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24 24" fill="none" xmlns="><tle>Save this story</tle><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M20 23.9508L12.5 19.7312L5 23.9508V2.95081H14V3.93211H6V22.1845L12.5 18.5536L19 22.1845V8.83866H20V23.9508Z"></path><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M23 3H20V0H19V3H16V4H19V7H20V4H23V3Z"></path></svg></span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ActnBarButtonText-bYXYuh iUEiRd bkefvo gkccfO">Save this story</span></button></div><div data-attr-viewport-monor="" class="ActnBarWrapper-dhxmQh kAEsuD viewport-monor-anchor"><button id="bookmark" aria-label="Save this story" class="ActnBarButton-dyFOZU cjjxgx bookmark mobile"><span class="ActnBarSendaryButtonPrimaryIn-isbvyN cAwccV bookmark-button-in"><svg class="in in-bookmark" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="><tle>Save this story</tle><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M20 23.9508L12.5 19.7312L5 23.9508V2.95081H14V3.93211H6V22.1845L12.5 18.5536L19 22.1845V8.83866H20V23.9508Z"></path><path class="in-bookmark-fill" d="M23 3H20V0H19V3H16V4H19V7H20V4H23V3Z"></path></svg></span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ActnBarButtonText-bYXYuh iUEiRd bkefvo gkccfO">Save this story</span></button></div></div></div><div class="LightboxWrapper-dxsWBV hhylRt"><div class="ArticlePageChunksContent-etcMtP imbgVA"><div data-ttid="ArticlePageChunks" class="ArticlePageChunks-fLyCVG lmuXQm"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body bodyntaer articlebody" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="bodyner-ntaer"><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg">Gabriel Guimara grew up Vória, Brazil, a yellow hoe surround by star-u tre and chicken ops. His father, who wrote software for a lol bank, stilled him an tert puters. On weekends, when Guimara got bored wh Ntendo vio gam, he programmed his own. In gra school, he built a humanoid robot and wrote enough assembly to make zip around his home. In Vória, an island cy, his most amb peers dreamed of attendg universy São Plo, an hour away by plane. Guimara set his sights on the Massachetts Instute of Technology. By the time he was high school, M.I.T. had released hundreds of s class, ee of charge, on the Inter, as a seri of massive open onle urs, or <a href="><em class="small">MOOCs</em></a>. Guimara sampled the troductory puter-science class, but he found the lecturer, a “whe-haired guy ont of a blackboard,” cshgly dull. In 2011, trawlg YouTube for other urse material, Guimara clicked on a lecture om Harvard’s troductory puter-science class, CS50, which was tght by a young profsor named David Malan. Almost stantly, Guimara told me, he felt himself “hypnotized.”</p><p class="paywall">Malan, who had glossy black hair and an energetic mien, lectured om a grand dorium on Harvard’s mp. In the first class, he illtrated an algorhm lled bary search by vg a volunteer onstage to fd “Mike Smh” the Yellow Pag; at Malan’s urgg, the stunt opened up the phone book to a random spot, tore off the half of the book whout the right name, and then repeated the procs, halvg the volume aga and aga, until only the sired page remaed. Malan’s assignments, too, eased stunts to the arna of puter science. Before learng C, a low-level programmg language wh ficky syntax, they created animated gam Scratch, a visual programmg language signed for children. For a forensics problem set, spired by a summer that Malan spent workg a district attorney’s office, stunts were asked to wre to rtore a set of leted photo fil. “It felt like the olt vio game I’d ever gotten my hands on,” Guimara said.</p><p class="paywall">On Harvard’s mp, CS50 culmat a ftive exposn, where stunts show off their fal dg projects and hobnob wh technil recers om pani like Facebook and Google, many of whom are alumni of the class; Malan provis a bevy of ee paraphernalia, cludg CS50-brand strs balls and T-shirts that read, “I TOOK CS50.” In Brazil, Guimara cid to nduct his own fal project: a re-creatn of Malan’s urse materials and lectur Portugue. In his sophomore year of high school, he tght <a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">CC50</a>—<em>Ciência da Computação Cquenta</em>—to his peers, durg eleven weeks of the fall term. When Guimara arrived for the first class, bearg, as Malan did, a gargantuan sheet ke as a wele treat, he found about a hundred stunts snakg out the door. Drsed a baggy Harvard shirt that he’d bought onle, he livered Malan’s first lecture, repeatg the phone-book monstratn wh an old dictnary. CS50’s urse materials were eely distributed unr a Creative Commons license, but, as a urty, Guimara had e-mailed Malan’s staff a heads-up about his project. Durg the sixth week of his lectur, he received a gift box om Malan, stuffed wh CS50 swag.</p><p class="paywall">Malan, who took over CS50 2007, was a pneer distributg Harvard urse materials onle for ee. In 2012, Harvard and M.I.T. lnched their own onle-learng platform, edX, which today offers several thoand <em class="small">MOOCs</em>—both digal edns of existg universy urs and origal certifite programs signed by Microsoft, I.B.M., and other technology giants. But few, if any, be the stutnal credibily, the enormo reach, and the zealo engagement of Malan’s. In the sce Guimara took , CS50 has spired satelle operatns on every ntent except Antarcti. Though most of the stunts who sign up for the edX versn—more than two ln to date—qu before fishg, those who stick wh often bee diehards: earlier this year, Baghdad, stunts rtaged Malan’s project fair at al-Hikma Universy wh intil trimmgs, down to the emoji-shaped balloons and the ctom “buggg” bber ducks. To promote the expansn of CS50, Malan films wele teasers for the remote horts, hosts annual tor workshops, and helps prop up outposts around the world. CS50 is ls a sgle urse than an “esystem of urs,” as one staff member put , wh spoffs signed for specific dienc: lawyers, bs stunts, gamers. In 2015, Harvard’s puter-science partment lnched an unprecented partnership wh Yale, live-streamg Malan’s lectur om Cambridge to New Haven.</p><p class="paywall">Malan’s vtment virtual learng has transformed the way that stunts engage wh the class at s home base, too. CS50 is one of Harvard College’s most popular urs; ’s also the only one that stunts n watch live, high fn, om their dorms. In the past, Malan has enuraged them to do so, wrg, a blog post om 2016, that might well be “a better tnal experience to watch CS50’s lectur onle than attend them person.” Prrizg remote teachg to such an extent is still a rary among Harvard profsors. Even Michael Sanl’s Jtice, another flagship Harvard lecture urse, whose onle unterpart predat CS50 and was broadst on PBS, has ltle of Malan’s technologil astcture. In March, when the <a href=">ronavis panmic</a> forced universi across the untry to migrate class onle, no more than five hundred Harvard stctors had virtual teachg experience, the universy’s print, Lawrence Baw, told me an e-mail. In a matter of days, the number “jumped to about three thoand,” the size of Harvard’s entire teachg staff.</p><p class="paywall">For many profsors, the sudn transn was a stggle. For Malan, was the natural extensn of a ’s worth of experimentatn. “Our team is fortunate to have been dog this blend of tn for que some time,” he told me recently. “For , was very straightforward.” Malan’s ntract at Harvard allows him to foc almost exclively on CS50; even the rearch he publish centers maly on the class. In the sprg, he happened to be pilotg a small versn of CS50, historilly a fall urse, g onle-only lectur filmed the prev term. The panmic prompted him to move parts of the curriculum—office hours, a weekly tutorial, the project fair—to Zoom. But, while his lleagu were scramblg to retool their class for virtual platforms—troublhootg unfaiar technology, shorteng lsons, buildg teractivy—the substance and prentatn of CS50, as one stunt wrote an end-of-term evaluatn, “pretty much stayed the exact same.” Malan’s method of remote teachg is not easily replible; CS50’s pyrotechnics would not be possible whout an unually ep well of rourc and his own fanatil mment. But, as universi attempt to reopen safely the fall, wh onle learng at the foreont, the urse’s spread and succs provi a glimpse of where higher tn might be head.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropplead-standard-headg paywall">One muggy morng June, Malan vised Harvard’s mp. Sanrs Theatre, where he lectur, was still officially closed, but a few members of CS50’s staff had received special permissn to enter. I found Malan at a si door. He was wearg a mask and, over one shoulr, rried a backpack ntag two laptops. Insi, signs Harvard’s lors enuraged hand washg and social distancg. Doors had been propped open, to rce human ntact wh knobs and handl; a red brick, statned on the floor outsi the bathroom, uld be kicked asi to signal that someone was si. Harvard had not yet falized s reopeng plans, but the universy had released an terim report earlier the week, statg that, “regardls of whether stunts are on mp, learng will be remote next year, wh only rare exceptns.” For more than two months, Malan had been holdg CS50’s office hours onle, both for his Harvard class and, separately, for outsi stunts, ssns open to the public. Now he was gog to try streamg his office hours om Sanrs, to see how would feel to teach there, the fall, wh only a virtual dience. More than a thoand stunts, om a hundred and ne untri, had registered to attend the day’s ssn.</p><p class="paywall">In 2008, when Malan first moved CS50 to Sanrs, om a nonscript amphheatre Harvard’s Sever Hall, the class, at around three hundred stunts, occupied only the orchtra sectn and a segment of the mezzane. By 2014, enrollment had exceed eight hundred stunts, and many of them had to watch om the balny. Sanrs is one of the universy’s largt performance venu, a boomg, stadium-style hall of burnished red oak. Malan’s team equipped wh five meras—some manned by humans, others robotilly ntrolled—and, at the back of the mezzane, a makhift productn booth. As a “live sportg event,” Malan explaed, the stunts who watch CS50 real time might see the mera cut to a closp of him, or to a gigantic projectn of his puter screen, or to a wi shot om the robotic slir, which ptur the silhouett of spectators the ont of the hoe. Whereas many onle stctors chop up their lectur to short segments, terspersed wh exercis signed to monor progrs and sta engagement, Malan publish his unterpted. He often teach ont of a green screen, so that his team n turn his Web browser to a giant backdrop post-productn.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa ddqnqt body ArticlePageBodyGridContaer-jrMoA-d xjuw bodygrid-ntaer" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="GenericCalloutWrapper-tojWn ecxUUd llout--has-top-borr" data-ttid="GenericCallout"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embedasset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embedrponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embedrponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="David Malan sets up onstage." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-imageimage" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE AUPWl ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embedptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptntext">Malan’s remote-teachg setup volv a host of technology, cludg a seven-foot-wi teractive puter screen, lled a Microsoft Surface Hub.</span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body bodyntaer articlebody" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="bodyner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">Among his ternatnal fans, Malan is somethg of a celebry. His signature outf is a th black sweater and dark jeans, which, several of his stunts and lleagu noted, lends him a fat remblance to Steve Jobs. On his left wrist, he sports an Apple Watch and what seems like a silver bracelet but is actually the pull cha for a hoe lamp, purchased om Home Depot—bee, as he put , “I’m not a fan of expensive thgs.” He speaks and wr an odd, anachronistic style, g words like “daray” and “thereto” and vertg subjects and xiliary verbs, as “At 5 <em class="small">a.m.</em> will some Harvard shuttl take to <em class="small">iHop</em>.” (Malan trac this hab to an early fascatn wh the great orators of Amerin history.) While lecturg, he has a tenncy to break a sweat. Though he matas verified Facebook, Twter, and Instagram acunts, where stunts tag him posts celebratg their progrs or spairg of their ntime errors, Malan is guard on the subject of his private life. In every one of our Zoom terviews, and every ssn of CS50 office hours hosted om his home, he appeared agast a backdrop of solid whe.</p><div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--article-mid-ntent" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-unslot nsumer-marketg-unslot--article-mid-ntent nsumer-marketg-unslot---ntent"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><p class="paywall">In Sanrs, Malan hopped onstage, where he fiddled wh a lapel mic and attached a wirels transmter to his belt. “Ttg, one, two,” he said. “Can productn hear me?” Six members of CS50’s staff were on a Zoom ll, their fac magnified on a seven-foot-wi teractive puter screen, lled a Microsoft Surface Hub, which had been posned, on wheels, at the edge of the stage. CS50 has three full-time productn technologists. They work wh Malan to film, ed, and upload not only the urse’s lectur, office hours, and how-to vios but also a slew of ancillary—some might say superfluo—entertament material: outtak, sizzle reels, behd-the-scen snippets, a piano performance of one of CS50’s origal theme songs, and a thirteen-part homage to “Cizen Kane,” starrg Malan as himself. (“They were filmg sh all the time,” one former urse assistant, who spent a summer workg CS50’s spac office, told me.)</p><div class="Contaer-bkChBi byNLHx"></div><p class="paywall">The only staff members physilly prent were Brian Yu, a recent Harvard grad who is now a preceptor, and Andrew Markham, one of Malan’s productn technologists. Markham, a buff thirtysomethg, stood on a stepladr, a ral-lored CS50 T-shirt, posng two digal meras so that they peeked over the top of the Surface Hub. The plan was to jury-rig the screen to a giant laptop: Malan and Yu, who was -hostg the ssn, would stand onstage at lecterns twelve feet apart and speak to the meras; the stunts would appear, jt as the staff did now, at jumbo sle Zoom’s gridd “gallery view.” As Markham paced the stage, snappg a director’s clapper board ont of each mera, Malan scurried down to a rner of the orchtra sectn. He planned to start the office hours by Zoomg om his cell phone and surprisg stunts wh a tour of the theatre. Malan often greets his class wh the first phrase that new programmers learn to generate: “Hello, world!” he said to his mera, when the ll began.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-1 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">Behd the scen, Malan’s productn team screened and qued up a selectn of llers to ask qutns. The group clud a fifteen-year-old om Athens, a ntist om Buenos Air, and a Domin children’s tor livg Texas, pl others om Canada, England, Kenya, and Moroc. “It’s an honor, first of all,” Sugeet, an archecture stunt om Dharwad, India, said, when was his turn, before posg a qutn about how to apply Malan’s ursework to the sign of buildgs. Khuja, a stay-at-home mother livg Dubai, asked whether was possible to build an app on one’s own. A. J. Veneziano, a Harvard unrgraduate a Pete Buttigieg T-shirt, wonred about puter science’s applitns wh the humani. “I’m takg CS50 over the summer, bee (a) I was too sred to take the fall, and (b) I’m a history major, so I’d never had any exposure whatsoever to dg,” he said.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="adslot adslot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="wka3g5"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body bodyntaer articlebody" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="bodyner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">Later, on a private Zoom ll, Veneziano told me that he’d enrolled CS50 to pass time while quarantg at his childhood home, Dayton, Oh. Like the rt of Harvard’s stunt body, he’d learned of the school’s closg plans on March 10th, an e-mail om the an of the llege. He had five days to pack up and leave his dorm. Dpe the bt efforts of his profsors, Veneziano told me, the transn to remote learng had affected the qualy of his tn. His urse on natural disasters scrapped s labs. The profsor of his largt class, on the Hebrew Bible—a septuagenarian who stggled wh screen sharg—had arranged for his lectur to be rerd even before the panmic began. On mp, Veneziano said, almost all of the urse’s two hundred stunts attend anyway. Once the lectur moved to Zoom, no more than thirty showed up each time. Malan’s lectur, Veneziano said, are “years ahead of what I experienced this sprg.”</p><p class="paywall">I had assumed that Veneziano was takg CS50 through the universy’s summer ssn: Malan is offerg the urse aga, as he did the sprg, wh lectur om the prev fall released weekly. But, when I asked how far along the class was, Veneziano looked nfed. “I’m takg the ee versn,” he said, referrg to the <em class="small">MOOC</em>, which is self-paced, and is open to anyone, anywhere, through edX. Unlike Harvard’s versn, the <em class="small">MOOC</em> do not clu discsn sectns, so, for help wh homework, Veneziano had been nsultg CS50’s StackOverflow page, one of about a dozen foms where Malan’s edX stunts troublhoot problems together. Veneziano wouldn’t get amic cred for his work: Harvard College do not grant cred for any edX urs, bee, as a universy spokperson said, is “difficult to verify and regulate participatn and amic tegry.” To Veneziano, though, there was no pot payg for intil lectur and problem sets, pecially when he was eight hundred away om mp. “It’s jt a no-braer,” he told me.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropplead-standard-headg paywall">Harry R. Lewis, a former an of Harvard College, was one of the universy’s first puter-science profsors. In the seventi, when he was a graduate stunt at Harvard, the school didn’t ll what he and his classmat were studyg puter science: they earned gre physics, mathematics, or, Lewis’s se, applied mathematics. Lewis, who retired this summer, joed the faculty 1974, when programmers at Harvard worked om remote termals nnected to a so-lled miputer, which occupied s own room on the first floor of the universy’s Science Center. One of his early stunts was Bill Gat, who later dropped out of Harvard to lnch the venture that would bee Microsoft. Lewis relled, though, that the universy’s learship remaed “bld to the future of putg.” In 1978, he proposed that Harvard tablish a separate puter-science major. Some of his fellow-profsors sffed at the thought. “What’s next, an tomotive-engeerg program?” Lewis remembers a senr lleague tellg him.</p><p class="paywall">By the time Malan entered Harvard as a hman, 1995, the rise of the Inter had ma the field impossible to dismiss. The dot- bubble was begng to flate. Larry Page and Sergey Br, two prec Ph.D. stunts at Stanford, were by at work on an early versn of a search enge lled BackRub, which they’d eventually rename Google. But Malan, the son of an advertisg executive and a middle-school teacher, planned to major ernment. He’d grown up Stamford, Connecticut, where, for as long as he uld remember, Saturdays were spent on history papers and Sundays on English says. His fay’s puter was an early Mactosh mol, which Malan ed to laser-prt wrten assignments and play Kg’s Qut. As he lik to tell , though, he red ltle about how puters worked. At preparatory school, he relled, “I remember lookg through the glass wdow of the puter lab at some of my iends dog this geeky activy—heads down, typg away. I never took an tert that.”</p><p class="paywall">In the fall of his sophomore year, on a whim, Malan sampled CS50 durg the semter’s “shoppg perd,” and cid to stick wh the class bee he uld take pass-fail. It was tght by Brian Kernighan, a visg profsor, who had ma his name at AT&T’s famed Bell Labs and -wrten the prehensive gui to C programmg. Kernighan’s assignments lacked the theatrics of the prent-day CS50, but Malan, after a few lectur, was “hooked.” Every Friday, when the next week’s problem set was released, he’d take his very first laptop—the seven-pound PowerBook 540c, which featured the world’s first trackpad—to the stacks of Harvard’s Winer Library and get to work. Several weeks to the semter, realizg that he wouldn’t get cred for the major if he didn’t earn a gra the class, he shed to the registrar’s office jt time to adjt his pass-fail stat.</p><p class="paywall">Malan got his start teachg thanks to Henry Lener, who tght the send urse the major’s troductory seri. They met at the end of the term, when Malan vised Lener’s office to ntt his fal gra. (It was an A-m.) Stck by Malan’s gumptn, Lener, at the time an associate an Harvard’s Divisn of Contug Edutn, end up hirg him as a teachg assistant at the universy’s extensn school. In the sprg of Malan’s senr year, facg a last-mute staffg shortage, Lener tapped Malan to teach a full urse, warng him not to let on to his stunts that he was still an unrgraduate. Malan’s preferred attire back then was a su and spenrs, but he showed hts of the pedagogil panache that would bee his brand, enliveng his prentatns wh WordArt animatns and profferg snappy factoids to make the material relevant. In his first class, held a poorly l lecture hall, he scrawled a trivia qutn on the board: “As of mid-1998, how many PCs were nnected to the Inter? (If you’re not sure what the Inter is, that’s O.K.)” The answer was sixty ln. “You n only image what the numbers will be like e the year 2000,” Malan add. At the end of that semter, Lener told me, “David’s ratgs were five out of five on every sle.”</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa ddqnqt body ArticlePageBodyGridContaer-jrMoA-d xjuw bodygrid-ntaer" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="GenericCalloutWrapper-tojWn ecxUUd llout--has-top-borr" data-ttid="GenericCallout"><div class="GroupCalloutWrapper-bPWknp gdIAQE llout llout--group llout--group-2" data-ttid="GroupCalloutWrapper"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed llout--group-em llout--group-em-1"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embedasset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embedrponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embedrponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="David Malan." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-imageimage" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE AUPWl ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embedptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptntext">Malan’s signature outf is a th black sweater and dark jeans, which lends him a fat remblance to Steve Jobs.</span></div></figure><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed llout--group-em llout--group-em-2"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embedasset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embedrponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embedrponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="Image may nta Human Person Dj and Stud" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-imageimage" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE AUPWl ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embedptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptntext">CS50’s full-time productn technologists work wh Malan to film, ed, and upload not only the urse’s lectur, office hours, and how-to vios but also a slew of ancillary entertament material.</span></div></figure></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body bodyntaer articlebody" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="bodyner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">After graduatn, Malan did a stt teachg high-school math Frankl, Massachetts, and spent the next year at a wirels startup Philalphia, where he ntued telemutg for Harvard: Lener was pilotg the extensn school’s first onle urs. Distance learng was not a novelty; Lener’s precsors had experimented wh rad and televisn broadsts the fifti, and had even ed a kpe, the sixti, to rerd urse material for Navy personnel on submar. But the new paradigm volved vio downloads and virtual foms. Lener told me that he liberately started wh puter-science urs, hopg that the stunts would be savvy enough to spare him a “tech-support nightmare.” Real-time, Zoom-style vio platforms did not yet exist, but Malan’s first urs, which featured prererd lectur and PDF problem sets, didn’t differ much sence om the average <em class="small">MOOC</em> today. “The vio qualy, of urse, was much worse,” he said. “But, spir, was very siar.”</p><p class="paywall">In 2002, at Lener’s suggtn, Malan enrolled Harvard’s Ph.D. program, where he nducted rearch unr the supervisn of Michael D. Smh, who was then the teacher of CS50. As a graduate stunt, still teachg at the extensn school, Malan beme the first Harvard stctor to make an entire urse available, for ee, d and vio formats. When Smh was promoted to a an posn, 2007, Malan asked Lener to lobby for him as Smh’s replacement. At the time, CS50 still had a reputatn for beg dry and mandg. “I would lose stunts after the first week of class,” Smh told me. Malan’s aim, om the begng, was not jt to teach the urse but to transform , the hop of attractg more stunts, like him, who had no prev affy for puter science. Malan told me that he’d always admired evangelists he’d seen on TV, for their “abily to persua others through speech.” As a teacher, he said, “I thk a lot of my tert the theatril is hontly driven by some secury about not wantg the dience to be bored.”</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="adslot adslot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="qn8qxp"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body bodyntaer articlebody" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="bodyner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">Over several years, Malan rejiggered the CS50 syllab, overhled the problem sets, and built the astcture for his viography. He gathered a team of staffers to help him velop specialized learng tools, cludg a vio player wh searchable lecture transcripts and a program that translat cryptic puter-generated error msag to er-iendly prompts. He also troduced the kds of perks and activi that were ls mon to llege class than to the pani where Harvard puter-science grads end up: Google, Apple, Facebook. At many events—the urse fair, Puzzle Day, the tered, nightlong hackathon—he hired photographers and set up photo booths wh pompoms, plhi, a ctom-ma David Malan Muppet. I started studyg puter science at Yale the same semter that CS50 was troduced there. Though I never took the class, photographs om Malan’s events would crop up on my Facebook timele, every fall, wh the same ördated tensy as ads for a-ppella dns or sorory sh.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-2 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">Not unlike a tech entreprenr “disptg” dtry regulatns, Malan has a hab of floutg amic norms to facilate CS50’s expansn. In 2014, he succsfully lobbied Harvard to grant CS50 the sole exemptn om a policy prohibg stunts om enrollg two class schled at the same time; double-booked stunts, he argued, uld jt watch his lectur later. The same year, rponse to rampant cheatg wh CS50—a problem most puter-science class—he troduced a “regret clse” to the syllab, allowg stunts to eva universy-wi sanctns if they nfsed to cheatg on an assignment wh three days of submtg . (A few years later, more than sixty CS50 stunts, a tenth of the class’s total enrollment, reportedly end up gog ont of the disciplary board anyway.) Acrdg to the <em>Crimson</em>, Malan and Harvard at one pot filed petg applitns to tramark the name CS50 and “This is CS50,” the urse’s tag le. (Malan, who whdrew his applitns after Harvard moved to block them, told me that the newspaper misnsted the cint, addg, “I was long munitn wh Harvard’s Office of General Counsel.”)</p><p class="paywall">CS50’s size and privileged stat have rankled some at Harvard. In 2015, after CS50 started hostg s office hours the hallowed Loker Readg Room, Winer, the ma mp library, a group of stunts lnched a satiril “Take Back Winer” mpaign, to wrt the space om “our CS50 overlords.” That year, the <em>Crimson</em> published an edorial llg on the universy to “curtail CS50,” parg the urse to a “proselytizg fah-based relign.” On a short-lived blog llectg anonymo ttimoni about CS50, one stunt wrote, “What sort of a class sells merchandise? And how n they afford t shirts for 800 people, along wh strs balls, sunglass, and more? Where is this money g om?”</p><p class="paywall">Money was not somethg that eher Malan or reprentativ om Harvard were eager to discs. “Whout gettg to specifics, n be said that CS50 is an expensive urse,” a reprentative om the universy said, addg that s “per-stunt st” is “more aligned” wh other urs the puter-science partment, which are all much smaller. Bee CS50 is also offered at the extensn school, through Harvard’s Divisn of Contug Edutn, has a send source of fundg; Lener, who overse the extensn school’s novatn budget, told me that some of CS50’s spendg is nsired “R. & D.” Malan, who often employs up to a hundred teachg assistants, timated that the “human si” of the st alone amounts to at least two hundred thoand dollars a semter. For many of CS50’s extracurricular social events, he ays expens by askg tech pani to serve as sponsors.</p><p class="paywall">Sce Malan took over CS50, the total number of puter-science majors at Harvard has grown sixfold; acrdg to data om the Computg Rearch Associatn, Harvard’s partment grew fifty per cent more than the average universy puter-science partment between 2006 and 2015. (The percentage of women the major has also creased, though only to about thirty per cent.) Lewis, the partment’s pneer, told me that the rise tert has exposed CS50 to two separate kds of cricism. On one si are hard-re puter-science stunts who assume, “bee their roommat who don’t know anythg” are takg CS50, that ’s “beneath them.” On the other si, Lewis ntued, “There’s a set of people who are antipathetic, bee ’s a symbol of technology takg over the world, the end of the liberal arts as the center of the universy.” In 2014, for the first time, a universy report revealed that more Harvard unrgraduat majored engeerg and applied scienc than the arts and humani. In the past , the number of English majors at Harvard has cled by more than a third.</p><p class="paywall">Lener, who is sixty-six years old, wh the scffy look of an old-school programmer, spoke wh obv admiratn of CS50, but he said that he has hated to approve some of the class’s expendur. As Malan remd me several tim, he shoots CS50 4K high rolutn, the standard for profsnal digal filmmakg, orr to achieve an experience “on par wh what you would expect om Netflix.” He has wrten that the urse’s high productn value is “part of s pedagogy,” allowg stunts who tune remotely to “feel no ls a part of the classroom than stunts on mp.” But Malan adopted 4K rolutn at a time, Lener told me, when “people uld barely stream regular high-f qualy.” In 2016, Malan proposed g V.R. meras—which st more than twenty thoand dollars apiece—to allow CS50 stunts watchg onle to experience Sanrs Theatre 3-D. “Was important? Was worth the expense? I sort of joked wh him that I didn’t see the pedagogil value,” Lener said. (Malan told me that his proposal was ndnal on gettg Nokia, the meras’ manufacturer, to lend them, which the end did.)</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa ddqnqt body ArticlePageBodyGridContaer-jrMoA-d xjuw bodygrid-ntaer" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="GenericCalloutWrapper-tojWn ecxUUd llout--has-top-borr" data-ttid="GenericCallout"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embedasset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embedrponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embedrponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="A large mera on a tripod." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-imageimage" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE AUPWl ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embedptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptntext">Malan equips Sanrs Theatre, the stately lecture hall where he teach, wh five meras—some manned by humans, others robotilly ntrolled—and, at the back of the mezzane, a makhift productn booth.</span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body bodyntaer articlebody" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="bodyner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">When he feels himself ristg Malan’s extravagance, Lener often rells that he had siar doubts about another bright, enterprisg former stunt: <a href=">Mark Zuckerberg</a>, who took one of Lener’s urs as a Harvard unrgraduate, before droppg out, at the end of his sophomore year, to ntue work on a Web se that he’d started om his dorm room. In 2004, at Zuckerberg’s vatn, Lener created an acunt on , as was then known, but he failed to grasp s extraordary appeal. “I remember thkg, ‘Yeah, cute—big al,’ ” Lener said. A year later, the platform had more than five ln ers. “So I learned my lson,” he add. “I thk givg David eedom to novate is really everybody’s bt tert. You never know what’s gog to e out of .”</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropplead-standard-headg paywall">On the first Monday July, Harvard announced that s mp will reopen this fall to no more than forty per cent of unrgraduat, cludg g hmen and stunts emed to be facg remote-learng challeng. For those both on and off mp, all learng will take place virtually. To Veneziano, a risg sophomore, the news was a shock. “I don’t thk a lot of people were expectg the cisn to be so strict,” he said. Yale would be allowg every class except the sophomor to return; many other lleg were reopeng their mp to their entire stunt bodi. Veneziano, who wasn’t likely to qualify for mp hog, was nsirg rentg a cheap apartment Boston wh his hman-year roommat, and perhaps takg a semter, or even a year, off. The ongog spread of the ronavis limed optns for work and travel, and the school wasn’t guaranteeg that all stunts on leave would have hog when they returned. But Harvard’s tun—more than forty-ne thoand dollars a year, excludg room and board—seemed harr to jtify whout the unquantifiable benefs of ngregatg around semar tabl, holg up Gothic librari, and vortg strangers’ dorms. Prceton had at least docked the st by ten per cent; Harvard offered no rctn.</p><p class="paywall">A few days after the plans were announced, Amanda Claybgh, an English profsor at Harvard who serv as the an of unrgraduate tn, gathered a group of her lleagu on a Webar, open to stunts, to discs the fall semter. The sprg had been a scramble, she said; now there was more time to plan. Some teachers were experimentg wh ways to facilate “serendipo enunters” and “sual -prence” virtually; the sprg, she explaed, one art profsor had left his vio feed on as he pated, lettg stunts tune to work quiet pany. David Laibson, an enomics profsor, poted out that, for all the difficulti of onle learng, stay-at-home orrs had allowed him to patch gut speakers—Ben Bernanke, Timothy Gehner—who wouldn’t have been able to vis his class person. Later, after he tried and failed to share his screen, Laibson urged his lleagu g Zoom to “Practice, practice, practice!” The next day, by phone, Claybgh told me that all profsors were expected to unrgo a weeklong trag program before teachg onle the fall. When I mentned Malan’s return to film Sanrs Theatre, she seemed taken aback. If she so much as tried to fetch a book om her own office, she said, mp secury dispatched a janorial team after her.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="adslot adslot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="uqxtct"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body bodyntaer articlebody" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="bodyner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">The week of the announcement, Malan happened to be wrappg up his own tor workshop, which tras teachers all over the world to implement the tools and teachgs of CS50. Though Malan serv on a number of mte at Harvard, I didn’t get the sense, om him or the admistrators I spoke to, that he was pecially active planng for the school’s transn. In his ee time, he published a post on Medium tailg his elaborate work-om-home statn, which clus a 4K Webm ($199), a wirels lavalier mike ($219), two fifty-three-ch L.E.D. bilor baton stick lights (nearly $650 each), an eight-by-eight-foot wrkle-ee green screen ($399), and a standg-sk nverter ($85.99), all stalled his kchen. He wrote that, a pch, a rdboard box uld serve as a substute for a standg sk, and told me that he hoped such suggtns would help “make people feel more fortable wh the accsibily of all.” Rebec Nson, a puter-science lecturer and associate an, who is workg wh Claybgh to plan for the fall, told me that, the sprg, Harvard had allotted up to a hundred and twenty-five dollars per stctor for equipment loans— se anyone need, say, a monor to supplement her laptop screen. Malan’s remendatns were “out of the range of what Harvard uld support,” she said.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-3 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">The panmic’s fe spensn of classroom learng has already forced universi natnwi to th their faculty ranks anticipatn of lost revenue. It has also prompted speculatn about the future of higher tn. Harvard, which has an endowment of more than forty billn dollars, is likely to weather the upheaval. Will a handful of éle stutns grow domant by expandg their onle enrollment, while send-tier schools go unr? If the panmic leads lleg to embrace onle ursework to a new gree, what will bee of mp life as we know ? In 2015, when CS50 lnched s partnership wh Yale, many stunts and profsors there voiced skepticism, fearg that importg Malan’s urse would unrme Yale’s own puter-science partment. Members of the partment told me that CS50 has probably helped attract more stunts to puter science, but that s time at Yale has cid wh an creased reliance on untenured faculty. Zhong Shao, the chair of Yale’s puter-science partment, told me that, bee of the growth enrollment, not all tro-level urs n be tght by “the existg number of tenure-track faculty alone.” The growth talyzed by CS50, one profsor told me, might have been achieved by velopg an troductory urse of parable qualy wh the stutn.</p><p class="paywall">Malan se differently: is wasteful, he said, to have thoands of teachers, puter science or other fields, all dog the work of visg siar curricula. Good programmers spend much of their time “refactorg” software—edg to rce efficienci, or “ bloat.” Malan’s teachg method pursu a siar objective. “I don’t thk we want jt one troductn to puter science and one troductn to psychology or any such field,” he said. “But there’s probably a number around dozens—hundreds—that mak more sense?” Rather than threaten the livelihoods of profsors or the pennce of stutns, such nsolidatn would, Malan believ, ee teachers to do their bt work. And holdg onle urs to the same standards as -person on would allow stunts beyond the small, predomantly privileged groups who enroll plac like Harvard to accs the hight-qualy stctn.</p><p class="paywall">Many fledglg puter programmers don’t bother gettg llege gre at all. Gabriel Guimara, after teachg CS50 Brazil for three years, applied and was admted to Harvard. His acceptance was big news the state of Espíro Santo; the week he received his acceptance letter, reporters showed up at his hoe. After graduatg and gog to work at a fancial startup San Francis, though, Guimara disvered that a number of his lleagu—cludg his boss—had dropped out of school. “You don’t need to go to Harvard,” he said recently, om a beach town outsi R Janeiro, where he is spendg the panmic wh several -workers. Malan, one sense, shar the stct to qutn who and what higher tn is for: after all, the vast majory of the stunts who benef om CS50 will never earn a Harvard gree. In another sense, though, Malan is the nsummate Harvard tradnalist. He has spent nearly his entire adult life there, and he told me that he fds hard to image leavg. “Wh so much ee ntent out there,” he said, the name Harvard is what helps draw CS50 stunts .</p><p class="paywall">Malan has been brastormg new tricks for brgg stunts to Sanrs virtually the fall. “You know how, at Logan Airport, they have that flight-attendant hologram thg?” he asked a dozen members of his staff on one ll. “I don’t want <em>that</em> on the stage, but are there thgs like that?” Perhaps, one staffer suggted, they uld fill the empty mezzane wh monors and e Zoom’s gallery view to approximate a real dience? What if, Malan asked, they also projected the gallery view on screens <em>behd</em> him, allowg stunts watchg the lectur to see their own fac? An unrgraduate staffer on the ll terpted. “There is a risk they won’t turn their vios on,” he said, addg that, one of his class, only eight out of three hundred stunts did so. Malan wasn’t worried: the non-Harvard stunts uld be unted on to keep their vios nng. “They do seem to light beg part of —the fact that they got lled on, or that they appeared onscreen, that kids are circlg themselv and postg screenshots to Instagram,” he said. “Makg them part of feels like a new opportuny.”</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 PaywallInleBarrierWhWrapperGrid-fyrGfS jyGBoi"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="body bodyle-barrier articlebody articlebody--grid-margs"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div class="ntaer--body-ner"><asi class="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper-iBnuqk lfXXa-D" data-ttid="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper"><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--paywall-le-barrier" role="prentatn" aria-live="pole" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-unslot nsumer-marketg-unslot--paywall-le-barrier"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></asi></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ContentWrapperGrid-fvkmBv jfHKjr"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="body bodyntaer"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div class="ntaer--body-ner"></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><div class="ContentFooterWrapper-jVNdRG bGJnrW ArticlePageContentFooterGrid-ccsXYy fzwwkW article-bodyfooter"><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="ContributorsWrapper-eNpWFu GWFsc ntributors" data-ttid="Contributors"><div class="ContributorBWrapper-bnVHbt gMon"><div class="ContributorBAvatar-bIGTqf eMWbvj"><a href="/ntributors/eren-orbey"><span 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SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-emimage rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Disptn Mache" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-imageimage" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-emk">What the gospel of novatn gets wrong.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-embyle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-embyle"><div class="summary-embylentent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle bylbyle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU bylename"><span 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16 Nov 2024

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22.1845V8.83866H20V23.9508Z" fill="black"></path><path class="in-bookmark-stroke" d="M23 3H20V0H19V3H16V4H19V7H20V4H23V3Z" fill="black"></path></svg></div></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM eHLzLy grid--em"><div class="SplScreenContentHearLeadWrapper-jYfGAC kBeEbL"><div data-ttid="ContentHearLeadAsset" class="SplScreenContentHearLeBlock-nUOA cwQiEB"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW jvZaPI rponsive-asset SplScreenContentHearLe-bGywFh gyNssY"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SplScreenContentHearLe-bGywFh gyNssY rponsive-image"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w, 1920w, 2240w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="David Malan." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></picture></span></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 SplScreenContentHearGrid-kFpOdh fLkIyA"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE AUPWl ptn SplScreenContentHearCaptn-iOfEOv ckLUKG"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptn__text">David Malan, who films CS50’s lectur 4K high rolutn, has wrten that the urse’s high productn value is “part of s pedagogy,” allowg stunts who tune remotely to “feel no ls a part of the classroom than stunts on mp.”</span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnCred-ejegDm iUEiRd iicloT jbIJNS ptn__cred">Photographs by Philip Keh for The New Yorker</span></div></div></div></hear></div><div data-attribute-verso-pattern="article-body" class="ArticlePageContentBackGround-cNiFNN kbAoLA article-body__ntent"><div class="ActnBarWrapperContent-lasBkU cAHp"><div class="ActnBarWrapperComponent-cjwxLS bEeSLb"><div data-attr-viewport-monor="" class="ActnBarWrapper-dhxmQh kNjTbQ viewport-monor-anchor"><button id="bookmark" 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yellow hoe surround by star-u tre and chicken ops. His father, who wrote software for a lol bank, stilled him an tert puters. On weekends, when Guimara got bored wh Ntendo vio gam, he programmed his own. In gra school, he built a humanoid robot and wrote enough assembly to make zip around his home. In Vória, an island cy, his most amb peers dreamed of attendg universy São Plo, an hour away by plane. Guimara set his sights on the Massachetts Instute of Technology. By the time he was high school, M.I.T. had released hundreds of s class, ee of charge, on the Inter, as a seri of massive open onle urs, or <a href="><em class="small">MOOCs</em></a>. Guimara sampled the troductory puter-science class, but he found the lecturer, a “whe-haired guy ont of a blackboard,” cshgly dull. In 2011, trawlg YouTube for other urse material, Guimara clicked on a lecture om Harvard’s troductory puter-science class, CS50, which was tght by a young profsor named David Malan. Almost stantly, Guimara told me, he felt himself “hypnotized.”</p><p class="paywall">Malan, who had glossy black hair and an energetic mien, lectured om a grand dorium on Harvard’s mp. In the first class, he illtrated an algorhm lled bary search by vg a volunteer onstage to fd “Mike Smh” the Yellow Pag; at Malan’s urgg, the stunt opened up the phone book to a random spot, tore off the half of the book whout the right name, and then repeated the procs, halvg the volume aga and aga, until only the sired page remaed. Malan’s assignments, too, eased stunts to the arna of puter science. Before learng C, a low-level programmg language wh ficky syntax, they created animated gam Scratch, a visual programmg language signed for children. For a forensics problem set, spired by a summer that Malan spent workg a district attorney’s office, stunts were asked to wre to rtore a set of leted photo fil. “It felt like the olt vio game I’d ever gotten my hands on,” Guimara said.</p><p class="paywall">On Harvard’s mp, CS50 culmat a ftive exposn, where stunts show off their fal dg projects and hobnob wh technil recers om pani like Facebook and Google, many of whom are alumni of the class; Malan provis a bevy of ee paraphernalia, cludg CS50-brand strs balls and T-shirts that read, “I TOOK CS50.” In Brazil, Guimara cid to nduct his own fal project: a re-creatn of Malan’s urse materials and lectur Portugue. In his sophomore year of high school, he tght <a data-offer-url=" class="external-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">CC50</a>—<em>Ciência da Computação Cquenta</em>—to his peers, durg eleven weeks of the fall term. When Guimara arrived for the first class, bearg, as Malan did, a gargantuan sheet ke as a wele treat, he found about a hundred stunts snakg out the door. Drsed a baggy Harvard shirt that he’d bought onle, he livered Malan’s first lecture, repeatg the phone-book monstratn wh an old dictnary. CS50’s urse materials were eely distributed unr a Creative Commons license, but, as a urty, Guimara had e-mailed Malan’s staff a heads-up about his project. Durg the sixth week of his lectur, he received a gift box om Malan, stuffed wh CS50 swag.</p><p class="paywall">Malan, who took over CS50 2007, was a pneer distributg Harvard urse materials onle for ee. In 2012, Harvard and M.I.T. lnched their own onle-learng platform, edX, which today offers several thoand <em class="small">MOOCs</em>—both digal edns of existg universy urs and origal certifite programs signed by Microsoft, I.B.M., and other technology giants. But few, if any, be the stutnal credibily, the enormo reach, and the zealo engagement of Malan’s. In the sce Guimara took , CS50 has spired satelle operatns on every ntent except Antarcti. Though most of the stunts who sign up for the edX versn—more than two ln to date—qu before fishg, those who stick wh often bee diehards: earlier this year, Baghdad, stunts rtaged Malan’s project fair at al-Hikma Universy wh intil trimmgs, down to the emoji-shaped balloons and the ctom “buggg” bber ducks. To promote the expansn of CS50, Malan films wele teasers for the remote horts, hosts annual tor workshops, and helps prop up outposts around the world. CS50 is ls a sgle urse than an “esystem of urs,” as one staff member put , wh spoffs signed for specific dienc: lawyers, bs stunts, gamers. In 2015, Harvard’s puter-science partment lnched an unprecented partnership wh Yale, live-streamg Malan’s lectur om Cambridge to New Haven.</p><p class="paywall">Malan’s vtment virtual learng has transformed the way that stunts engage wh the class at s home base, too. CS50 is one of Harvard College’s most popular urs; ’s also the only one that stunts n watch live, high fn, om their dorms. In the past, Malan has enuraged them to do so, wrg, a blog post om 2016, that might well be “a better tnal experience to watch CS50’s lectur onle than attend them person.” Prrizg remote teachg to such an extent is still a rary among Harvard profsors. Even Michael Sanl’s Jtice, another flagship Harvard lecture urse, whose onle unterpart predat CS50 and was broadst on PBS, has ltle of Malan’s technologil astcture. In March, when the <a href=">ronavis panmic</a> forced universi across the untry to migrate class onle, no more than five hundred Harvard stctors had virtual teachg experience, the universy’s print, Lawrence Baw, told me an e-mail. In a matter of days, the number “jumped to about three thoand,” the size of Harvard’s entire teachg staff.</p><p class="paywall">For many profsors, the sudn transn was a stggle. For Malan, was the natural extensn of a ’s worth of experimentatn. “Our team is fortunate to have been dog this blend of tn for que some time,” he told me recently. “For , was very straightforward.” Malan’s ntract at Harvard allows him to foc almost exclively on CS50; even the rearch he publish centers maly on the class. In the sprg, he happened to be pilotg a small versn of CS50, historilly a fall urse, g onle-only lectur filmed the prev term. The panmic prompted him to move parts of the curriculum—office hours, a weekly tutorial, the project fair—to Zoom. But, while his lleagu were scramblg to retool their class for virtual platforms—troublhootg unfaiar technology, shorteng lsons, buildg teractivy—the substance and prentatn of CS50, as one stunt wrote an end-of-term evaluatn, “pretty much stayed the exact same.” Malan’s method of remote teachg is not easily replible; CS50’s pyrotechnics would not be possible whout an unually ep well of rourc and his own fanatil mment. But, as universi attempt to reopen safely the fall, wh onle learng at the foreont, the urse’s spread and succs provi a glimpse of where higher tn might be head.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">One muggy morng June, Malan vised Harvard’s mp. Sanrs Theatre, where he lectur, was still officially closed, but a few members of CS50’s staff had received special permissn to enter. I found Malan at a si door. He was wearg a mask and, over one shoulr, rried a backpack ntag two laptops. Insi, signs Harvard’s lors enuraged hand washg and social distancg. Doors had been propped open, to rce human ntact wh knobs and handl; a red brick, statned on the floor outsi the bathroom, uld be kicked asi to signal that someone was si. Harvard had not yet falized s reopeng plans, but the universy had released an terim report earlier the week, statg that, “regardls of whether stunts are on mp, learng will be remote next year, wh only rare exceptns.” For more than two months, Malan had been holdg CS50’s office hours onle, both for his Harvard class and, separately, for outsi stunts, ssns open to the public. Now he was gog to try streamg his office hours om Sanrs, to see how would feel to teach there, the fall, wh only a virtual dience. More than a thoand stunts, om a hundred and ne untri, had registered to attend the day’s ssn.</p><p class="paywall">In 2008, when Malan first moved CS50 to Sanrs, om a nonscript amphheatre Harvard’s Sever Hall, the class, at around three hundred stunts, occupied only the orchtra sectn and a segment of the mezzane. By 2014, enrollment had exceed eight hundred stunts, and many of them had to watch om the balny. Sanrs is one of the universy’s largt performance venu, a boomg, stadium-style hall of burnished red oak. Malan’s team equipped wh five meras—some manned by humans, others robotilly ntrolled—and, at the back of the mezzane, a makhift productn booth. As a “live sportg event,” Malan explaed, the stunts who watch CS50 real time might see the mera cut to a closp of him, or to a gigantic projectn of his puter screen, or to a wi shot om the robotic slir, which ptur the silhouett of spectators the ont of the hoe. Whereas many onle stctors chop up their lectur to short segments, terspersed wh exercis signed to monor progrs and sta engagement, Malan publish his unterpted. He often teach ont of a green screen, so that his team n turn his Web browser to a giant backdrop post-productn.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa ddqnqt body ArticlePageBodyGridContaer-jrMoA-d xjuw body__grid-ntaer" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="GenericCalloutWrapper-tojWn ecxUUd llout--has-top-borr" data-ttid="GenericCallout"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="David Malan sets up onstage." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE AUPWl ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embed__ptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptn__text">Malan’s remote-teachg setup volv a host of technology, cludg a seven-foot-wi teractive puter screen, lled a Microsoft Surface Hub.</span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">Among his ternatnal fans, Malan is somethg of a celebry. His signature outf is a th black sweater and dark jeans, which, several of his stunts and lleagu noted, lends him a fat remblance to Steve Jobs. On his left wrist, he sports an Apple Watch and what seems like a silver bracelet but is actually the pull cha for a hoe lamp, purchased om Home Depot—bee, as he put , “I’m not a fan of expensive thgs.” He speaks and wr an odd, anachronistic style, g words like “daray” and “thereto” and vertg subjects and xiliary verbs, as “At 5 <em class="small">a.m.</em> will some Harvard shuttl take to <em class="small">iHop</em>.” (Malan trac this hab to an early fascatn wh the great orators of Amerin history.) While lecturg, he has a tenncy to break a sweat. Though he matas verified Facebook, Twter, and Instagram acunts, where stunts tag him posts celebratg their progrs or spairg of their ntime errors, Malan is guard on the subject of his private life. In every one of our Zoom terviews, and every ssn of CS50 office hours hosted om his home, he appeared agast a backdrop of solid whe.</p><div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--article-mid-ntent" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--article-mid-ntent nsumer-marketg-un__slot---ntent"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><p class="paywall">In Sanrs, Malan hopped onstage, where he fiddled wh a lapel mic and attached a wirels transmter to his belt. “Ttg, one, two,” he said. “Can productn hear me?” Six members of CS50’s staff were on a Zoom ll, their fac magnified on a seven-foot-wi teractive puter screen, lled a Microsoft Surface Hub, which had been posned, on wheels, at the edge of the stage. CS50 has three full-time productn technologists. They work wh Malan to film, ed, and upload not only the urse’s lectur, office hours, and how-to vios but also a slew of ancillary—some might say superfluo—entertament material: outtak, sizzle reels, behd-the-scen snippets, a piano performance of one of CS50’s origal theme songs, and a thirteen-part homage to “Cizen Kane,” starrg Malan as himself. (“They were filmg sh all the time,” one former urse assistant, who spent a summer workg CS50’s spac office, told me.)</p><div class="Contaer-bkChBi byNLHx"></div><p class="paywall">The only staff members physilly prent were Brian Yu, a recent Harvard grad who is now a preceptor, and Andrew Markham, one of Malan’s productn technologists. Markham, a buff thirtysomethg, stood on a stepladr, a ral-lored CS50 T-shirt, posng two digal meras so that they peeked over the top of the Surface Hub. The plan was to jury-rig the screen to a giant laptop: Malan and Yu, who was -hostg the ssn, would stand onstage at lecterns twelve feet apart and speak to the meras; the stunts would appear, jt as the staff did now, at jumbo sle Zoom’s gridd “gallery view.” As Markham paced the stage, snappg a director’s clapper board ont of each mera, Malan scurried down to a rner of the orchtra sectn. He planned to start the office hours by Zoomg om his cell phone and surprisg stunts wh a tour of the theatre. Malan often greets his class wh the first phrase that new programmers learn to generate: “Hello, world!” he said to his mera, when the ll began.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-1 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">Behd the scen, Malan’s productn team screened and qued up a selectn of llers to ask qutns. The group clud a fifteen-year-old om Athens, a ntist om Buenos Air, and a Domin children’s tor livg Texas, pl others om Canada, England, Kenya, and Moroc. “It’s an honor, first of all,” Sugeet, an archecture stunt om Dharwad, India, said, when was his turn, before posg a qutn about how to apply Malan’s ursework to the sign of buildgs. Khuja, a stay-at-home mother livg Dubai, asked whether was possible to build an app on one’s own. A. J. Veneziano, a Harvard unrgraduate a Pete Buttigieg T-shirt, wonred about puter science’s applitns wh the humani. “I’m takg CS50 over the summer, bee (a) I was too sred to take the fall, and (b) I’m a history major, so I’d never had any exposure whatsoever to dg,” he said.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="wka3g5"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">Later, on a private Zoom ll, Veneziano told me that he’d enrolled CS50 to pass time while quarantg at his childhood home, Dayton, Oh. Like the rt of Harvard’s stunt body, he’d learned of the school’s closg plans on March 10th, an e-mail om the an of the llege. He had five days to pack up and leave his dorm. Dpe the bt efforts of his profsors, Veneziano told me, the transn to remote learng had affected the qualy of his tn. His urse on natural disasters scrapped s labs. The profsor of his largt class, on the Hebrew Bible—a septuagenarian who stggled wh screen sharg—had arranged for his lectur to be rerd even before the panmic began. On mp, Veneziano said, almost all of the urse’s two hundred stunts attend anyway. Once the lectur moved to Zoom, no more than thirty showed up each time. Malan’s lectur, Veneziano said, are “years ahead of what I experienced this sprg.”</p><p class="paywall">I had assumed that Veneziano was takg CS50 through the universy’s summer ssn: Malan is offerg the urse aga, as he did the sprg, wh lectur om the prev fall released weekly. But, when I asked how far along the class was, Veneziano looked nfed. “I’m takg the ee versn,” he said, referrg to the <em class="small">MOOC</em>, which is self-paced, and is open to anyone, anywhere, through edX. Unlike Harvard’s versn, the <em class="small">MOOC</em> do not clu discsn sectns, so, for help wh homework, Veneziano had been nsultg CS50’s StackOverflow page, one of about a dozen foms where Malan’s edX stunts troublhoot problems together. Veneziano wouldn’t get amic cred for his work: Harvard College do not grant cred for any edX urs, bee, as a universy spokperson said, is “difficult to verify and regulate participatn and amic tegry.” To Veneziano, though, there was no pot payg for intil lectur and problem sets, pecially when he was eight hundred away om mp. “It’s jt a no-braer,” he told me.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Harry R. Lewis, a former an of Harvard College, was one of the universy’s first puter-science profsors. In the seventi, when he was a graduate stunt at Harvard, the school didn’t ll what he and his classmat were studyg puter science: they earned gre physics, mathematics, or, Lewis’s se, applied mathematics. Lewis, who retired this summer, joed the faculty 1974, when programmers at Harvard worked om remote termals nnected to a so-lled miputer, which occupied s own room on the first floor of the universy’s Science Center. One of his early stunts was Bill Gat, who later dropped out of Harvard to lnch the venture that would bee Microsoft. Lewis relled, though, that the universy’s learship remaed “bld to the future of putg.” In 1978, he proposed that Harvard tablish a separate puter-science major. Some of his fellow-profsors sffed at the thought. “What’s next, an tomotive-engeerg program?” Lewis remembers a senr lleague tellg him.</p><p class="paywall">By the time Malan entered Harvard as a hman, 1995, the rise of the Inter had ma the field impossible to dismiss. The dot- bubble was begng to flate. Larry Page and Sergey Br, two prec Ph.D. stunts at Stanford, were by at work on an early versn of a search enge lled BackRub, which they’d eventually rename Google. But Malan, the son of an advertisg executive and a middle-school teacher, planned to major ernment. He’d grown up Stamford, Connecticut, where, for as long as he uld remember, Saturdays were spent on history papers and Sundays on English says. His fay’s puter was an early Mactosh mol, which Malan ed to laser-prt wrten assignments and play Kg’s Qut. As he lik to tell , though, he red ltle about how puters worked. At preparatory school, he relled, “I remember lookg through the glass wdow of the puter lab at some of my iends dog this geeky activy—heads down, typg away. I never took an tert that.”</p><p class="paywall">In the fall of his sophomore year, on a whim, Malan sampled CS50 durg the semter’s “shoppg perd,” and cid to stick wh the class bee he uld take pass-fail. It was tght by Brian Kernighan, a visg profsor, who had ma his name at AT&T’s famed Bell Labs and -wrten the prehensive gui to C programmg. Kernighan’s assignments lacked the theatrics of the prent-day CS50, but Malan, after a few lectur, was “hooked.” Every Friday, when the next week’s problem set was released, he’d take his very first laptop—the seven-pound PowerBook 540c, which featured the world’s first trackpad—to the stacks of Harvard’s Winer Library and get to work. Several weeks to the semter, realizg that he wouldn’t get cred for the major if he didn’t earn a gra the class, he shed to the registrar’s office jt time to adjt his pass-fail stat.</p><p class="paywall">Malan got his start teachg thanks to Henry Lener, who tght the send urse the major’s troductory seri. They met at the end of the term, when Malan vised Lener’s office to ntt his fal gra. (It was an A-m.) Stck by Malan’s gumptn, Lener, at the time an associate an Harvard’s Divisn of Contug Edutn, end up hirg him as a teachg assistant at the universy’s extensn school. In the sprg of Malan’s senr year, facg a last-mute staffg shortage, Lener tapped Malan to teach a full urse, warng him not to let on to his stunts that he was still an unrgraduate. Malan’s preferred attire back then was a su and spenrs, but he showed hts of the pedagogil panache that would bee his brand, enliveng his prentatns wh WordArt animatns and profferg snappy factoids to make the material relevant. In his first class, held a poorly l lecture hall, he scrawled a trivia qutn on the board: “As of mid-1998, how many PCs were nnected to the Inter? (If you’re not sure what the Inter is, that’s O.K.)” The answer was sixty ln. “You n only image what the numbers will be like e the year 2000,” Malan add. At the end of that semter, Lener told me, “David’s ratgs were five out of five on every sle.”</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa ddqnqt body ArticlePageBodyGridContaer-jrMoA-d xjuw body__grid-ntaer" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="GenericCalloutWrapper-tojWn ecxUUd llout--has-top-borr" data-ttid="GenericCallout"><div class="GroupCalloutWrapper-bPWknp gdIAQE llout llout--group llout--group-2" data-ttid="GroupCalloutWrapper"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed llout--group-em llout--group-em-1"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="David Malan." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE AUPWl ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embed__ptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptn__text">Malan’s signature outf is a th black sweater and dark jeans, which lends him a fat remblance to Steve Jobs.</span></div></figure><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed llout--group-em llout--group-em-2"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="Image may nta Human Person Dj and Stud" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE AUPWl ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embed__ptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptn__text">CS50’s full-time productn technologists work wh Malan to film, ed, and upload not only the urse’s lectur, office hours, and how-to vios but also a slew of ancillary entertament material.</span></div></figure></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">After graduatn, Malan did a stt teachg high-school math Frankl, Massachetts, and spent the next year at a wirels startup Philalphia, where he ntued telemutg for Harvard: Lener was pilotg the extensn school’s first onle urs. Distance learng was not a novelty; Lener’s precsors had experimented wh rad and televisn broadsts the fifti, and had even ed a kpe, the sixti, to rerd urse material for Navy personnel on submar. But the new paradigm volved vio downloads and virtual foms. Lener told me that he liberately started wh puter-science urs, hopg that the stunts would be savvy enough to spare him a “tech-support nightmare.” Real-time, Zoom-style vio platforms did not yet exist, but Malan’s first urs, which featured prererd lectur and PDF problem sets, didn’t differ much sence om the average <em class="small">MOOC</em> today. “The vio qualy, of urse, was much worse,” he said. “But, spir, was very siar.”</p><p class="paywall">In 2002, at Lener’s suggtn, Malan enrolled Harvard’s Ph.D. program, where he nducted rearch unr the supervisn of Michael D. Smh, who was then the teacher of CS50. As a graduate stunt, still teachg at the extensn school, Malan beme the first Harvard stctor to make an entire urse available, for ee, d and vio formats. When Smh was promoted to a an posn, 2007, Malan asked Lener to lobby for him as Smh’s replacement. At the time, CS50 still had a reputatn for beg dry and mandg. “I would lose stunts after the first week of class,” Smh told me. Malan’s aim, om the begng, was not jt to teach the urse but to transform , the hop of attractg more stunts, like him, who had no prev affy for puter science. Malan told me that he’d always admired evangelists he’d seen on TV, for their “abily to persua others through speech.” As a teacher, he said, “I thk a lot of my tert the theatril is hontly driven by some secury about not wantg the dience to be bored.”</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="qn8qxp"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">Over several years, Malan rejiggered the CS50 syllab, overhled the problem sets, and built the astcture for his viography. He gathered a team of staffers to help him velop specialized learng tools, cludg a vio player wh searchable lecture transcripts and a program that translat cryptic puter-generated error msag to er-iendly prompts. He also troduced the kds of perks and activi that were ls mon to llege class than to the pani where Harvard puter-science grads end up: Google, Apple, Facebook. At many events—the urse fair, Puzzle Day, the tered, nightlong hackathon—he hired photographers and set up photo booths wh pompoms, plhi, a ctom-ma David Malan Muppet. I started studyg puter science at Yale the same semter that CS50 was troduced there. Though I never took the class, photographs om Malan’s events would crop up on my Facebook timele, every fall, wh the same ördated tensy as ads for a-ppella dns or sorory sh.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-2 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">Not unlike a tech entreprenr “disptg” dtry regulatns, Malan has a hab of floutg amic norms to facilate CS50’s expansn. In 2014, he succsfully lobbied Harvard to grant CS50 the sole exemptn om a policy prohibg stunts om enrollg two class schled at the same time; double-booked stunts, he argued, uld jt watch his lectur later. The same year, rponse to rampant cheatg wh CS50—a problem most puter-science class—he troduced a “regret clse” to the syllab, allowg stunts to eva universy-wi sanctns if they nfsed to cheatg on an assignment wh three days of submtg . (A few years later, more than sixty CS50 stunts, a tenth of the class’s total enrollment, reportedly end up gog ont of the disciplary board anyway.) Acrdg to the <em>Crimson</em>, Malan and Harvard at one pot filed petg applitns to tramark the name CS50 and “This is CS50,” the urse’s tag le. (Malan, who whdrew his applitns after Harvard moved to block them, told me that the newspaper misnsted the cint, addg, “I was long munitn wh Harvard’s Office of General Counsel.”)</p><p class="paywall">CS50’s size and privileged stat have rankled some at Harvard. In 2015, after CS50 started hostg s office hours the hallowed Loker Readg Room, Winer, the ma mp library, a group of stunts lnched a satiril “Take Back Winer” mpaign, to wrt the space om “our CS50 overlords.” That year, the <em>Crimson</em> published an edorial llg on the universy to “curtail CS50,” parg the urse to a “proselytizg fah-based relign.” On a short-lived blog llectg anonymo ttimoni about CS50, one stunt wrote, “What sort of a class sells merchandise? And how n they afford t shirts for 800 people, along wh strs balls, sunglass, and more? Where is this money g om?”</p><p class="paywall">Money was not somethg that eher Malan or reprentativ om Harvard were eager to discs. “Whout gettg to specifics, n be said that CS50 is an expensive urse,” a reprentative om the universy said, addg that s “per-stunt st” is “more aligned” wh other urs the puter-science partment, which are all much smaller. Bee CS50 is also offered at the extensn school, through Harvard’s Divisn of Contug Edutn, has a send source of fundg; Lener, who overse the extensn school’s novatn budget, told me that some of CS50’s spendg is nsired “R. & D.” Malan, who often employs up to a hundred teachg assistants, timated that the “human si” of the st alone amounts to at least two hundred thoand dollars a semter. For many of CS50’s extracurricular social events, he ays expens by askg tech pani to serve as sponsors.</p><p class="paywall">Sce Malan took over CS50, the total number of puter-science majors at Harvard has grown sixfold; acrdg to data om the Computg Rearch Associatn, Harvard’s partment grew fifty per cent more than the average universy puter-science partment between 2006 and 2015. (The percentage of women the major has also creased, though only to about thirty per cent.) Lewis, the partment’s pneer, told me that the rise tert has exposed CS50 to two separate kds of cricism. On one si are hard-re puter-science stunts who assume, “bee their roommat who don’t know anythg” are takg CS50, that ’s “beneath them.” On the other si, Lewis ntued, “There’s a set of people who are antipathetic, bee ’s a symbol of technology takg over the world, the end of the liberal arts as the center of the universy.” In 2014, for the first time, a universy report revealed that more Harvard unrgraduat majored engeerg and applied scienc than the arts and humani. In the past , the number of English majors at Harvard has cled by more than a third.</p><p class="paywall">Lener, who is sixty-six years old, wh the scffy look of an old-school programmer, spoke wh obv admiratn of CS50, but he said that he has hated to approve some of the class’s expendur. As Malan remd me several tim, he shoots CS50 4K high rolutn, the standard for profsnal digal filmmakg, orr to achieve an experience “on par wh what you would expect om Netflix.” He has wrten that the urse’s high productn value is “part of s pedagogy,” allowg stunts who tune remotely to “feel no ls a part of the classroom than stunts on mp.” But Malan adopted 4K rolutn at a time, Lener told me, when “people uld barely stream regular high-f qualy.” In 2016, Malan proposed g V.R. meras—which st more than twenty thoand dollars apiece—to allow CS50 stunts watchg onle to experience Sanrs Theatre 3-D. “Was important? Was worth the expense? I sort of joked wh him that I didn’t see the pedagogil value,” Lener said. (Malan told me that his proposal was ndnal on gettg Nokia, the meras’ manufacturer, to lend them, which the end did.)</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa ddqnqt body ArticlePageBodyGridContaer-jrMoA-d xjuw body__grid-ntaer" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="GenericCalloutWrapper-tojWn ecxUUd llout--has-top-borr" data-ttid="GenericCallout"><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO KhjZz AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset rponsive-image rponsive-image--expandable"><noscript><img alt="A large mera on a tripod." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE AUPWl ptn AssetEmbedCaptn-fNQBPI fmQnYP asset-embed__ptn"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnText-bHjzlu iUEiRd hWyo iXWezO ptn__text">Malan equips Sanrs Theatre, the stately lecture hall where he teach, wh five meras—some manned by humans, others robotilly ntrolled—and, at the back of the mezzane, a makhift productn booth.</span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">When he feels himself ristg Malan’s extravagance, Lener often rells that he had siar doubts about another bright, enterprisg former stunt: <a href=">Mark Zuckerberg</a>, who took one of Lener’s urs as a Harvard unrgraduate, before droppg out, at the end of his sophomore year, to ntue work on a Web se that he’d started om his dorm room. In 2004, at Zuckerberg’s vatn, Lener created an acunt on , as was then known, but he failed to grasp s extraordary appeal. “I remember thkg, ‘Yeah, cute—big al,’ ” Lener said. A year later, the platform had more than five ln ers. “So I learned my lson,” he add. “I thk givg David eedom to novate is really everybody’s bt tert. You never know what’s gog to e out of .”</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">On the first Monday July, Harvard announced that s mp will reopen this fall to no more than forty per cent of unrgraduat, cludg g hmen and stunts emed to be facg remote-learng challeng. For those both on and off mp, all learng will take place virtually. To Veneziano, a risg sophomore, the news was a shock. “I don’t thk a lot of people were expectg the cisn to be so strict,” he said. Yale would be allowg every class except the sophomor to return; many other lleg were reopeng their mp to their entire stunt bodi. Veneziano, who wasn’t likely to qualify for mp hog, was nsirg rentg a cheap apartment Boston wh his hman-year roommat, and perhaps takg a semter, or even a year, off. The ongog spread of the ronavis limed optns for work and travel, and the school wasn’t guaranteeg that all stunts on leave would have hog when they returned. But Harvard’s tun—more than forty-ne thoand dollars a year, excludg room and board—seemed harr to jtify whout the unquantifiable benefs of ngregatg around semar tabl, holg up Gothic librari, and vortg strangers’ dorms. Prceton had at least docked the st by ten per cent; Harvard offered no rctn.</p><p class="paywall">A few days after the plans were announced, Amanda Claybgh, an English profsor at Harvard who serv as the an of unrgraduate tn, gathered a group of her lleagu on a Webar, open to stunts, to discs the fall semter. The sprg had been a scramble, she said; now there was more time to plan. Some teachers were experimentg wh ways to facilate “serendipo enunters” and “sual -prence” virtually; the sprg, she explaed, one art profsor had left his vio feed on as he pated, lettg stunts tune to work quiet pany. David Laibson, an enomics profsor, poted out that, for all the difficulti of onle learng, stay-at-home orrs had allowed him to patch gut speakers—Ben Bernanke, Timothy Gehner—who wouldn’t have been able to vis his class person. Later, after he tried and failed to share his screen, Laibson urged his lleagu g Zoom to “Practice, practice, practice!” The next day, by phone, Claybgh told me that all profsors were expected to unrgo a weeklong trag program before teachg onle the fall. When I mentned Malan’s return to film Sanrs Theatre, she seemed taken aback. If she so much as tried to fetch a book om her own office, she said, mp secury dispatched a janorial team after her.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="uqxtct"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bDFJoo"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa fayQrS body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">The week of the announcement, Malan happened to be wrappg up his own tor workshop, which tras teachers all over the world to implement the tools and teachgs of CS50. Though Malan serv on a number of mte at Harvard, I didn’t get the sense, om him or the admistrators I spoke to, that he was pecially active planng for the school’s transn. In his ee time, he published a post on Medium tailg his elaborate work-om-home statn, which clus a 4K Webm ($199), a wirels lavalier mike ($219), two fifty-three-ch L.E.D. bilor baton stick lights (nearly $650 each), an eight-by-eight-foot wrkle-ee green screen ($399), and a standg-sk nverter ($85.99), all stalled his kchen. He wrote that, a pch, a rdboard box uld serve as a substute for a standg sk, and told me that he hoped such suggtns would help “make people feel more fortable wh the accsibily of all.” Rebec Nson, a puter-science lecturer and associate an, who is workg wh Claybgh to plan for the fall, told me that, the sprg, Harvard had allotted up to a hundred and twenty-five dollars per stctor for equipment loans— se anyone need, say, a monor to supplement her laptop screen. Malan’s remendatns were “out of the range of what Harvard uld support,” she said.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-3 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">The panmic’s fe spensn of classroom learng has already forced universi natnwi to th their faculty ranks anticipatn of lost revenue. It has also prompted speculatn about the future of higher tn. Harvard, which has an endowment of more than forty billn dollars, is likely to weather the upheaval. Will a handful of éle stutns grow domant by expandg their onle enrollment, while send-tier schools go unr? If the panmic leads lleg to embrace onle ursework to a new gree, what will bee of mp life as we know ? In 2015, when CS50 lnched s partnership wh Yale, many stunts and profsors there voiced skepticism, fearg that importg Malan’s urse would unrme Yale’s own puter-science partment. Members of the partment told me that CS50 has probably helped attract more stunts to puter science, but that s time at Yale has cid wh an creased reliance on untenured faculty. Zhong Shao, the chair of Yale’s puter-science partment, told me that, bee of the growth enrollment, not all tro-level urs n be tght by “the existg number of tenure-track faculty alone.” The growth talyzed by CS50, one profsor told me, might have been achieved by velopg an troductory urse of parable qualy wh the stutn.</p><p class="paywall">Malan se differently: is wasteful, he said, to have thoands of teachers, puter science or other fields, all dog the work of visg siar curricula. Good programmers spend much of their time “refactorg” software—edg to rce efficienci, or “ bloat.” Malan’s teachg method pursu a siar objective. “I don’t thk we want jt one troductn to puter science and one troductn to psychology or any such field,” he said. “But there’s probably a number around dozens—hundreds—that mak more sense?” Rather than threaten the livelihoods of profsors or the pennce of stutns, such nsolidatn would, Malan believ, ee teachers to do their bt work. And holdg onle urs to the same standards as -person on would allow stunts beyond the small, predomantly privileged groups who enroll plac like Harvard to accs the hight-qualy stctn.</p><p class="paywall">Many fledglg puter programmers don’t bother gettg llege gre at all. Gabriel Guimara, after teachg CS50 Brazil for three years, applied and was admted to Harvard. His acceptance was big news the state of Espíro Santo; the week he received his acceptance letter, reporters showed up at his hoe. After graduatg and gog to work at a fancial startup San Francis, though, Guimara disvered that a number of his lleagu—cludg his boss—had dropped out of school. “You don’t need to go to Harvard,” he said recently, om a beach town outsi R Janeiro, where he is spendg the panmic wh several -workers. Malan, one sense, shar the stct to qutn who and what higher tn is for: after all, the vast majory of the stunts who benef om CS50 will never earn a Harvard gree. In another sense, though, Malan is the nsummate Harvard tradnalist. He has spent nearly his entire adult life there, and he told me that he fds hard to image leavg. “Wh so much ee ntent out there,” he said, the name Harvard is what helps draw CS50 stunts .</p><p class="paywall">Malan has been brastormg new tricks for brgg stunts to Sanrs virtually the fall. “You know how, at Logan Airport, they have that flight-attendant hologram thg?” he asked a dozen members of his staff on one ll. “I don’t want <em>that</em> on the stage, but are there thgs like that?” Perhaps, one staffer suggted, they uld fill the empty mezzane wh monors and e Zoom’s gallery view to approximate a real dience? What if, Malan asked, they also projected the gallery view on screens <em>behd</em> him, allowg stunts watchg the lectur to see their own fac? An unrgraduate staffer on the ll terpted. “There is a risk they won’t turn their vios on,” he said, addg that, one of his class, only eight out of three hundred stunts did so. Malan wasn’t worried: the non-Harvard stunts uld be unted on to keep their vios nng. “They do seem to light beg part of —the fact that they got lled on, or that they appeared onscreen, that kids are circlg themselv and postg screenshots to Instagram,” he said. “Makg them part of feels like a new opportuny.”</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK eRggVV grid grid-margs grid-ems-0 PaywallInleBarrierWhWrapperGrid-fyrGfS jyGBoi"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--em"><div class="body body__le-barrier article__body article__body--grid-margs"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div class="ntaer--body-ner"><asi class="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper-iBnuqk lfXXa-D" data-ttid="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper"><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--paywall-le-barrier" role="prentatn" aria-live="pole" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--paywall-le-barrier"></div><div 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summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href="/culture/annals-of-quiry/the-mechanil-me" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="What Happens When Mach Learn to Wre Poetry" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl bcywvc summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Annals of Inquiry</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM jPlCKa summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href="/culture/annals-of-quiry/the-mechanil-me" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">What Happens When Mach Learn to Wre Poetry</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href="/culture/annals-of-quiry/the-mechanil-me" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="What Happens When Mach Learn to Wre Poetry" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">Should artificial telligence alter our appreciatn of art?</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Dan Rockmore</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff ewgXAt summary-em summary-em--article summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm dqlGhv" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href="/magaze/2014/06/23/the-disptn-mache" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Disptn Mache" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl bcywvc summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Annals of Enterprise</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM jPlCKa summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href="/magaze/2014/06/23/the-disptn-mache" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">The Disptn Mache</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href="/magaze/2014/06/23/the-disptn-mache" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Disptn Mache" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">What the gospel of novatn gets wrong.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>Jill Lepore</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff ewgXAt summary-em summary-em--evio summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm dqlGhv" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 720w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 480w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Excement and Anxiety of a First Date on Zoom" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl bcywvc summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Vio</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM jPlCKa summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">The Excement and Anxiety of a First Date on Zoom </div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 720w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 480w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Excement and Anxiety of a First Date on Zoom" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k summary-em__k--isCneVio">Six upl experience the brave new world of datg durg the ronavis panmic wh first dat held over a vio ll.</div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff ewgXAt summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm dqlGhv" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Novelist Whose Inventns Went Too Far" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl bcywvc summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Life and Letters</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM jPlCKa summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">The Novelist Whose Inventns Went Too Far</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Novelist Whose Inventns Went Too Far" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">After the Ao-Cuban wrer H. G. Carrillo died, his hband learned that almost everythg the wrer had shared about his life was ma up—cludg his Cuban inty.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>D. T. Max</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm dqlGhv ad ad--read-more"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--read-more" data-no-id="gl6orv"></div></div></div><div class="SummaryCollectnGridToActnWrapper-gnReGN eGayfk"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="TaboolaWrapper-hMVdpE iYfBhy"><div class="TaboolaWidgetWrapper-egPIjc hkSrgt TaboolaWidget-eUSdED hQCCRa" data-ttid="TaboolaWidgetWrapper"><div class="TaboolaWidgetContent-iBEQTO eXroXG TABOOLA" id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails---f" data-ttid="TaboolaWidgetContent"></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--footer should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--footer" data-no-id="26i2tf"></div></div></div></div></div></ma><div class="BasePageMaFooterFiller-hTlZph jSriYf page__ma-footer-filler"></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div 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BEAR-MAGAZINE.COM DAVID MALAN GAY

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*BEAR-MAGAZINE.COM* DAVID MALAN GAY

BEAR-MAGAZINE.COM DAVID MALAN GAY