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But his own nature, too, has long challenged prehensn.</div><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl SplScreenContentHearByle-kvEhqE ejWxsm"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH ivtvgj byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span><a class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM ByleLk-gEnFiw iUEiRd ggMZaT cXqSTL eErqIx byle__name-lk button" href="/ntributors/nikhil-krishnan">Nikhil Krishnan</a></span></span></p></div><time data-ttid="ContentHearPublishDate" dateTime="2022-05-09T06:00:00-04:00" class="SplScreenContentHearPublishDate-bMGEVk gvRvVr">May 9, 2022</time><div class="SocialInsWrapper-hKMEXV ffgPVr social-ins social-ins--standard SplScreenContentHearSocialShare-gSVclr kUKgnn"><ul 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240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w, 1920w, 2240w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Portra of Ludwig Wtgenste broken up by shap" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></picture></span></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 SplScreenContentHearGrid-kFpOdh fLkIyA"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE iTuhkZ ptn SplScreenContentHearCaptn-iOfEOv ckLUKG"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptn__text">Philosophy appeared on the right-hand pag of the wartime journals; more timate nfsns, d, were on the left.</span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnCred-ejegDm iUEiRd iicloT jbIJNS ptn__cred">Illtratn by Alexis Beclair</span></div></div></div></hear></div><div data-attribute-verso-pattern="article-body" class="ArticlePageContentBackGround-cNiFNN kbAoLA article-body__ntent"><div class="ActnBarWrapperContent-lasBkU 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class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><figure data-ttid="IameEmbed" class="IameEmbedWrapper-sc-dRedg cjyRVU iame-embed"><div data-ttid="IameEmbedContaer" class="IameEmbedContaer-hptgUZ fXVBaX"><div class="IameEmbedAspectRatWrapper-hFVJps BKpgQ"><iame class="IameEmbedContent-cMdiev csnuAY IameEmbedContent lazyload" height="90" width="100%" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-orig allow-popups" tle="Embedd Frame" data-src=" allowfullscreen="" allow="toplay *; encrypted-media *; clipboard-wre; toplay; fullscreen; picture--picture"></iame></div></div></figure><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">No one expects ntemporary philosophers to be more than dly eccentric. Creatur of the morn amy, they have reers, not votns. Some mixture of centive and profsnal obligatn keeps them productive. They n cultivate the odd quirk—elbow patch or, nghtily, a cigar hab—but more outlandish idsyncrasi are led out by the stutns that disciple them to tamens.</p><p class="paywall">Of urse, the archetypal Wtern philosopher, Socrat, lived before there was an amy to tame him. And he was seen, even his time, to be—g the word advisedly—queer. Undoubtedly, that was the se the morn, pejorative-not-pejorative sense: he was attracted to men. But he was also queer ways that are harr to fe.</p><div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--article-mid-ntent" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--article-mid-ntent nsumer-marketg-un__slot---ntent"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><p class="paywall">The Greek word often applied to him was <em>atopos</em>, lerally, “out of place.” His out-of-placens nsisted what the scholar Martha Nsbm has lled a “eper imperabily of spir.” Socrat simply uld not be unted on to say what one expected him to say.</p><p class="paywall">He was also queer how he managed to be ratnaly wh the most abject unreasonablens. No one n really sire what’s bad, he said. It is worse to do wrong than to be wronged. The jt man is happier than the unjt man, even when he is beg tortured on the rack. What was like to be the prence of someone who believed such thgs?</p><p class="paywall">There is only one nonil philosopher of the twentieth century wh anythg remblg the tras: Ludwig Wtgenste. He was one of the founrs of a tradn—the “analytic”—that has e to domate amic philosophy much of the world. But he has not been afford the cloak of impersonaly that shrouds most analytic philosophers.</p><p class="paywall">Wtgenste belongs, rather, wh figur like Socrat, J, and Gandhi, that seemgly everybody who met him felt moved to rerd the enunter. How many people the history of philosophy are the subject of a two-volume tome of anecdot? What explas the fascatn wh the ephemera of one man’s life, cludg among people who claim that the work was the thg?</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-1 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">Even for those who know the facts of that life well, “the difficulty has been to discern them an telligible human beg,” as a reviewer of Ray Monk’s five bgraphy, “<a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Ludwig Wtgenste: The Duty of Geni</a>,” om 1990, wrote. A young man om a fabuloly wealthy and cultivated Vienne fay arriv Cambridge, 1911, to study wh Bertrand Rsell, the preëment logician of his age. He is evintly a tormented soul, and he mak ltle effort to be liked. He is and a b arrogant but another way whout vany. He hat the social world of Cambridge, wh s gossipy gays and sardonic dons. He quickly shows talent enough to nvce Rsell that he is no charlatan, and charisma enough to nvce Rsell that, even if he were, acquatance might be worth the bother.</p><p class="paywall">On the verge of a radil breakthrough, he cis to live alone ral Norway, to thk about logic absolute solu. But that plan is terpted by the First World War. He enlists the Army of the Atro-Hungarian Empire spe beg eligible for a medil exemptn, and serv as an ordary soldier even though someone of his class uld have joed as an officer. The war and soldierg evintly mean <em>somethg</em> to him, but nothg about his cisn is obv. Neher before nor after the war do he show much tert workaday polics.</p><p class="paywall">In his ee moments as a soldier, he scribbl notebooks that are divid between remarks sted for an amb philosophil mancript and personal remarks on relign, masturbatn, and the quotidian bs of beg at war. He repeatedly volunteers for the most dangero postg available to him. Along the way, his mancript on logic is transformed almost beyond regnn.</p><p class="paywall">The origal project seems to have been one that Rsell iated—to show that behd the msy outward “clothg” of language li a lean body of thought, stere and simple. That aim, to reveal the orr behd the disorr, surviv the war. But there is now somethg new. The meangful e of language, Wtgenste says, giv a picture of the world: <em>there’s a tree by your hoe; there’s an apple on that tree</em>. The are ways that the world is or uld be. But he adms that his acunt of language and thought, by sign, leav out the athetic and the ethil: <em>the tree is betiful; stealg that apple would be wrong</em>. Such proposns do not state facts; they are, his view, nonsensil, even mystil. He is equally forthright about admtg that his strictur apply to his own words: proposns about the nature of proposns don’t specify stat of the world, eher; they, too, lack sense.</p><div class="Contaer-bkChBi byNLHx"></div><p class="paywall">After the war, the mancript is published on Rsell’s remendatn, although Rsell is dub about s ntents. Meanwhile, Wtgenste surpris everyone by forswearg philosophy (whose central problems he thks he has now solved) and gog off to ral Atria to teach schoolchildren; he clouts one stunt on the head so hard that the boy llaps to the ground. Unr scty for his disciplary methods, and lately nvced that he hasn’t, fact, solved all the problems of philosophy, he returns to Cambridge, slowly makg his way to a new, and equally radil, philosophil outlook.</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><asi class="PersistentAsiWrapper-VGrR daRVRt persistent-asi" style="posn:absolute;top:to;height:to" data-ttid="PersistentAsiWrapper"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="ve1qsm"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></asi></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="bsd41"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">Once, he had hoped to X-ray language and expose the ncealed solidi of meang and logic; now he’s after the signifince of surfac—he wants to explore how ordary language is ed ordary settgs. The rults of his quiri don’t lend themselv to a slim volume, and he do not manage to fish another book his lifetime. He di 1951, at the age of sixty-two, of prostate ncer, leavg behd dozens of reverent stunts and many thoands of pag of unpublished mancripts.</p><p class="paywall">Those, at any rate, are the basic facts of Wtgenste’s life. For a sense of what he was like, one mt turn to the anecdot. The provi a sense of the man’s prence, wh his flannel shirts, leather jackets, and tweed ps, his rgg tenor voice. They also provi a sense of the surrounds—the spartan rooms wh their nvas chairs and iron stove—where he put on his terrifyg performanc of thought.</p><p class="paywall">The Amerin philosopher Norman Mallm, who was a stunt of Wtgenste’s, wr of the “equent and prolonged perds of silence” his class, of how sometim, “when he was tryg to draw a thought out of himself, he would prohib, wh a peremptory motn of the hand, any qutns or remarks.” Mallm go on, “His gaze was ncentrated; his face was alive; his hands ma arrtg movements; his exprsn was stern. One knew that one was the prence of extreme serns, absorptn, and force of tellect. . . . Wtgenste was a ighteng person at the class. He was very impatient and easily angered.”</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-2 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">Many thgs angered him: someone failg to tend to one of his hoeplants, a stunt unable to formulate a thought. (“I might as well talk to this stove!”) But he uld sta the tensy for only so long. A uple of hours of that, and he would be ready for an excursn to the “flicks.”</p><p class="paywall">He loathed Brish films and generally sisted on Amerin on, beg a particular fan of Carmen Miranda. (He was also a votee of the pulpy murr mysteri served up the magaze <em>Detective Story</em>.) He would s the ont row so that he uld see nothg but the screen—perhaps fearg memori of the drag lecture. Woe beti any pann who tried to talk to him. There was only the movie on the screen, and Wtgenste, rapt his seat, munchg on a ld pork pie.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Of the stunts who still turn up every year for troductory urs on Wtgenste, some of them are there for the geni logician, the spiratn behd both somethg lled “logil posivism” and somethg opposed to , lled “ordary-language philosophy.” But other stunts are there for Wtgenste the sage, the mag, the riddler—the man who left Rsell bewilred by a turn to mysticism at the end of a book that was supposed to be about logic.</p><p class="paywall">The book qutn, the “<a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Tractat Logi-Philosophic</a>,” rri the imprs of both Wtgenstes. The work was posed durg a perd of ary leave the summer of 1918, out of those notebooks. It was published 1921 German, and English the followg year. Whether anyone at the time or sce has unrstood fully remas an open qutn.</p><p class="paywall">One of the few thgs ’s safe to say about the “Tractat” is that is ncerned wh the le between the effable and the effable. What, if anythg, li beyond language? Some of Wtgenste’s early rears—the so-lled logil posivists of terwar Vienna—saw him a kdred spir, someone drawg the “lims of sense,” as they did, around the proposns of natural science. Almost everybody rejects that terpretatn of the “Tractat” now, but whout agreeg on another.</p><p class="paywall">It’s hard to know what to make of a book that begs wh “The world is everythg that is the se” and ends wh “Whereof one nnot speak, thereof one mt be silent.” The numberg of proposns (om 1 to 7, wh numerable nted proposns—5.251 and so forth), the e of symbols and of a special idlect, all suggt the kd of work one mt be a mathematician to unrstand. But then we e up agast l—allive, enigmatic—that would not be out of place a piece of mornist poetry. A queer book, then, by a queer man.</p><p class="paywall">The queert thg of all about the “Tractat” is s notor proposn 6.54, near the end of the text, which stat, of his proposns, “he who unrstands me fally regniz them as sensels.” The rear mt “surmount the proposns; then he se the world rightly.” The l have spired a lively bate on how Wtgenste wanted his book to be read, and on how serly this remark self is to be taken. But has been regnized as signifint that Wtgenste referred to “unrstandg me,” rather than to “unrstandg my proposns.”</p><p class="paywall">Clever stunts n eventually make sense of the logic and turn out elegant ltle says about the “picture theory of meang,” “logil atomism,” and “the sayg/showg distctn.” But cleverns seems the wrong virtue to employ for unrstandg a man who tells , mysterly, that the “world of the happy man is que another than that of the unhappy man” (6.43). Or that “he liv eternally who liv the prent” (6.4311). Taken out of ntext, the seemg mysticism periloly close to ksch. Some clever people (startg wh Rsell) have nclud that we’d do well not to bother wh .</p><p class="paywall">But others see those remarks a ll to a virtue rarer than cleverns. A virtue that uld be scribed as pth. Wtgenste, Mallm relled, likened philosophil thkg to swimmg: “Jt as one’s body has a natural tenncy towards the surface and one has to make an <em>exertn</em> to get to the <em>bottom</em>—so is wh thkg.” Whatever pth is, Wtgenste is one of a small number of philosophers of the twentieth-century non to have some claim to . That is the real basis for his place the non, and manifts self the <em>voice</em> of the “Tractat,” which n lurch whout warng om the technil to the nfsnal. That unprecented mixg of registers is another aspect of the text’s queerns. The challenge of unrstandg the “Tractat” is not, then, easily severable om the challenge of unrstandg the man who wrote .</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-3 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">The terpretative dtry around Wtgenste has not been short of material. The bootlegs (samizdat pi of lecture not, d notebooks, rrponnce) would fill the shelv of a small library. Even now, after his hold over his disciple has loosened—few people walk around llg themselv Wtgensteians—his life and personaly ntue to provi fertile ground for speculatn.</p><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kKwZhx rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><div data-attr-viewport-monor="" class="RponsiveCartoonWrapper-iTMMjI eXTYsS rponsive-rtoon AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset viewport-monor-anchor"><a class="external-lk rponsive-rtoon__image-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa RponsiveCartoonImage-hzNqyc ikeCcH rponsive-rtoon__image rponsive-image"><noscript><img alt="Man trench at stg between two basketball players" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></a><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE gdZTpI ptn RponsiveCartoonCaptn-dokfdF hJgaLQ rponsive-rtoon__ptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo bsWloa ptn__text">“I thk I’m at the wrong bench.”</span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE iTuhkZ ptn RponsiveCartoonCred-bKlQqO faLAFb rponsive-rtoon__cred"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnCred-ejegDm iUEiRd iicloT bmQtfn ptn__cred">Cartoon by Jerald Lewis</span></div><div class="RponsiveCartoonCTA-eiqqMB iDCQRs"><div class="RponsiveCartoonCTAWrapper-CYIqa iTbFtf"><div class="RponsiveCartoonLkButtonWrapper-hqDAJK eSEhbj"><button aria-label="Copy lk to rtoon" class="BaseButton-bLlsy ButtonWrapper-xCepQ bqVKKv YsOBB button button--primary-pair RponsiveCartoonInButton-hBCBMq lpsjql" data-event-click="{"element":"Button"}" data-ttid="Button" type="button"><span 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13.2643 7.70873 12.965 7.46959 12.8299C7.23044 12.6948 6.92464 12.775 6.78657 13.009L5.53657 15.1278C4.432 17 5.0875 19.394 7.00068 20.475C8.91385 21.5558 11.3602 20.9144 12.4648 19.0422L14.4648 15.6521C15.5694 13.78 14.9139 11.3859 13.0007 10.305C12.8127 10.1988 12.6195 10.1091 12.4229 10.0357C12.2195 9.95975 11.9956 10.0515 11.8867 10.236C11.7221 10.5151 11.8911 10.8724 12.1932 11.0008C12.2973 11.0451 12.4 11.0956 12.5007 11.1525C13.9356 11.9632 14.4272 13.7587 13.5988 15.1628L11.5988 18.5529C10.7704 19.957 8.93555 20.4382 7.50068 19.6274C6.0658 18.8167 5.57417 17.0212 6.4026 15.6171L7.6526 13.4983Z" fill="black"></path></g><fs><clipPath id="clip0_3732_178637"><rect width="24" height="24" fill="whe"></rect></clipPath><clipPath id="clip1_3732_178637"><rect width="24" height="24" fill="whe"></rect></clipPath></fs></svg></div></button><div class="AlertWrapper-gvFATk MdjE RponsiveCartoonLkAlertPopup-BPAXn kdMXRM shoppg-alert" role="dialog"><div aria-hidn="te" role="prentatn" 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20C8.48424 20 8.03652 19.5523 8.03652 19C8.03652 18.4477 8.48424 18 9.03652 18C9.58881 18 10.0365 18.4477 10.0365 19ZM11.0365 19C11.0365 20.1046 10.1411 21 9.03652 21C7.93195 21 7.03652 20.1046 7.03652 19C7.03652 17.8954 7.93195 17 9.03652 17C10.1411 17 11.0365 17.8954 11.0365 19ZM18.0365 19C18.0365 19.5523 17.5888 20 17.0365 20C16.4842 20 16.0365 19.5523 16.0365 19C16.0365 18.4477 16.4842 18 17.0365 18C17.5888 18 18.0365 18.4477 18.0365 19ZM19.0365 19C19.0365 20.1046 18.1411 21 17.0365 21C15.932 21 15.0365 20.1046 15.0365 19C15.0365 17.8954 15.932 17 17.0365 17C18.1411 17 19.0365 17.8954 19.0365 19Z" fill="black"></path></g><fs><clipPath id="clip0_3732_178638"><rect width="24" height="24" fill="whe"></rect></clipPath><clipPath id="clip1_3732_178638"><rect width="24" height="24" fill="whe"></rect></clipPath></fs></svg></div></button></div></div></div></span></div></figure><p class="paywall">Yet the surfe of material mak the task, if anythg, harr. Wtgenste appears to have wrten, and lived, a manner booby-trapped agast terpreters. Elizabeth Ansbe, a translator of much of his later work and the most brilliant of his voted followers, mataed that what ma Wtgenste’s thought so hard to terpret was that “he was nstantly enquirg.” His philosophy was never “a fished thg.”</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">The formidable challenge of makg sense of the thgs that Wtgenste said has not been ma any easier by the perdic announcement of the disvery of yet another trove of prevly ltle-known materials. The newt volume, om what seems like a growg Nachlass, is an edn of Wtgenste’s survivg notebooks om the first half of the First World War, “<a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Private Notebooks: 1914-1916</a>” (Liveright). The pag on the right (recto) ntaed remarks that are clearly an embryonic form of the “Tractat.” Those pag have been wily available, wh Ansbe’s English translatn, sce 1961, and scholars of the “Tractat” have ma extensive e of them. The pag on the left (verso) were wrten a cipher.</p><p class="paywall">Commted Wtgensteians have had accs to the full notebooks for some time now. German rears have known them unr the somewhat tennt tle “<a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Geheime Tagebücher</a>” (“Secret Diari”), sce the embattled publitn of that volume, 1991. Marjorie Perloff, the edor and translator of this new edn, the first to nta a facg-page English translatn, pots out that the verso text was not pecially secret. After all, the cipher that Wtgenste employed was both basic and known to his siblgs, who ed as children (<em>z</em> is <em>a</em>, <em>y</em> is <em>b</em>, etc.).</p><p class="paywall">Why has taken so long for there to be a wily available edn? Answerg this qutn volv lvg to the motivatns of a large and lorful st of characters, and Perloff’s afterword provis a helpfully succct summary of the liberatns. The “Tractat” and one short paper were jt about all that Wtgenste published his lifetime. But he wrote ply, and he shared his thkg, om the early neteen-thirti onward, lectur or discsn groups wh select gathergs of awed stunts. At his ath, there were some twenty thoand pag of mancript and typcript left to his executors (Ansbe, Rh Rhe, and Ge Henrik von Wright); the material was, his will stated, theirs to “dispose of as they thk bt.”</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="7d8aj"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">The executors, spe their reverence for the man, were valier wh the mancripts. Some pag may have been burned, some were lost at a railway statn, and some were almost eaten by a dog. When me time to do somethg about the war notebooks, the executors cid to publish only the recto pag, which they judged to be, as Perloff puts , “philosophilly relevant.” Ansbe was pecially vehement refg permissn to anyone who showed an unseemly tert Wtgenste’s personal life: “If by prsg a button uld have been secured that people would not ncern themselv wh his personal life, I should have prsed the button.”</p><p class="paywall">Rhe worried that the publitn of the verso pag, pecially on their own, would make “what was a mor and ocsnal unrtone to Wtgenste’s life and thkg . . . appear as a domant obssn.” What unrtone was that? Perloff nclus that the executors had md “Wtgenste’s exprsns of sexual (specifilly, homosexual) sire.” Their disfort wh the exprsns set the tenor for much future amic discsn of Wtgenste.</p><p class="paywall">Reputable bgraphi of Wtgenste eher gloss over his sexualy (Brian McGuns’s “<a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Young Ludwig</a>,” a lovgly tailed acunt of the perd up to the publitn of the “Tractat”) or mimize the part played his life (Monk’s “The Duty of Geni”). That is spe the fact that they ma e of the wartime notebooks, verso and recto. Monk sought to put the pot more general terms. The d remarks, he said, showed Wtgenste to be “uneasy, not about homosexualy, but about sexualy self.” Although he treasured love, he saw as separate om sex. Sexual aroal of whatever sort was, Monk’s view, “patible wh the sort of person he wanted to be.” Moreover, Monk held that much of “Wtgenste’s love life and his sexual life went on only his imagatn.”</p><p class="paywall">A luridly speculative bgraphy, om 1973, by the Amerin philosopher William Warren Bartley III, did claim to have unearthed ttimony of Wtgenste’s taste for “rough tra” a Vienne park; eliced om Ansbe a ldly fur missive to the <em>Tim Lerary Supplement.</em> Ansbe was, should be said, a Catholic nvert who once wrote to nmn “the rewardls trouble of spir associated wh the sort of sexual activy which om s type is guaranteed sterile: the solary or aga the homosexual sort.”</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-4 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">Perloff is unsatisfied by the standard acunt. To say that Wtgenste was not really homosexual up agast the fact that nearly all the people he loved were male and nformed to a distct type—young, English, telligent, and entirely genuo. There was David Psent (who died durg the war), then Francis Skner (“Lay wh him two or three tim. Always at first wh the feelg that there was nothg wrong , <em>then</em> wh shame”), and Ben Richards, a medil stunt.</p><p class="paywall">Briefly, there was talk of marriage to a Swiss woman, Marguere Rpger, a relatnship that appears to have volved a nsirable amount of kissg. But he ma clear, durg a prenuptial vatn that he cid should be dited to solary Bible study, that the marriage was to be chaste and childls. (She murred.) Monk, Perloff nclus, “nnot rencile himself to his subject’s queerns.”</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Perloff is, of urse, talkg here about queerns the sexual sense. The Wtgenste of the notebooks hts at an earthier sexualy. At the cst level, they pastakgly rerd the ocsns on which Wtgenste masturbat: “Feelg more erotic than before. Masturbated aga today.” “Today I fought for a long time agast prsn, then for the first time ag masturbated.” “At night masturbated aga (while half asleep). This is happeng bee I am gettg so ltle, almost no exercise.” There is no ditn of how he feels about the activy, or of the fantasi, if any, that might have fed .</p><p class="paywall">Every now and then, Wtgenste not that he has jt heard om his beloved David Psent, who was an unrgraduate at Try College, Cambridge, when they met, 1912: “Wrote to David. Already longg for a letter om him so as not to lose the feelg of ntact wh my prev life.” “Also, wrote a rd to ar David. May heaven protect him and mata our iendship!” “A letter om David!! I kissed .” Even , Psent remas a “iend,” albe a iend whose letters one kiss.</p><p class="paywall">Sometim Wtgenste mentns his readg. Tolstoy’s “Gospel Brief”: “A wonrful book.” He not when he has been productive: “The Rsians are at our heels. . . . I’m a good mood, worked aga. I n thk bt right now when I am peelg potato. Always volunteer for . It is for me what grdg lens was for Spoza.” Often he exprs his ntempt for his boorish fellow-soldiers, many of them (as Perloff helpfully pots out) “om the distant Serb, Croat, and Hungarian provc of the empire,” who speak ltle German and reciprote his disda. Whatever mt they have ma of the prissy, sissy creature they were thrown wh?</p><p class="paywall">Sometim there are philosophil remarks that are faiar om “Culture and Value,” a volume of miscellaneo observatns which drew om the verso pag of the notebooks. “When we hear a Che man talkg, we are cled to take his speech as so much articulate gurglg,” he wr. “But someone who knows Che will be able to regnize the language si the sound. Jt so, I often nnot regnize the <em>human beg</em> si the human beg.” As is the se wh many of Wtgenste’s aphorisms, is a real qutn whether the observatn is profound or banal.</p><p class="paywall">On the vexed subject of his sexualy, the journal entri only epen the mystery. Is the tantalizg claratn “In the eveng, the baths” evince of a sexual adventurons that went beyond the imagatn? What s is he nfsg when he announc, “My moral standg is now much lower than was at Easter”? And what has happened to expla why his “relatnship wh one of the officers—Cat Adam—is now very tense”? Is the tensn sexual? Need be? There is material here to feed speculatn but not to replace wh certaty. As Perloff wisely clar, “The translator of the <em>Private Notebooks</em>, fally, has to rpect Wtgenste’s own silenc.”</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">She do not, alas, always do so. “Were Wtgenste alive today, he would be qutng such buzzwords as <em>systemic</em> and <em>tersectnaly</em>,” she wr at one pot, proceedg to give what are dubably her opns on such subjects, rather than any that might be attributed to a rurrected Wtgenste. Whether they reprent a translator’s arrogance or a publisher’s mand for “relevance,” they fall afoul of what we might ll Ansbe’s dictum. “Predictns of ‘what Wtgenste would say’ about some qutn one thought of were never rrect,” she sisted.</p><p class="paywall">Ansbe was a good posn to know. Ristant to acknowledgg the most obv forms of Wtgenste’s queerns, she was neverthels onto somethg when she nfsed, “I feel eply spic of anyone’s claim to have unrstood Wtgenste. That is perhaps bee . . . I am very sure that I did not unrstand him.”</p><p class="paywall">The notebooks help brg out some of the difficulty of unrstandg him. Here is a man who lov boys for their simplicy but hat his fellow-soldiers for their boorishns. “Probably we will be attacked,” he wr one day September, 1914. “How will I behave when to beg shot at? I am aaid, not of beg killed but of not fulfillg my duty properly before that moment. God give me strength. Amen. Amen. Amen.” And aga: “The suatn here is a tt of fire of one’s character, precisely bee tak so much strength not to lose one’s temper & one’s energy.”</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-5 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">Here is a man wh an ambiguo sense of patrtism who go to war only bee might be a ccible which he may show himself worthy by dog his duty. Worthy of what? Duty to whom? Only a dranian, unfivg superego. Notorly, when Wtgenste cid to give away his money, was not to the poor but to his siblgs, who were perfectly well provid for already. The sacrifice was self a good. He took the same attu to much of life as he did to thkg: had to hurt for to unt. In a discsn on relig views of existence, he once said, “Of this I am certa, that we are not here orr to have a good time.”</p><p class="paywall">A man so mandg of himself was never gog to be a tolerant soul. The novelist and philosopher Iris Murdoch, who met him twice, spoke of him as she might have done of a twentieth-century Socrat: “Both he and his settg were very unnervg. His extraordary directns of approach and the absence of any sort of paraphernalia were the thgs that unnerved people.” Wh Wtgenste, there were no pole formali, but Murdoch failed to get much philosophy out of him. What good was a sgle philosophil nversatn? he asked her. What good was a sgle piano lson?</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="hjok"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="lwxwr7"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">His tenncy to turn every human enunter to a nontatn, a reckong, sounds an awful lot like moralism. But he was not moralistic the sense of imposg on people the mands of a received body of l. Compulsory serns might be closer to the mark, although his serns was patible wh a ep stra of sills: he was pable of wrg mpy letters, of jog his iends at the lol fairground, of playg the mandg part of the moon an impromptu reënactment of celtial movements. An tensely ratnal man—he had, after all, started off as a logician—he loathed mere <em>reasonablens</em>, a squalid ial for squalid people. He rejected the ia that the world’s mands on the dividual might have a natural lim the reasonable.</p><p class="paywall">His stunts at Cambridge, no ls than the beleaguered children he tght Atria, were victims of his appete for enforcg standards at which any human—any <em>human</em> human—mt surely quail. He rarely doubted his thory to tell people how to live. One stunt, Alice Ambrose, was exmunited after she gave him “cheek.” Her offense, she later relled, was tellg him that “he ed his power over people to extract worship.”</p><p class="paywall">In this, he was unlike Socrat, who, for all his piety, took people as they were. His queerns was patible wh havg a good time, wh likg people and beg liked by them turn. Wtgenste, lackg a mo between the athly ser and the giddily silly, spired more extreme reactns—alarm, fear, ntempt, reverence. Ambrose once wrote, generoly, that there was “a very great al him to love.” Love, y. But is hard to fd anyone who <em>liked</em> him.</p><p class="paywall">And yet this was a man who was charmed and moved by the phrase “It tak many sorts to make a world.” He mend the proposn—a byword for liberaly, for reasonablens—as “a very betiful and kdly sayg.” He never said that he thought was te. ♦</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="o7b5pe"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 PaywallInleBarrierWhWrapperGrid-fyrGfS kLQIUk grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="body body__le-barrier article__body"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div class="ntaer--body-ner"><asi class="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper-iBnuqk lfXXa-D" data-ttid="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper"><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--paywall-le-barrier" role="prentatn" aria-live="pole" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--paywall-le-barrier"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></asi></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ContentWrapperGrid-fvkmBv brYtrA grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="body body__ntaer"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div 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href=">Sign up</a> for our daily newsletter to receive the bt stori om <em>The New Yorker</em>.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="ContributorsWrapper-eNpWFu GWFsc ntributors" data-ttid="Contributors"><div class="ContributorBWrapper-bnVHbt gMon"><div class="ContributorBContent-ubQdr jZTSSi"><div class="ContributorBHear-ledood XOIEx"></div><div class="ContributorBB-fBolsO giFhKz"><a href="/ntributors/nikhil-krishnan">Nikhil Krishnan</a> is a fellow philosophy at Robson College, Universy of Cambridge.</div><div class="ContributorBFooter-brqDlv ezUmSv"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV 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summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="How the Authors of the Bible Spun Triumph om Defeat" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Books</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">How the Authors of the Bible Spun Triumph om Defeat</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="How the Authors of the Bible Spun Triumph om Defeat" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">History may be wrten by the victors, but the world’s most fluential text om antiquy’s biggt losers.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Adam Gopnik</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff hlYhBH summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm eamwqR" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="How Carl Lnas Set Out to Label All of Life" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Books</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">How Carl Lnas Set Out to Label All of Life</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="How Carl Lnas Set Out to Label All of Life" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">He sorted and systematized and ed nam for more than twelve thoand speci. What do you ll someone like that?</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Kathryn Schulz</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff hlYhBH summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm eamwqR" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Briefly Noted" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Books</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">Briefly Noted</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="Briefly Noted" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">“War and Punishment,” “Augt Wilson,” “The Five Sorrowful Mysteri of Andy Ai,” and “My Stupid Intentns.”</div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff hlYhBH summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm eamwqR" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="“Oppenheimer” Is Ultimately a History Channel Movie wh Fancy Edg" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl ldWYvC summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">The Front Row</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">“Oppenheimer” Is Ultimately a History Channel Movie wh Fancy Edg</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="“Oppenheimer” Is Ultimately a History Channel Movie wh Fancy Edg" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">Christopher Nolan’s b-pic is so tent on beg a moraly tale that miss s protagonist’s plexy.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Richard Brody</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm eamwqR ad ad--read-more"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--read-more" data-no-id="40c47w"></div></div></div><div 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