Gay Rights - Movement, Marriage & Flag | HISTORY

Contents:

• GAY MARRIAGE
• OBAMA V DOMA: HOW GAY AMERINS MARCHED TOWARDS EQUALY
• WHAT'S NEXT FOR THE GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT?
• GAY RIGHTS
• THE AMERIN GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT
• HOW THE GAY MOVEMENT DID IN DOMA
• GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT
• HOW THE GAY CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT DEFEATED THE DEFENSE OF MARRIAGE ACTTHE LONG FIGHTTHE VICTORY AGAST DOMA WAS NO ACCINT: THE GAY MOVEMENT, ARGU LDA HIRSHMAN, HAS A WNG STRATEGY.LDA HIRSHMANUPDATED JUL. 13, 2017 6:53PM EDT / PUBLISHED JUN. 03, 2012 4:45AM EDT EDDIE ADAMS / AP PHOTO THIS WEEK, THE FERAL APPEALS URT MASSACHETTS UNANIMOLY LED THAT PART OF THE DEFENSE OF MARRIAGE ACT IS UNNSTUTNAL. GILL V. OPM IS A REMARKABLE LG, BUT PERHAPS AS IMPORTANT AS THE CISN IS S TIMG: THE URT STCK DOWN A LAW OF CONGRS A MERE 16 YEARS AFTER WAS PASSED. CERTALY NO ONE EVER THOUGHT OF CHALLENGG THE NSTUTNALY OF THE DEFENSE OF MARRIAGE ACT 1996! WHAT HAPPENED?WHAT THE LOS ANGEL TIM RECENTLY LLED “THE FASTT OF ALL CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS” HAPPENED. AND THE PAPER WROTE THAT HEADLE BEFORE THE FIRST CIRCU LED. MAYBE SOMETHG ABOUT THE PRINT OF THE UNED STAT ENDORSG SAME-SEX MARRIAGE SPIRED THE L.A. TIM TO NOTE THE SPEED OF THE SOCIAL CHANGE.AS PROGRSIVE MOVEMENTS OF EVERY STRIPE FALTER AND GRD TO A HALT—WHO’S OCCUPYG OCCUPY WALL STREET THE DAYS?— PAYS TO PAY ATTENTN TO HOW THE GAY MOVEMENT BROKE THE SPELL OF RIGHT-WG TRIUMPH AND PROGRSIVE TRAGEDY. FIRST, THE MOVEMENT ACTED LOLLY. LOL ACTN IS A GAY TRADN. IN 1953 THE MATTACHE SOCIETY, THE FIRST MORN GAY ANIZATN THE UNTRY HAD THE EFONTERY TO SEND A QUTNNAIRE TO ALL THE NDIDAT FOR THE LOS ANGEL CY COUNCIL, MANDG TO KNOW THEIR POSN ON ISSU LIKE POLICE HARASSMENT. AFTER STONEWALL, THE GAY ACTIVISTS ALLIANCE OPENED THE MORN GAY MOVEMENT BY ATTACKG THE MAYOR OF NEW YORK, JOHN LDSAY, WHOSE POLICE HAD TRIGGERED THE STONEWALL UPRISG THE FIRST PLACE. THEY ASKED THEIR HOMETOWN, NEW YORK, TO PASS A LAW BARRG DISCRIMATN AGAST THEM. GAY ACTIVISM HAS ALWAYS WORKED OM THE CI AND HOSPABLE STAT OUTWARD. NATNAL IATIV, BY NTRAST, WERE SEEN AS LOSG PROPOSNS, AND WHEN UNRTAKEN, THEY UALLY DID LOSE.SO THE GAY-MARRIAGE MOVEMENT UNRTOOK A SELF-NSC STRATEGY TO START TO LEGALIZE MARRIAGE MORE LOLLY, STAT LIKE MASSACHETTS, WHERE THEY HAD ALREADY GAED TRACTN. WHEN THE MASSACHETTS SUPREME COURT BEME THE FIRST THE UNTRY TO LEGALIZE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE, WAS NOT AN ACCINT: THE SMART FOLKS AT THE GAY-MOVEMENT LEGAL ANIZATNS LIKE LAMBDA LEGAL AND GAY AND LBIAN ADVOT AND DEFENRS HAD SEEN THAT GAY AND LBIAN PEOPLE HAD GAED MOST OF THE RIGHTS OF CIZENSHIP MASSACHETTS ALREADY.IN FACT, WAS THE EARLY SUCCS OF ANOTHER LOL EFFORT ON GAY MARRIAGE THAT LED TO THE FERAL DOMA TO BEG WH. IN THE EARLY 1990S, THE HAWAII STATE URTS LED FAVOR OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE, TERRIFYG THE HOMOPHOB CONGRS WH THE PROSPECT THAT THE GAY GO-LOL STRATEGY ON MARRIAGE MIGHT TAKE HOLD. (STATE REFERENDUMS LATER OVERTURNED THOSE CISNS.) SO THEY PASSED THE DOMA TO STOP THE FERAL ERNMENT OM REGNIZG STATE LAW ON MARRIAGE. IT WAS AN UNUAL STEP—A FIRST, FACT—TO VOLVE THE FERAL ERNMENT WHAT HAD ALWAYS BEEN STATE PREROGATIVE. THE FIRST CIRCU RIGHTLY NCLUD THAT CONGRS WAS ACTG WEIRDLY WHEN PASSED THE DOMA AND THAT SOMETHG UGLY, LIKE A PURE DISLIKE OF A VULNERABLE MORY, MT HAVE BEEN DRIVG THE LEGISLATN. GIVEN THE FERAL STCTURE OF THE UNED STAT, WHICH CISNS ABOUT THGS LIKE MARRIAGE ARE OVERWHELMGLY ERNED BY THE STAT, THE GAY ACT-LOL STRATEGY WORKED PERFECTLY.THE SEND SECRET OF THE GAY REVOLUTN IS TO ACT AS THOUGH THEY WERE GOOD. “WHY DO YOU HATE ?” THEIR LAWSUS ALWAYS ASK. “ALL WE WANT TO DO IS LOVE EACH OTHER.” SCE THE FIRST BIG GAY VICTORY ROMER V. EVANS 1996, A SE HEAVILY CED AND RELIED ON THE FIRST CIRCU CISN, THE GAY MOVEMENT HAS NOT ASKED AMERINS TO HOLD THEIR NOS AND TOLERATE BEHAVR THEY HATE THE TERT OF EEDOM FOR ALL. RATHER, THEY ASKED THE URTS TO LE THAT HATRED IS EFFECT NOT ALLOWED THE LEGISLATIVE PROCS. AND THAT’S EXACTLY WHAT THE ROMER URT SAID: IF THE PLATIFFS N PROVE, AS THE FIRST CIRCU SAID THEY DID YTERDAY, THAT CONGRS ACTED OUT OF ANIM, THE LAW IS NO GOOD.THE THIRD SECRET OF THE GAY REVOLUTN IS THE EP, DISCIPLED STCTURE OF THE MOVEMENT. SURE, ONCE A WHILE SOMETHG—A RT AT A GAY BAR, MAYBE—EPTS. BUT THE REAL PROGRS OF THE FASTT MOVEMENT HAS PEND ON THE SLOWT PROCS. LAMBDA LEGAL HAS EXISTED SCE 1973. GLAD, WHICH WON THE SE YTERDAY, SCE 1978. THE LAWYERS AT THE NATNAL CENTER FOR LBIAN RIGHTS CALIFORNIA HAVE BEEN WORKG FOR S. EVAN WOLFSON, THE GENI BEHD THE SLOW FREEDOM TO MARRY MOVEMENT, HAS BEEN WORKG ON THE ISSUE SCE HE WAS A LAW STUNT 1983. ANDREW SULLIVAN’S EXTEND TELLECTUAL FENSE OF MARRIAGE, VIRTUALLY NORMAL, APPEARED THE MID-1990S. AFTER THE DOMA, THE GAY TABLISHMENT MET AND STRATEGIZED AT LENGTH ABOUT WHERE AND HOW A LOLLY BASED MARRIAGE IATIVE SHOULD BE PURSUED. THEY DID NOT NTROL THE WORLD (NTRARY TO NSERVATIVE BELIEF), BUT THEY DID MANAGE, QUIETLY AND TERMEDLY, TO ENACT THEIR STRATEGY TO THE CISN THEY ACHIEVED THIS WEEK.IS ALWAYS BRIGHTT BEFORE THE DARK? CERTALY THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNED STAT ULD REVERSE THE FIRST CIRCU, LG THAT EVEN THE NARROWT OF ROADS ON THE ANTI-GAY-MARRIAGE POSN IS TOO LIBERAL. BUT IF ANY SE STANDS A CHANCE, ’S THIS ONE. LOL, MORAL, PNT, AND FILLED WH LAWYERS, ’S A MOVEMENT ANY JEWISH GRANDMOTHER ULD LOVE. INCLUDG THIS ONE. LDA HIRSHMAN

GAY MARRIAGE

Early Years: Same-Sex Marriage Bans In 1970, jt one year after the historic Stonewall Rts that galvanized the gay rights movement, law stunt Richard Baker and librarian Jam McConnell applied for a marriage license Gerald Nelson rejected their applitn bee they were a same-sex uple, and a trial urt upheld his cisn.

OBAMA V DOMA: HOW GAY AMERINS MARCHED TOWARDS EQUALY

” This lg effectively blocked feral urts om lg on same-sex marriage for s, leavg the cisn solely the hands of stat, which alt blow after blow to those hopg to see gay marriage beg 1973, for stance, Maryland beme the first state to create a law that explicly f marriage as a unn between a man and woman, a belief held by many nservative relig groups. In 1989, the San Francis Board of Supervisors passed an ordance that allowed homosexual upl and unmarried heterosexual upl to register for domtic partnerships, which granted hospal visatn rights and other years later, the District of Columbia siarly passed a new law that allowed same-sex upl to register as domtic partners. C., 1993, the hight urt Hawaii led that a ban on same-sex marriage may vlate that state nstutn’s Equal Protectn Clse—the first time a state urt has ever ched toward makg gay marriage Hawaii Supreme Court sent the se—brought by a gay male uple and two lbian upl who were nied marriage licens 1990—back for further review to the lower First Circu Court, which 1991 origally dismissed the the state tried to prove that there was “pellg state tert” jtifyg the ban, the se would be tied up ligatn for the next three Defense of Marriage Act Opponents of gay marriage, however, did not s on their hnch.

That is, even if a state ma gay marriage legal, same-sex upl still wouldn’t be able to file e tax jotly, sponsor spo for immigratn benefs or receive spoal Social Secury payments, among many other act was a huge setback for the marriage equaly movement, but transient good news arose three months later: Hawaii Judge Kev S. Phg for Change: Civil Unns The next saw a whirlwd of activy on the gay marriage ont, begng wh the year 2000 when Vermont beme the first state to legalize civil unns, a legal stat that provis most of the state-level benefs of years later, Massachetts beme the first state to legalize gay marriage when the Massachetts Supreme Court led that same-sex upl had the right to marry Goodridge v.

WHAT'S NEXT FOR THE GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT?

Kansas and Texas were next 2005, and 2006 saw seven more stat passg Constutnal amendments agast gay towards the end of the , gay marriage beme legal var stat, cludg Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont (the first state to approve by legislative means) and New Hampshire. Domtic Partnerships Throughout the and the begng of the next, California equently ma headl for seawg on the gay marriage state was the first to pass a domtic partnership statute 1999, and legislators tried to pass a same-sex marriage bill 2005 and 2007.

For the first time the untry’s history, voters (rather than judg or legislators) Mae, Maryland, and Washgton approved Constutnal amendments permtg same-sex marriage marriage also beme a feral issue 2010, Massachetts, the first state to legalize gay marriage, found Sectn 3 of DOMA—the part of the 1996 law that fed marriage as a unn between one man and one woman—to be unnstutnal. Wdsor, nservative Jtice Anthony Kennedy sid wh Jtic Ruth Bar Gsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan favor of same-sex marriage rights, ultimately makg gay marriage legal across the natn June this time, was still outlawed only 13 stat, and more than 20 other untri had already legalized gay marriage, startg wh the Netherlands December 2000. In rponse to "Don't Ask Don't Tell", Amendment 2 Colorado, risg hate crim, and on-gog discrimatn agast the LGBTQ muny an timated 800, 000 to one ln people participated the March on Washgton for Lbian, Gay, and Bi Equal Rights and Liberatn on April 25, 1993.

GAY RIGHTS

Voters Mae, Maryland and Washgton state approved marriage equaly iativ – and Mnota voters rejected a state nstutnal amendment that would have banned 20 January 2013, his send gural addrs, the print clared: “Our journey is not plete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else unr the law – for if we are tly created equal, then surely the love we m to one another mt be equal as well.

The spiratn we drew om the urage and the blood and the joyfulns of Frerick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Jam Baldw, Rosa Parks, John Lewis, Aretha Frankl, Stevie Wonr and Mart Luther Kg Jr had ma the gay movement felt unnnily right that the arc of history had bent so dramatilly toward liberty and jtice for all durg Obama’s princy. In those plac, and hundreds of other ci, towns and villag, gay people and their iends swarmed to the streets to celebrate the day’s other, oppose kd of event: the lg of the Uned Stat supreme urt that fally ma marriage equaly the law of the the fourth time, Anthony Kennedy, a Republin nomated by Ronald Reagan, embraced the ia of a nstutn which mt change as society chang.

)Slaven Vlasic/Getty Imag Entertament/Getty ImagKaplan's answer for "what's next" for the LGBTQ movement is Discrimatn In The Private Sector"First, we have to pass prehensive legislatn that says you n’t discrimate agast gay people the private sector, " Kaplan tells Btle.

THE AMERIN GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT

That's right: unls we're talkg about a ernment job, there is still no feral law on the books that says you n't fire someone for beg gay or trans* Sure All Coupl Can Adopt"Number two, there’s still a lot of work that needs to be done the Deep South, " Kaplan says.

One notable area where this plays out is the fact that homelsns affects the LGBTQ populatn disproportnate On Ine Inequaly & Homelsns"A huge percentage of the homels kids [40 percent, to be exact] walkg around on cy streets plac like New York are actually gay.

HOW THE GAY MOVEMENT DID IN DOMA

Prrize Trans* RightsKaplan also acknowledg trans* rights as an issue, and c as her fourth pot where the movement should foc, sayg "trans* people have not achieved the same gree of progrs that we [lbian, gay, and bisexual people] have ma.

GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Army service World War I, Gerber was spired to create his anizatn by the Scientific-Humanarian Commtee, a “homosexual emancipatn” group ’s small group published a few issu of s newsletter “Friendship and Freedom, ” the untry’s first gay-tert newsletter. Ernment signated Gerber’s Chigo hoe a Natnal Historic Pk TriangleCorbis/Getty ImagHomosexual prisoners at the ncentratn mp at Sachsenhsen, Germany, wearg pk triangl on their uniforms on December 19, gay rights movement stagnated for the next few s, though LGBT dividuals around the world did e to the spotlight a few example, English poet and thor Radclyffe Hall stirred up ntroversy 1928 when she published her lbian-themed novel, The Well of Lonels.

Addnally, 1948, his book Sexual Behavr the Human Male, Aled Ksey proposed that male sexual orientatn li on a ntuum between exclively homosexual to exclively Homophile Years In 1950, Harry Hay found the Mattache Foundatn, one of the natn’s first gay rights group. ”Though started off small, the foundatn, which sought to improve the liv of gay men through discsn groups and related activi, expand after foundg member Dale Jenngs was arrted 1952 for solicatn and then later set ee due to a adlocked the end of the year, Jenngs formed another anizatn lled One, Inc., which weled women and published ONE, the untry’s first pro-gay magaze.

HOW THE GAY CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT DEFEATED THE DEFENSE OF MARRIAGE ACTTHE LONG FIGHTTHE VICTORY AGAST DOMA WAS NO ACCINT: THE GAY MOVEMENT, ARGU LDA HIRSHMAN, HAS A WNG STRATEGY.LDA HIRSHMANUPDATED JUL. 13, 2017 6:53PM EDT / PUBLISHED JUN. 03, 2012 4:45AM EDT EDDIE ADAMS / AP PHOTO THIS WEEK, THE FERAL APPEALS URT MASSACHETTS UNANIMOLY LED THAT PART OF THE DEFENSE OF MARRIAGE ACT IS UNNSTUTNAL. GILL V. OPM IS A REMARKABLE LG, BUT PERHAPS AS IMPORTANT AS THE CISN IS S TIMG: THE URT STCK DOWN A LAW OF CONGRS A MERE 16 YEARS AFTER WAS PASSED. CERTALY NO ONE EVER THOUGHT OF CHALLENGG THE NSTUTNALY OF THE DEFENSE OF MARRIAGE ACT 1996! WHAT HAPPENED?WHAT THE LOS ANGEL TIM RECENTLY LLED “THE FASTT OF ALL CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS” HAPPENED. AND THE PAPER WROTE THAT HEADLE BEFORE THE FIRST CIRCU LED. MAYBE SOMETHG ABOUT THE PRINT OF THE UNED STAT ENDORSG SAME-SEX MARRIAGE SPIRED THE L.A. TIM TO NOTE THE SPEED OF THE SOCIAL CHANGE.AS PROGRSIVE MOVEMENTS OF EVERY STRIPE FALTER AND GRD TO A HALT—WHO’S OCCUPYG OCCUPY WALL STREET THE DAYS?— PAYS TO PAY ATTENTN TO HOW THE GAY MOVEMENT BROKE THE SPELL OF RIGHT-WG TRIUMPH AND PROGRSIVE TRAGEDY. FIRST, THE MOVEMENT ACTED LOLLY. LOL ACTN IS A GAY TRADN. IN 1953 THE MATTACHE SOCIETY, THE FIRST MORN GAY ANIZATN THE UNTRY HAD THE EFONTERY TO SEND A QUTNNAIRE TO ALL THE NDIDAT FOR THE LOS ANGEL CY COUNCIL, MANDG TO KNOW THEIR POSN ON ISSU LIKE POLICE HARASSMENT. AFTER STONEWALL, THE GAY ACTIVISTS ALLIANCE OPENED THE MORN GAY MOVEMENT BY ATTACKG THE MAYOR OF NEW YORK, JOHN LDSAY, WHOSE POLICE HAD TRIGGERED THE STONEWALL UPRISG THE FIRST PLACE. THEY ASKED THEIR HOMETOWN, NEW YORK, TO PASS A LAW BARRG DISCRIMATN AGAST THEM. GAY ACTIVISM HAS ALWAYS WORKED OM THE CI AND HOSPABLE STAT OUTWARD. NATNAL IATIV, BY NTRAST, WERE SEEN AS LOSG PROPOSNS, AND WHEN UNRTAKEN, THEY UALLY DID LOSE.SO THE GAY-MARRIAGE MOVEMENT UNRTOOK A SELF-NSC STRATEGY TO START TO LEGALIZE MARRIAGE MORE LOLLY, STAT LIKE MASSACHETTS, WHERE THEY HAD ALREADY GAED TRACTN. WHEN THE MASSACHETTS SUPREME COURT BEME THE FIRST THE UNTRY TO LEGALIZE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE, WAS NOT AN ACCINT: THE SMART FOLKS AT THE GAY-MOVEMENT LEGAL ANIZATNS LIKE LAMBDA LEGAL AND GAY AND LBIAN ADVOT AND DEFENRS HAD SEEN THAT GAY AND LBIAN PEOPLE HAD GAED MOST OF THE RIGHTS OF CIZENSHIP MASSACHETTS ALREADY.IN FACT, WAS THE EARLY SUCCS OF ANOTHER LOL EFFORT ON GAY MARRIAGE THAT LED TO THE FERAL DOMA TO BEG WH. IN THE EARLY 1990S, THE HAWAII STATE URTS LED FAVOR OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE, TERRIFYG THE HOMOPHOB CONGRS WH THE PROSPECT THAT THE GAY GO-LOL STRATEGY ON MARRIAGE MIGHT TAKE HOLD. (STATE REFERENDUMS LATER OVERTURNED THOSE CISNS.) SO THEY PASSED THE DOMA TO STOP THE FERAL ERNMENT OM REGNIZG STATE LAW ON MARRIAGE. IT WAS AN UNUAL STEP—A FIRST, FACT—TO VOLVE THE FERAL ERNMENT WHAT HAD ALWAYS BEEN STATE PREROGATIVE. THE FIRST CIRCU RIGHTLY NCLUD THAT CONGRS WAS ACTG WEIRDLY WHEN PASSED THE DOMA AND THAT SOMETHG UGLY, LIKE A PURE DISLIKE OF A VULNERABLE MORY, MT HAVE BEEN DRIVG THE LEGISLATN. GIVEN THE FERAL STCTURE OF THE UNED STAT, WHICH CISNS ABOUT THGS LIKE MARRIAGE ARE OVERWHELMGLY ERNED BY THE STAT, THE GAY ACT-LOL STRATEGY WORKED PERFECTLY.THE SEND SECRET OF THE GAY REVOLUTN IS TO ACT AS THOUGH THEY WERE GOOD. “WHY DO YOU HATE ?” THEIR LAWSUS ALWAYS ASK. “ALL WE WANT TO DO IS LOVE EACH OTHER.” SCE THE FIRST BIG GAY VICTORY ROMER V. EVANS 1996, A SE HEAVILY CED AND RELIED ON THE FIRST CIRCU CISN, THE GAY MOVEMENT HAS NOT ASKED AMERINS TO HOLD THEIR NOS AND TOLERATE BEHAVR THEY HATE THE TERT OF EEDOM FOR ALL. RATHER, THEY ASKED THE URTS TO LE THAT HATRED IS EFFECT NOT ALLOWED THE LEGISLATIVE PROCS. AND THAT’S EXACTLY WHAT THE ROMER URT SAID: IF THE PLATIFFS N PROVE, AS THE FIRST CIRCU SAID THEY DID YTERDAY, THAT CONGRS ACTED OUT OF ANIM, THE LAW IS NO GOOD.THE THIRD SECRET OF THE GAY REVOLUTN IS THE EP, DISCIPLED STCTURE OF THE MOVEMENT. SURE, ONCE A WHILE SOMETHG—A RT AT A GAY BAR, MAYBE—EPTS. BUT THE REAL PROGRS OF THE FASTT MOVEMENT HAS PEND ON THE SLOWT PROCS. LAMBDA LEGAL HAS EXISTED SCE 1973. GLAD, WHICH WON THE SE YTERDAY, SCE 1978. THE LAWYERS AT THE NATNAL CENTER FOR LBIAN RIGHTS CALIFORNIA HAVE BEEN WORKG FOR S. EVAN WOLFSON, THE GENI BEHD THE SLOW FREEDOM TO MARRY MOVEMENT, HAS BEEN WORKG ON THE ISSUE SCE HE WAS A LAW STUNT 1983. ANDREW SULLIVAN’S EXTEND TELLECTUAL FENSE OF MARRIAGE, VIRTUALLY NORMAL, APPEARED THE MID-1990S. AFTER THE DOMA, THE GAY TABLISHMENT MET AND STRATEGIZED AT LENGTH ABOUT WHERE AND HOW A LOLLY BASED MARRIAGE IATIVE SHOULD BE PURSUED. THEY DID NOT NTROL THE WORLD (NTRARY TO NSERVATIVE BELIEF), BUT THEY DID MANAGE, QUIETLY AND TERMEDLY, TO ENACT THEIR STRATEGY TO THE CISN THEY ACHIEVED THIS WEEK.IS ALWAYS BRIGHTT BEFORE THE DARK? CERTALY THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNED STAT ULD REVERSE THE FIRST CIRCU, LG THAT EVEN THE NARROWT OF ROADS ON THE ANTI-GAY-MARRIAGE POSN IS TOO LIBERAL. BUT IF ANY SE STANDS A CHANCE, ’S THIS ONE. LOL, MORAL, PNT, AND FILLED WH LAWYERS, ’S A MOVEMENT ANY JEWISH GRANDMOTHER ULD LOVE. INCLUDG THIS ONE. LDA HIRSHMAN

Post Office, which 1954 clared the magaze “obscene” and refed to liver Mattache Society Mattache Foundatn members rtctured the anizatn to form the Mattache Society, which had lol chapters other parts of the untry and 1955 began publishg the untry’s send gay publitn, The Mattache Review.

That same year, four lbian upl San Francis found an anizatn lled the Dghters of Bilis, which soon began publishg a newsletter lled The Ladr, the first lbian publitn of any early years of the movement also faced some notable setbacks: the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn listed homosexualy as a form of mental disorr followg year, Print Dwight D. ”In fear of beg shut down by thori, bartenrs would ny drks to patrons spected of beg gay or kick them out altogether; others would serve them drks but force them to s facg away om other ctomers to prevent them om 1966, members of the Mattache Society New York Cy staged a “sip-”—a twist on the “s-” protts of the 1960s— which they vised taverns, clared themselv gay, and waed to be turned away so they uld sue.