Lbian and gay parentg: Theoretil and nceptual examatns

Contents:

• GAY PARENTG
• GAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRSGAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRSGAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRSGAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRSGAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRS
• PARENTG A GAY CHILD
• GAY PARENTS
• HOW TO DEAL WH HAVG GAY PARENTS
• LBIAN AND GAY PARENTG

GAY PARENTG

Co-parentg is typilly an arrangement between a gay man and a lbian woman or gay and lbian uple, who team up to parent the child together, however this is not an exclive optn as many sgle people also choose this optn as they may not have found the ‘right person’. Bee of the Ain Natnal Congrs (ANC), the eedom fighters, and people who had really fought for mocracy, equaly, and human rights, they have passed laws that ma homosexualy legal and shortly after also brought same-sex marriage to the South Ain nstutn 1996. The Journey of Surrogacy: 2 Dads and a Lad (JarandaFM, October 5, 2021)Sgle fathers n now legally register a child born through surrogacy SA (2021)Sgle father of baby born via surrogacy wants to be allowed to register dghter’s birth (2021)A urt has refed to approve a surrogacy agreement between a gay uple and a woman – bee one of the men is still the closet (2017).

GAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRSGAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRSGAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRSGAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRSGAY MEN AS PARENTS & REGIVERS: INFORMATN FOR SOUTH AIN SERVICE PROVIRS

In turn this iology marks two troublg featur of polil efforts to facilate LGBT parenthood: first, the markedly different unrstandgs of equaly — full vers formal, lived vers legal — that gui movement approach to assisted procreatn and adoptn, rpectively; and send, votns of a fundamental “right to procreate” that valorize reproductn, ialize a blogil mol of parenthood, and threaten to entrench bgeic bias fay law and nstutnal article centers on the impact of heteronormativy on the ways which parental sir, tentns and practic of lbian, gay, or trans people Czechia are subjected to barriers. We discs discrimatn agast, and the statistil margalizatn of homoparental fai; the fact that same-sex Czech upl are not yet allowed to marry and that stead a new legal stutn, the civil unn, was troduced exclively for them, explicly prohibg them om formg parental upl; the polil disregard of the step-child adoptn amendment to the Act on Civil Unns; and the obligatn of irreversible surgil elimatn of one’s reproductive functn before the thorizatn of admistrative genr change for trans people.

The term “homosexualy, ” while sometim nsired anachronistic the current era, is the most applible and easily translatable term to e when askg this qutn across societi and languag and has been ed other cross-natnal studi, cludg the World Valu Survey. Dpe major chang laws and norms surroundg the issue of same-sex marriage and the rights of LGBT people around the world, public opn on the acceptance of homosexualy society remas sharply divid by untry, regn and enomic velopment.

And Poland, supporters of the erng PiS (Law and Jtice), which has explicly targeted gay rights as anathema to tradnal Polish valu, are 23 percentage pots ls likely to say that homosexualy should be accepted by society than those who do not support the erng party. But even untri like France and Germany where acceptance of homosexualy is high, there are differenc between supporters and non-supporters of key right-wg populist parti such as Natnal Rally France and Alternative for Germany (AfD).

PARENTG A GAY CHILD

The prev edn, which was tled Lbian and Gay Parentg: A Rource for Psychologists (1995) was the succsor to a publitn tled Lbian Parents and Their Children: A Rource Paper for Psychologists that was jotly produced by CLGBC and CWP 1991. Unlike heterosexual parents and their children, however, lbian and gay parents and their children are often subject to prejudice bee of their sexual orientatn that n turn judg, legislators, profsnals, and the public agast them, sometim rultg negative out, such as loss of physil ctody, rtrictns on visatn, and prohibns agast adoptn (ACLU Lbian and Gay Rights Project, 2002; Appell, 2003; Patterson, Fulcher, & Waright, 2002).

As this summary will show, the rults of existg rearch parg lbian and gay parents to heterosexual parents and children of lbian and gay parents to children of heterosexual parents are que clear: Common stereotyp are not supported by the data. The relevance of this cricism has been greatly rced as rearch has expand to explore life a wir array of lbian mother and gay father fai (many of which have never lived through the divorce of a heterosexual uple), and as newer studi beg to clu a wir array of ntrol groups.

Other cricisms have been that most studi have been based on relatively small sampl, that there have been difficulti wh asssment procr employed some studi, and that the classifitn of parents as lbian, gay, or heterosexual has been problematic.

GAY PARENTS

An expert readg of the Sarantakos article reveals that certa characteristics of s methodology and sample are highly likely to have skewed the rults and renred them an valid ditor of the well-beg of children raised by gay and lbian parents at least three rpects:.

HOW TO DEAL WH HAVG GAY PARENTS

The children raised by gay and lbian parents experienced unually high levels of extreme social ostracism and overt hostily om other children and parents, which probably acunted for the former's lower levels of teractn and social tegratn wh peers (see pp. Most or all of the children beg raised by gay and lbian parents, but not the children beg raised by heterosexual married parents, had experienced parental divorce, which is known to rrelate wh poor adjtment and amic performance.

Some nonscientific anizatns have attempted to nvce urts that there is an actual scientific dispute this area by cg rearch performed by Pl Cameron as supportg the existence of fics gay and lbian parents or their children pared to heterosexual parents or their children. Three ncerns have historilly been associated wh judicial cisn makg ctody ligatn and public polici erng foster re and adoptn: the belief that lbians and gay men are mentally ill, that lbians are ls maternal than heterosexual women, and that lbians' and gay men's relatnships wh sexual partners leave ltle time for ongog parent-child teractns (ACLU Lbian and Gay Rights Project, 2002; Falk, 1989, 1994; Patterson et al., 2002; Patterson & Reddg, 1996). Many years ago, the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn removed "homosexualy" om s list of mental disorrs, statg that "homosexualy per se impli no impairment judgment, stabily, reliabily, or general social or votnal pabili" (Amerin Psychiatric Associatn, 1974).

In 1975, the Amerin Psychologil Associatn took the same posn and urged all mental health profsnals to help dispel the stigma of mental illns that had long been associated wh homosexual orientatn (Amerin Psychologil Associatn, 1975).

LBIAN AND GAY PARENTG

The cisn to remove homosexual orientatn om the list of mental disorrs reflects extensive rearch nducted over three s showg that homosexual orientatn is not a psychologil maladjtment (Gonsrek, 1991; Hart, Roback, Ttler, Wez, Walston, & McKee, 1978; Reiss, 1980). There is no reliable evince that homosexual orientatn per se impairs psychologil functng, although the social and other circumstanc which lbians and gay men live, cludg exposure to wispread prejudice and discrimatn, often e acute distrs (Cochran, 2001; Freedman, 1971; Gonsrek, 1991; Hart et al., 1978; Hooker, 1957; Meyer, 2003; Reiss, 1980).

Beliefs that lbian and gay adults are not f parents likewise have no empiril foundatn (Anrssen, Amlie, & Ytteroy, 2002; Brewaeys & van Hall, 1997; Parks, 1998; Patterson, 2000; Patterson & Chan, 1996; Perr, 2002; Stacey & Biblarz, 2001; Tasker, 1999; Victor & Fish, 1995). A recent study of 256 lbian and gay parent fai found that, ntrast to patterns characterizg the majory of Amerin parents, very few lbian and gay parents reported any e of physil punishment (such as spankg) as a disciplary technique; stead, they were likely to report e of posive techniqu such as reasong (Johnson & O'Connor, 2002).

Certaly, rearch has found no reasons to believe lbian mothers or gay fathers to be unf parents (Armto, 2002; Barret & Robson, 1990; Bigner & Bozett, 1990; Bigner & Jabsen, 1989a, 1989b; Bos et al., 2003, 2004; Bozett, 1980, 1989; Patterson, 1997; Patterson & Chan, 1996; Sbordone, 1993; Tasker & Golombok, 1997; Victor & Fish, 1995; Wton, 1991). For stance, one such ncern is that children brought up by lbian mothers or gay fathers will show disturbanc genr inty and/or genr role behavr (Falk, 1989, 1994; Hchens & Kirkpatrick, 1985; Kleber, Howell, & Tibbs-Kleber, 1986; Patterson et al., 2002; Patterson & Reddg, 1996).

For example, urts have exprsed fears that children the ctody of gay or lbian parents will be more vulnerable to mental breakdown, will exhib more adjtment difficulti and behavr problems, and will be ls psychologilly healthy than other children. Three aspects of sexual inty are nsired the rearch: genr inty, which ncerns a person's self-intifitn as male or female; genr-role behavr, which ncerns the extent to which a person's activi, occupatns, and the like are regard by the culture as mascule, feme, or both; and sexual orientatn, which refers to a person's choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972; Ste, 1993). Although some children have scribed enunters wh anti-gay remarks om peers (Gartrell et al., 2005), young adult offsprg of divorced lbian mothers did not rell beg the targets of any more childhood teasg or victimizatn than did the offsprg of divorced heterosexual mothers (Tasker & Golombok, 1995, 1997).

Studi of the relatnships wh adults among the children of lbian and gay parents have also rulted a generally posive picture (Brewaeys et al., 1997; Golombok et al., 1983; Harris & Turner, 1985/86; Kirkpatrick et al., 1981; Waright et al., 2004). Much of the existg rearch on lbian mothers, gay fathers, and their children was iated to addrs ncerns that arose for such fai the ntext of child ctody disput, and was apparently signed at least part to exame the veracy of mon stereotyp that have been voiced legal proceedgs. In a study of children born to lbian mothers, Gartrell and her lleagu (2005) reported that 10-year-olds who enuntered anti-gay sentiments among their peers were likely to report havg felt angry, upset, or sad about the experienc.