Are the Fathers Alright? A Systematic and Cril Review of Studi on Gay and Bisexual Fatherhood - PMC

Contents:

• IS PHIL GAY THE POWER OF THE DOG? NETFLIX MOVIE SPOILERS
• NO, PHIL MATTGLY IS NOT GAY INSTEAD HE IS MARRIED TO CHELSEA: RUMOURS EXPLAED
• ARE THE FATHERS ALRIGHT? A SYSTEMATIC AND CRIL REVIEW OF STUDI ON GAY AND BISEXUAL FATHERHOOD
• I’M AN OUT GAY MAN. THIS IS WHY I STILL GO TO CHURCH.

IS PHIL GAY THE POWER OF THE DOG? NETFLIX MOVIE SPOILERS

He’s the alpha male and the others – bis his brother – speak to him like the patriarchal figure of the they ask him about Bron Henry, they do so a childlike manner, as if they’re askg their father about their the narrative progrs ’s implied that the excsively macho exterr is actually a way to avoid anybody disverg that he is gay; an overpensatn of sorts stemmg om reprsn. Nobody seems to agree, not sure if 's strict unwillgns to thk that Father Phil isn't straight or bee the vomg and next morng Carmella quote of the phook prits isn't evince even though the are the most dimentary key ncepts of a gay man hidg are displayed this story: rejectn of sex wh oppose sex, and then someone makg joke regardg your sexualy.

Father Bochanski went on to quote a 1986 letter on the “Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons, ” signed by then-Cardal Joseph Ratzger, which went even further than the Catechism, sayg that “ is plorable that homosexual persons have been and are the object of vlent malice speech or actn. Although the book do not advote a change Church teachg on homosexualy, avoids statg what the Church do teach on that subject, except for cg a sgle phrase the Catechism of the Catholic Church that says those wh homosexual tennci should be “accepted wh rpect, passn and sensivy. Before that, 1999, the Congregatn for the Doctre of the Fah prohibed Sister Jeanne and New Ways -founr Father Robert Nugent om ntug their pastoral work wh homosexual persons after the two were said to have ed nfn by advancg doctrally unacceptable posns regardg the trsic evil of homosexual acts and the objective disorr of the homosexual clatn.

Keywords: gay fathers, bisexual fathers, parentg pathways, genred parentg, non-tradnal fai, morn faiIntroductnRearch on fai head by gay/lbian parents started the late 1970's, after important ton genr equaly had been acplished by the femist and the gay liberatn movements (Patterson, 1992).

NO, PHIL MATTGLY IS NOT GAY INSTEAD HE IS MARRIED TO CHELSEA: RUMOURS EXPLAED

The first empiril articl about gay/lbian parents were published scientific journals the late 1970's, when tert the out of lbian and gay parenthood began to crease bee of ctody disput regardg children whose mothers (and to a lser extent, fathers) had e out as gay (Patterson, 1997). After almost 40 years of rearch, there is still ntroversy over the effects for children growg up wh a gay or a lbian parent, and several wtern untri still prohib same-genr upl' accs to alternative rout to parentg based on the argument that the fay nfiguratns may hr normative child velopment (Fewa et al., 2015; Takács et al., 2016) easier accs to donor sematn, many lbian and bisexual women beme mothers eher via clil-based reproductive technologi or self-sematn wh donated semen.

The exponential growth of lbian upl and sgle lbians beg mothers the 1990's was termed the Lbian Baby Boom (Patterson, 1992), and rearch on lbian and gay fai followed this trend wh few studi of gay fatherhood (Biblarz and Savci, 2010) men have bee parents wh heterosexual relatnships, and through semen donatn, surrogacy, step- and -parentg, adoptn, and fosterg (Barrett and Tasker, 2001). The imbalance studi on gay and lbian parented fai is important: While there appears to be few overall differenc between different-genr and same-genr upl, parental genr or even the teractn between parental genr and sexual orientatn may fluence parentg practic and fay dynamics (Crowl et al., 2008; Bibarz and Stacey, 2010).

In this sense, gay upl are evaluated by others as beg ls emotnally stable, as havg fewer parentg petenc, and as creatg an environment that is aquate, and even harmful for children (Crawford and Solliday, 1996) sharp ntrast wh the perceptns, a recent meta-analysis explorg the impact of gay fatherhood on children's psychologil adjtment has found that parison wh children of heterosexual parents, children of gay fathers may even fare better on some psychologil domas, namely monstrate ls ternalizg and externalizg problems (Miller et al., 2017).

ARE THE FATHERS ALRIGHT? A SYSTEMATIC AND CRIL REVIEW OF STUDI ON GAY AND BISEXUAL FATHERHOOD

Authors/dateCountryN FathersN ChildrenFathers and/or childrenSelectnMethodMethodologyKshipMiller, 1979CA/USA4090Fathers and childrenConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewMixedBozett, 1980USA180FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewMixedBozett, 1981USA180FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewHeterosexual marriageRobson and Skeen, 1982USA600FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnaireNot reportedSkeen and Robson, 1984USA300FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnaireNot reportedSkeen and Robson, 1985USA600FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnaireNot reported (heterosexual)Bigner and Jabsen, 1989aUSA660FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnairenot reportedBigner and Jabsen, 1989bUSA660FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnairenot reportedBigner and Jabsen, 1992USA530FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnairenot reportedCrosbie-Burt and Helmbrecht, 1993USA9648Fathers and childrenConvenience/purposive + clil referralsQuantativeQutnnaireHeterosexual marriageBailey et al., 1995USA5543Fathers and childrenConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnaireNot reported (heterosexual)Peterson et al., 2000USA30FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewNot reported (planned)Barrett and Tasker, 2001UK101179Fathers and childrenConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnaireMixedSilverste et al., 2002USA210FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeFoc groupPlannedBenson et al., 2005USA250FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeFoc groupHeterosexual marriageCurrent-Juretschko and Bigner, 2005USA50FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewStep parentgSchacher et al., 2005USA210FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeFoc groupHeterosexual marriageStacey, 2006USA240FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewMixedBerkowz, 2008USA390FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewPlannedBerkowz and Marsigl, 2007USA390FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewPlannedBramen and Mchell, 2008USA100FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewNot reported (planned)Giano, 2008USA160FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewAdoptnRiggs, 2008AUS210FathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewDonor InsematnRipper, 2008AUS400FathersNatnal data fileMixed-methodsMedia analysisDonor InsematnSirota, 2009USA0136ChildrenConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnaireHeterosexual marriageDowng et al., 2009USA640FathersAdoptn agenciQualativeInterviewAdoptnBos, 2010NL720FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnairePlannedTasker et al., 2010USA036ChildrenConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewNot reportedTuazon-McCheyne, 2010UK130FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeFoc groupSurrogacyPatterson and Tornello, 2010AUS1020FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnaireMixedBergman et al., 2010USA400FathersSurrogacy agenciQualativeInterviewSurrogacyWells, 2011USA200FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewAdoptnBerkowz, 2011aUSA*120Fathers and non-fathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewAdoptnBerkowz, 2011bUSA*220fathers and non-fathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewMixedArmto and Shapiro, 2011USA100FathersAdoptn agenci + support groupQualativeInterviewAdoptnTornello et al., 2011USA2300FathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnaireAdoptnPower et al., 2012AUS / NZ880FathersConvenience/purposiveMixed-methodsQutnnaireMixedRichardson et al., 2012USA700FathersAdoptn agenci + nvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewAdoptnGoldberg et al., 2012aUSA700FathersAdoptn agenci + nvenience purposiveQualativeInterviewAdoptnGiler, 2012USA120FathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewMixedTornello and Patterson, 2012USA1670FathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnaireHeterosexual marriageDempsey, 2012aAUS60FathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewDonor InsematnDempsey, 2012bAUS40FathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewDonor InsematnLick et al., 2012USA086ChildrenConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnairMixedShenkman, 2012IL1830Fathers and non-fathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QuantativeQutnnairMixedJenks, 2013USA180FathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewHeterosexual marriageDempsey, 2013AUS120FathersConvenience/purposive (gay muny)QualativeInterviewDonor InsematnJulien, 2013CA770FathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnaireHeterosexual marriageMurphy, 2013AUS / EUA300FathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewSurrogacyBucher, 2014USA5050Fathers and childrenConvenience/purposiveMixedInterviewHeterosexual marriageErera and Segal-Engelch, 2014IL90FathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewCo-parentg wh hetero womenShenkman and Shmotk, 2014IL2040Fathers and non-fathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnairMixedPanozzo, 2015USA1520FathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnairMixed (planned)Tornello and Patterson, 2015USA7390FathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnairMixedTornello et al., 2015aUSA1040FathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnairSurrogacyTornello et al., 2015bUSA5110FathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnairMixedVjamuri, 2015USA380Fathers and non-fathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewAdoptnBlake et al., 2016UK8040Fathers and childrenConvenience/purposive and surrogacy agenciQualativeInterviewSurrogacyErez and Shenkman, 2016IL1800FathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnairMixedPetersen, 2016DK150Fathers and non-fathersConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewSurrogacyPerr et al., 2016USA6191Fathers and childrenConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnairMixedShenkman and Shmotk, 2016IL1640FathersConvenience/purposiveQuantativeQutnnairMixed (planned)Vjamuri, 2016USA380FatherConvenience/purposiveQualativeInterviewAdoptnOf the total number of studi, 35 (56%) were qualative (cludg terviews and foc groups), 25 (40%) were quantative, and only three studi employed mixed-methods.

I’M AN OUT GAY MAN. THIS IS WHY I STILL GO TO CHURCH.

More recent studi sampled a broar array of kship arrangements volvg gay and bisexual fathers, cludg adoptn, surrogacy, step parentg, sperm donatn to lbian upl, and -parentg arrangements wh heterosexual women (see Figure ​1) of published studi per year between 1979 and of the studi (84%) foced only on fathers themselv, although some also enquired to children's velopment.

In a 2012 Atralian study, the majory of the gay fathers (40%) beme parents the ntext of a prev heterosexual relatnship, a smaller group (23%) via surrogacy arrangements, while 19% were donor fathers ( -parentg arrangements wh lbian upl or sgle woman), and 11% had fostered their children (Power et al., 2012). All of the men terviewed by Berkowz and Marsigl (2007) had nsired adoptg a child of a different race or ethnicy, and most of them scribed adoptn as a very fatigug fancial and emotnal donatn and -parentg wh a (heterosexual or lbian) woman also has offered gay men opportuni for creatg a fay (Erera and Segal-Engelch, 2014).

Regardls of their pathways to achieve parenthood (wh different-genr or same-genr relatnships) gay men referred to siar motivatns across different studi (Bigner and Jabsen, 1989a; Peterson et al., 2000; Stacey, 2006; Berkowz and Marsigl, 2007; Berkowz, 2008; Goldberg et al., 2012a; Murphy, 2013). Neverthels, when pared to heterosexual fathers, no signifint differenc were found regardg gay fathers their volvement their children's activi, level of timacy wh their children, parentg problem solvg, time spent wh their children, enuragement of children's tonomy, manner which problems of childrearg were handled, emotnal volvement wh their children, and level of parental planned gay-father fai wh adopted children, parentg strs among gay fathers was wh the normal range, well below clil strs levels (Tornello et al., 2011). However, no differenc were found between the gay and heterosexual father groups relatn to parental burn, parental ncern, or levels of emotnal volvement wh their life and relatnship qualyIn a study wh gay fathers and stepfathers, the ma factor for fay satisfactn was the cln of the stepfather to the father-child relatnship, which was more important to fay life than was fancial fort, fay hn, or qualy of the relatnship wh an ex-spoe (Crosbie-Burt and Helmbrecht, 1993).