAR ON THE UK'S NEW £50 NOTE, ALONG WH IMAG OF HIS WORK. THE FAMED SCIENTIST WAS CHOSEN OM A LIST OF NEARLY 1,000 NDIDAT NOMATED BY THE GENERAL PUBLIC, CLUDG THEORETIL PHYSICIST STEPHEN HAWKG AND MATHEMATICIAN ADA {BORR:0;BORR-BOTTOM:TH SOLID BLACK;MARG:1.875REM 0;CLEAR:BOTH;}QUICK FACTS

ALAN TURG: GAY MAN WHO SAVED THE WORLD YET DIED DISGRACE

Jam | 19 November 2010 The Relign Vis What do you do to a homosexual mathematician whose -breakg geni saved the world durg World War II? His name is even enshred two of the most important puter-science ncepts, the Turg mache and the Turg Alan Turg hadn’t been homosexual, his name might be a hoehold word like Este, Newton and Galileo. In 1952 a gay lover helped an acplice rob Turg’s hoe.

Durg the police vtigatn, me out that Turg was a homosexual. There’s Alan Turg, of urse, and there are theori that maybe Leonardo Da Vci was gay or that perhaps Florence Nightgale was a lbian, but no one really knows for sure.

RISHI SUNAK APOLOGIS TO LGBT VETERANS FOR PAST ARMED FORC GAY BAN

Ey RiehlEy Riehl is an Associate Profsor of Mathematics at John Hopks Universy Baltimore, specialisg tegory theory and homotopy theory.

He was also forthrightly gay at a time when homosexual activy was illegal Bra, and 1952, he was nvicted on charg of cency. Hollywood is “not really signed around makg movi about gay English mathematicians, ” Graham Moore, who wrote the script for “The Imatn Game, ” said a recent email.

REMEMBERG ALAN TURG, THE GAY BRISH WAR HERO WHO DIED AFTER BEG PERSECUTED BY HIS UNTRY

In 1551, he was forced to exile om Leipzig followg a homosexual affair. In his later years, he moved away om putg, jog the Gay Liberatn Front the 1970s wh his hoe beg a gay mune.

Alan Turg, a crack -breaker and visnary mathematician who was nvicted unr Victorian-era homophobic laws, will be the face of Bra’s new £50 note. Supporters have long mpaigned for Turg to receive greater regnn for his work and official acknowledgment that his nvictn for homosexual activy was wrong. Their ntributns to their rpective fields have dismantled systems of opprsn, advoted for LGBTQIA+ human rights, and allowed LGBTQIA+ people to exprs themselv more NkoliSimon Tseko Nkoli was an stmental figure the gay rights and anti-apartheid movements South Ai.

ALAN TURG BGRAPHY: COMPUTER PNEER, GAY IN

However, spe allowg Nkoli to mata his posn, COSAS did not accept his sexualy as part of their ristance, promptg Nkoli to jo the Gay Associatn of South Ai (GASA), which was predomantly whe and apolil. After advotg for gay rights while imprisoned, he found the Gay and Lbian Organizatn of Wwatersrand (GLOW) as a rponse to the racism and homophobia he had experienced durg his associatn wh the prev activist groups.

He was the first openly gay activist South Ai to meet wh Nelson Manla, and he anized South Ai’s first-ever Gay Pri march Johannburg.

Johnson was a key activist the Amerin gay rights movement and the Stonewall rts. She and Sylvia Rivera pneered the gay liberatn and transgenr rights movements.

ALAN {LOR:#595959;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:600;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:0.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.25REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}} A{-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:HER;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;} A:HOVER{LOR:#A00000;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;}THE FAMED -BREAKG WAR HERO, NOW NSIRED THE FATHER OF PUTER SCIENCE AND ARTIFICIAL TELLIGENCE, WAS CRIMALLY NVICTED AND HARSHLY TREATED UNR THE U.K.'S HOMOPHOBIC {MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;} SPAN{LE-HEIGHT:1.6;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;}{FONT-STYLE:NORMAL;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;FONT-FAY:RALAS,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;LOR:#323232;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.3;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;TEXT-TRANSFORM:PALIZE;}{DISPLAY:LE-BLOCK;TEXT-TRANSFORM:UPPERSE;MARG-LEFT:0.625REM;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;}UPDATED: JUL 22, {DISPLAY:-WEBK-BOX;DISPLAY:-WEBK-FLEX;DISPLAY:-MS-FLEXBOX;DISPLAY:FLEX;}{MARG-BOTTOM:0.9375REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 64REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(100VW - (1REM * 2));MARG-LEFT:1REM;MARG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(-1 * 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - (LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 2 * 1REM)) / -2);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 90REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / 2);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / -2) - 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 2);MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 + 1REM)) / -2) - LC(2 * 1REM));}[DATA-HAS-SPONSOR] {MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);MARG-RIGHT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);}}{JTIFY-SELF:CENTER;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG-LEFT:-50VW;MARG-RIGHT:-50VW;WIDTH:100VW;LEFT:50%;RIGHT:50%;}}{HEIGHT:TO;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO LC(50% - 50VW);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO;}}{POSN:RELATIVE;HEIGHT:TO;}{POSN:RELATIVE;--POSN:ABSOLUTE;HEIGHT:TO;} IMG{MAX-WIDTH:100%;HEIGHT:TO;} A{POSN:ABSOLUTE;}{POSN:RELATIVE;WIDTH:100%;HEIGHT:100%;OBJECT-F:VER;VERTIL-ALIGN:TOP;}{BACKGROUND:#C92228;BOTTOM:0;PADDG:.5REM;RIGHT:0;}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{PADDG:0.39REM;}}{DISPLAY:BLOCK;HEIGHT:1REM;WIDTH:1REM;}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{WIDTH:1.063REM;HEIGHT:1.063REM;}}{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{PADDG-LEFT:3.5REM;PADDG-RIGHT:3.5REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MAX-WIDTH:45.25REM;MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 73.75REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 100REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}} EM{FONT-STYLE:ALIC;FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;}{CLEAR:BOTH;NTENT:" ";DISPLAY:BLOCK;FONT-SIZE:0.7REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.5REM;HEIGHT:0REM;VISIBILY:HIDN;}{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;} EM{FONT-STYLE:ALIC;FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;}(1912-1954){LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:800;LETTER-SPACG:0.02EM;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;MARG-TOP:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}} B, STRONG{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;} EM, I{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-STYLE:ALIC;}WHO WAS ALAN TURG?ALAN TURG WAS A BRILLIANT BRISH MATHEMATICIAN WHO TOOK A LEADG ROLE BREAKG NAZI CIPHERS DURG WWII. IN HIS SEMAL 1936 PAPER, HE PROVED THAT THERE NNOT EXIST ANY UNIVERSAL ALGORHMIC METHOD OF TERMG TTH MATHEMATICS, AND THAT MATHEMATICS WILL ALWAYS NTA UNCIDABLE PROPOSNS. HIS WORK IS WILY ACKNOWLEDGED AS FOUNDATNAL REARCH OF PUTER SCIENCE AND ARTIFICIAL TELLIGENCE. EARLY LIFEENGLISH SCIENTIST ALAN TURG WAS BORN ALAN MATHISON TURG ON JUNE 23, 1912, MAIDA VALE, LONDON, ENGLAND. AT A YOUNG AGE, HE DISPLAYED SIGNS OF HIGH TELLIGENCE, WHICH SOME OF HIS TEACHERS REGNIZED, BUT DID NOT NECSARILY RPECT. WHEN TURG ATTEND THE WELL-KNOWN PENNT SHERBORNE SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 13, HE BEME PARTICULARLY TERTED MATH AND SCIENCE. AFTER SHERBORNE, TURG ENROLLED AT KG'S COLLEGE (UNIVERSY OF CAMBRIDGE) CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND, STUDYG THERE OM 1931 TO 1934. AS A RULT OF HIS DISSERTATN, WHICH HE PROVED THE CENTRAL LIM THEOREM, TURG WAS ELECTED A FELLOW AT THE SCHOOL UPON HIS GRADUATN. IN 1936, TURG LIVERED A PAPER, "ON COMPUTABLE NUMBERS, WH AN APPLITN TO THE ENTSCHEIDUNGSPROBLEM," WHICH HE PRENTED THE NOTN OF A UNIVERSAL MACHE (LATER LLED THE “UNIVERSAL TURG MACHE," AND THEN THE "TURG MACHE") PABLE OF PUTG ANYTHG THAT IS PUTABLE: IT IS NSIRED THE PRECURSOR TO THE MORN PUTER. OVER THE NEXT TWO YEARS, TURG STUDIED MATHEMATICS AND CRYPTOLOGY AT THE INSTUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY PRCETON, NEW JERSEY. AFTER RECEIVG HIS PH.D. OM PRCETON UNIVERSY 1938, HE RETURNED TO CAMBRIDGE, AND THEN TOOK A PART-TIME POSN WH THE GOVERNMENT CO AND CYPHER SCHOOL, A BRISH -BREAKG ANIZATN.CRYPTANALYSIS AND EARLY COMPUTERSDURG WORLD WAR II, TURG WAS A LEADG PARTICIPANT WARTIME -BREAKG, PARTICULARLY THAT OF GERMAN CIPHERS. HE WORKED AT BLETCHLEY PARK, THE GCCS WARTIME STATN, WHERE HE MA FIVE MAJOR ADVANC THE FIELD OF CRYPTANALYSIS, CLUDG SPECIFYG THE BOMBE, AN ELECTROMECHANIL VICE ED TO HELP CIPHER GERMAN ENIGMA ENCRYPTED SIGNALS.TURG’S NTRIBUTNS TO THE -BREAKG PROCS DIDN’T STOP THERE: HE ALSO WROTE TWO PAPERS ABOUT MATHEMATIL APPROACH TO -BREAKG, WHICH BEME SUCH IMPORTANT ASSETS TO THE CO AND CYPHER SCHOOL (LATER KNOWN AS THE GOVERNMENT COMMUNITNS HEADQUARTERS) THAT THE GCHQ WAED UNTIL APRIL 2012 TO RELEASE THEM TO THE NATNAL ARCHIV OF THE UNED KGDOM. TURG MOVED TO LONDON THE MID-1940S, AND BEGAN WORKG FOR THE NATNAL PHYSIL LABORATORY. AMONG HIS MOST NOTABLE NTRIBUTNS WHILE WORKG AT THE FACILY, TURG LED THE SIGN WORK FOR THE AUTOMATIC COMPUTG ENGE AND ULTIMATELY CREATED A GROUNDBREAKG BLUEPRT FOR STORE-PROGRAM PUTERS. THOUGH A PLETE VERSN OF THE ACE WAS NEVER BUILT, S NCEPT HAS BEEN ED AS A MOL BY TECH RPORATNS WORLDWI FOR SEVERAL YEARS, FLUENCG THE SIGN OF THE ENGLISH ELECTRIC DEUCE AND THE AMERIN BENDIX G-15 — CREDED BY MANY THE TECH DTRY AS THE WORLD’S FIRST PERSONAL PUTER — AMONG OTHER PUTER MOLS. TURG WENT ON TO HOLD HIGH-RANKG POSNS THE MATHEMATICS PARTMENT AND LATER THE PUTG LABORATORY AT THE UNIVERSY OF MANCHTER THE LATE 1940S. HE FIRST ADDRSED THE ISSUE OF ARTIFICIAL TELLIGENCE HIS 1950 PAPER, "COMPUTG MACHERY AND TELLIGENCE," AND PROPOSED AN EXPERIMENT KNOWN AS THE “TURG TT” — AN EFFORT TO CREATE AN TELLIGENCE SIGN STANDARD FOR THE TECH DTRY. OVER THE PAST SEVERAL S, THE TT HAS SIGNIFINTLY FLUENCED BAT OVER ARTIFICIAL TELLIGENCE.HOMOSEXUALY, CONVICTN AND DEATHHOMOSEXUALY WAS ILLEGAL THE UNED KGDOM THE EARLY 1950S, SO WHEN TURG ADMTED TO POLICE, LLED TO HIS HOE AFTER A JANUARY 1952 BREAK-, THAT HE'D HAD A SEXUAL RELATNSHIP WH THE PERPETRATOR, 19-YEAR-OLD ARNOLD MURRAY, HE WAS CHARGED WH GROSS CENCY. FOLLOWG HIS ARRT, TURG WAS FORCED TO CHOOSE BETWEEN TEMPORARY PROBATN ON THE NDN THAT HE RECEIVE HORMONAL TREATMENT FOR LIBIDO RCTN, OR IMPRISONMENT. HE CHOSE THE FORMER, AND SOON UNRWENT CHEMIL STRATN THROUGH JECTNS OF A SYNTHETIC TROGEN HORMONE FOR A YEAR, WHICH EVENTUALLY RENRED HIM IMPOTENT. AS A RULT OF HIS NVICTN, TURG'S SECURY CLEARANCE WAS REMOVED AND HE WAS BARRED OM NTUG HIS WORK WH CRYPTOGRAPHY AT THE GCCS, WHICH HAD BEE THE GCHQ 1946. TURG DIED ON JUNE 7, 1954. FOLLOWG A POSTMORTEM EXAM, WAS TERMED THAT THE E OF ATH WAS CYANI POISONG. THE REMAS OF AN APPLE WERE FOUND NEXT TO THE BODY, THOUGH NO APPLE PARTS WERE FOUND HIS STOMACH. THE TOPSY REPORTED THAT "FOUR OUNC OF FLUID WHICH SMELLED STRONGLY OF BTER ALMONDS, AS DO A SOLUTN OF CYANI" WAS FOUND THE STOMACH. TRACE SMELL OF BTER ALMONDS WAS ALSO REPORTED VAL ANS. THE TOPSY NCLUD THAT THE E OF ATH WAS ASPHYXIA DUE TO CYANI POISONG AND LED A SUICI. IN A JUNE 2012 BBC ARTICLE, PHILOSOPHY PROFSOR AND TURG EXPERT JACK COPELAND ARGUED THAT TURG'S ATH MAY HAVE BEEN AN ACCINT: THE APPLE WAS NEVER TTED FOR CYANI, NOTHG THE ACUNTS OF TURG'S LAST DAYS SUGGTED HE WAS SUICIDAL AND TURG HAD CYANI HIS HOE FOR CHEMIL EXPERIMENTS HE NDUCTED HIS SPARE ROOM.AWARDS, REGNN AND ROYAL PARDONSHORTLY AFTER WORLD WAR II, TURG WAS AWARD AN ORR OF THE BRISH EMPIRE FOR HIS WORK. FOR WHAT WOULD HAVE BEEN HIS 86TH BIRTHDAY, TURG BGRAPHER ANDREW HODG UNVEILED AN OFFICIAL ENGLISH HERAGE BLUE PLAQUE AT HIS CHILDHOOD HOME.IN JUNE 2007, A LIFE-SIZE STATUE OF TURG WAS UNVEILED AT BLETCHLEY PARK, BUCKGHAMSHIRE, ENGLAND. A BRONZE STATUE OF TURG WAS UNVEILED AT THE UNIVERSY OF SURREY ON OCTOBER 28, 2004, TO MARK THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS ATH. ADDNALLY, THE {-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:#A00000;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;}{LOR:#595959;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;}PRCETON UNIVERSY ALUMNI WEEKLY NAMED TURG THE SEND MOST SIGNIFINT ALUMN THE HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL — JAM MADISON HELD THE NO. 1 POSN. TURG WAS HONORED A NUMBER OF OTHER WAYS, PARTICULARLY THE CY OF MANCHTER, WHERE HE WORKED TOWARD THE END OF HIS LIFE. IN 1999, TIME MAGAZE NAMED HIM ONE OF S "100 MOST IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF THE 20TH CENTURY," SAYG, "THE FACT REMAS THAT EVERYONE WHO TAPS AT A KEYBOARD, OPENG A SPREADSHEET OR A WORD-PROCSG PROGRAM, IS WORKG ON AN RNATN OF A TURG MACHE." TURG WAS ALSO RANKED 21ST ON THE BBC NATNWI POLL OF THE "100 GREATT BRONS" 2002. BY AND LARGE, TURG HAS BEEN REGNIZED FOR HIS IMPACT ON PUTER SCIENCE, WH MANY CREDG HIM AS THE "FOUNR" OF THE FIELD. FOLLOWG A PETN STARTED BY JOHN GRAHAM-CUMMG, THEN-PRIME MISTER GORDON BROWN RELEASED A STATEMENT ON SEPTEMBER 10, 2009, ON BEHALF OF THE BRISH ERNMENT, WHICH POSTHUMOLY APOLOGIZED TO TURG FOR PROSECUTG HIM AS A HOMOSEXUAL."THIS REGNN OF ALAN'S STAT AS ONE OF BRA'S MOST FAMO VICTIMS OF HOMOPHOBIA IS ANOTHER STEP TOWARDS EQUALY AND LONG OVERDUE. BUT EVEN MORE THAN THAT, ALAN SERV REGNN FOR HIS NTRIBUTN TO HUMANKD," BROWN STATED. "IT IS THANKS TO MEN AND WOMEN WHO WERE TOTALLY MTED TO FIGHTG FASCISM, PEOPLE LIKE ALAN TURG, THAT THE HORRORS OF THE HOLOT AND OF TOTAL WAR ARE PART OF EUROPE'S HISTORY AND NOT EUROPE'S PRENT. SO ON BEHALF OF THE BRISH ERNMENT, AND ALL THOSE WHO LIVE EELY THANKS TO ALAN'S WORK I AM VERY PROUD TO SAY: WE'RE SORRY, YOU SERVED SO MUCH BETTER."IN 2013, QUEEN ELIZABETH II POSTHUMOLY GRANTED TURG A RARE ROYAL PARDON ALMOST 60 YEARS AFTER HE MTED SUICI. THREE YEARS LATER, ON OCTOBER 20, 2016, THE BRISH ERNMENT ANNOUNCED “TURG’S LAW” TO POSTHUMOLY PARDON THOANDS OF GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN WHO WERE NVICTED FOR HOMOSEXUAL ACTS WHEN WAS NSIRED A CRIME. ACRDG TO A STATEMENT ISSUED BY JTICE MISTER SAM GYIMAH, THE LAW ALSO TOMATILLY PARDONS LIVG PEOPLE WHO WERE “NVICTED OF HISTORIL SEXUAL OFFENS WHO WOULD BE NOCENT OF ANY CRIME TODAY.IN JULY 2019, THE BANK OF ENGLAND ANNOUNCED THAT TURG WOULD APPEAR ON THE UK'S NEW £50 NOTE, ALONG WH IMAG OF HIS WORK. THE FAMED SCIENTIST WAS CHOSEN OM A LIST OF NEARLY 1,000 NDIDAT NOMATED BY THE GENERAL PUBLIC, CLUDG THEORETIL PHYSICIST STEPHEN HAWKG AND MATHEMATICIAN ADA {BORR:0;BORR-BOTTOM:TH SOLID BLACK;MARG:1.875REM 0;CLEAR:BOTH;}QUICK FACTS

This uprisg was perhaps the sgle fg event of gay activism, and was a cril moment of the gay liberatn movement the U.

Jóhanna SigurðardóttirJóhanna Sigurðardóttir served as the world’s first openly gay head of ernment and the first female prime mister of Iceland. His work was ultimately s ahead of s TurgAlan Turg was a gay Brish mathematician and logician who ma major ntributns to the fields of mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and mathematil blogy. ” Homosexualy was crimalized at the time, and Turg was nvicted of “gross cency, ” which prevented him om workg for the Government Communitns Headquarters aga.