Gay Rights Movement: Defn, 1960s and 1970s | Vaia

Contents:

• GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT
• THE GAY LIBERATN MOVEMENT
• GAY LIBERATN
• GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT: ONE VICTORY AT A TIME
• THE HISTORY OF GAY LIBERATN
• GAY LIBERATN MOVEMENT
• GAY LIBERATN MOVEMENT
• PARTY AND PROTT: THE RADIL HISTORY OF GAY LIBERATN, STONEWALL AND PRI

GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT

In the Uned Stat this greater visibily brought some backlash, particularly om the ernment and the police: the ernment often fired gay civil servants, the ary attempted to purge s ranks of gay soldiers (a policy enacted durg World War II), and police vice squads equently raid gay bars and arrted their patrons. In the Uned Stat the first major male anizatn, found 1950–51 by Harry Hay Los Angel, was the Mattache Society (s name reputedly rived om a medieval French society of masked players, the Société Mattache, to reprent the public “maskg” of homosexualy), while the Dghters of Bilis (named after the Sapphic love poems of Pierre Louÿs, Chansons Bilis), found 1955 by Phyllis Lyon and Del Mart San Francis, was a leadg group for women.

THE GAY LIBERATN MOVEMENT

In Bra 1957 a missn chaired by Sir John Wolfenn issued a groundbreakg report (see Wolfenn Report) remendg that private homosexual liaisons between nsentg adults be removed om the doma of crimal law; a later the remendatn was implemented by Parliament the Sexual Offenc Act. Other issu of primary importance for the gay rights movement sce the 1970s clud batg the HIV/AIDS epimic and promotg disease preventn and fundg for rearch; lobbyg ernment for nondiscrimatory polici employment, hog, and other aspects of civil society; endg the ban on ary service for gay and lbian dividuals; expandg hate crim legislatn to clu protectns for gays, cludg transgenr dividuals; and securg marriage rights for same-sex upl (see same-sex marriage). Nearly 50 years ago, LGBTQ+ activists achieved what was lled the “greatt gay victory” of the time: succsfully phg members of the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn (APA) to remove the diagnosis of homosexualy om the official classifitn of mental illns, the Diagnostic and Statistil Manual of Mental Disorrs (DSM).

The classifitn of mental illns was born om the legacy of multiple systems of power: the Amerin legal system crimalized homosexual behavr; feral and state ernments had not yet dified protectns for queer and trans people seekg employment and hog; and an sistence on heteronormative genr rol stigmatized anyone who viated om their role as a “woman” or a “man. Stone, Internatnal Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavral Scienc (Send Edn), 2015Gay Liberatn and Lbian FemismAlthough the growth of the gay liberatn movement is often attributed to the rt at the Stonewall Inn, the strength of the movement probably rulted om the dramatic rise radilism the late 1960s.

GAY LIBERATN

This antism was buoyed by the assassatn of Harvey Milk, the first openly gay person to be elected to public office polics of gay liberatn the Uned Stat was quickly bet by iologil differenc, cludg a divi between revolutnary iologi, redistributive polil iologi, and sgle-tert polics (Armstrong, 2002). By the early 1970s, the morn gay movement stggled to clu diversy wh the muny; although the iologil emphasis of the movement was ‘uny through diversy, ’ this diversy was often limed to sexual and iologil differenc between whe gay men (Armstrong, 2002) this time, many lbians beme volved lbian femism rather than gay liberatn. ” Many lbians foced on buildg separate women-only muni rather than engagg wh male-domated gay liberatn, although by the end of the 1970s some lbians had phed for more cln the gay liberatn movement, which was creasgly referred to as the ‘gay and lbian movement’ (Armstrong, 2002).

Miller, Verta Taylor, Internatnal Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavral Scienc (Send Edn), 2015The Polil Potential of DragDurg the 1969 Stonewall rts New York, which sparked the morn gay liberatn movement, drag queens and transgenr women were among the most ant protters agast police discrimatn and btaly toward gay muni. However, the polil role of drag queens and drag kgs gay and lbian muni has warranted creased scholarly attentn, wh the rise of queer theory and the growg field of genr studi sce the primary assertn of queer theorists is that drag problematiz the unrstandg of genr as naturally attached to particular bodi and that the socially nstcted nature of genr is revealed through drag (for more rmatn, see Butler, 1990; Rupp and Taylor, 2003).

GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT: ONE VICTORY AT A TIME

Through the aroal of sire across l of genr and sexualy, drag queens seek to blur and stabilize distctns between heterosexualy and homosexualy (for more rmatn, see Rupp et al., 2010; Taylor and Rupp, 2006; Rupp and Taylor, 2003) kgs, on the other hand, often challenge sexual and genr norms through the explic enactment of multigenred sir on the stage. Tunten are part of a stigmatized subcultural muny that engag explicly exprsed polil activy, ntrary to their glamoro drag queen unterparts whose impersonatns of celebri warrant them a great al of prtige the ntemporary gay muny of Berl, which emphasiz smopolan nsumerism and dividualy (Balzer, 2004) full chapterURL: RightsE. What stands out about s methodology are s genero quotatns of lerary texts, the most notable of which are the poems of Abu Nuwas, the eighth-/nth-century Arab-Persian poet known for his praise of we and the love of boys and such as this have often been ployed by partisans of both sis of the sentialism/social nstctn bate regardg the history of homosexualy.

Likewise, John Boswell, his foundatnal study for lbian and gay studi, would wre 1980:Although the Qur'an and early relig wrgs of Islam display dly negative attus toward homosexualy, Islamic society has generally ignored the pretns, and most Mlim cultur have treated homosexualy wh difference, if not admiratn. She was a fixture New York Cy’s LGBT Communy Howard was active the Coaln for Lbian and Gay Rights which helped gui New York Cy’s LGBT rights law through the Cy Council 1987 Howard helped found the New York Area Bisexual Network to help -ordate servic to the regn’s growg Bisexual muny.

Police or n men who shake down the straight gay return for not revealg him; the bookstor and movie makers who keep raisg pric bee they are the only outlet for pornography; heads of ‘molg’ agenci and other pimps who explo both the htlers and the johns – the are the paras who flourish the ghetto. 2) a lbian uc is probably the bt way to attack gay guys’ male chvism, and challenge the straightns of women’s liberatn; 3) as mal we mt be sensive to their velopg inti as women, and rpect that; if we know what our eedom is about, they certaly know what’s bt for them.

THE HISTORY OF GAY LIBERATN

The gay liberatn was able to e persuasn wh self directed, that they are created, led, and populated primarily by those who perceive themselv to be disposssed and are stgglg primarily for personal eedom, equaly, jtice, and rights, and wh other directed, that they are created, led, and populated primarily by those who do not perceive themselv disposssed and are stgglg for the eedom, equaly, jtice, and rights of others. Soon they were advotg nothg ls than “gay liberatn”.From nscns-raisg groups to fundraisg danc, protts outsi hostile newspapers to refug for homels trans and queer people, this surge LGBTQ+ anisg took many forms, and as the first anniversary of the rts me to view, some the muny began discsg how bt to mark what was beg regard as the “Bastille day” of gay rights.

GAY LIBERATN MOVEMENT

For s a bate has raged between different elements of the muny: is Pri supposed to be a prott, or a party?The roots of that bate go back to s earlit days, and suggt that Pri and the Stonewall rts have always been part of a ntent battle for inty and ownership – a battle that has helped produce the very ia of what beg a lbian, gay, bisexual , transgenr or queer person might mean.The Stonewall rts were not the birth of the gay rights movement.

Seven years before that, when police had raid Coopers, a donut shop the cy ntled between two gay bars, LGBTQ+ patrons had attacked officers after the arrt of a number of drag queens, sex workers and gay men.There had been a gay rights movement the US among people scribg themselv as “homophil” sce the late 40s. It wasn’t the first such movement the world; was preced by the prewar mpaigng Weimar Germany around sexologist Magn Hirschfeld’s Scientific-Humanarian Commtee, which had mpaigned for creased rights for, and study of, sexual and genr-variant people.Hirschfeld’s scientific approach, bed wh his sympathetic treatment of LGBTQ+ people – he was himself homosexual – had been key velopg the ia that their shared experienc uld be unrstood not jt as discrete sexual (and crimal) acts, nor as psychiatric illns, but as a legible sexual and genr inty, which uld be afford civil rights. (Its only precsor was the Hirschfeld-spired Society for Human Rights, which was formed 1924 Chigo and supprsed by police the followg year.) The Mattache Society had radil roots activism, takg on the anisatnal stcture of cells and central anisatn favoured by the Communist party.As well as publishg magaz for gay men, and supportg victims of police entrapment, the society had wir polil aims, cludg to “unify homosexuals isolated om their own kd” and to “te homosexuals and heterosexuals toward an ethil homosexual culture parallelg the cultur of the Negro, Mexin and Jewish peopl”.

Such aims would bee key to the ncept of “gay pri” some two s later.Those two s, however, would be among the harst for LGBTQ+ people US history, as the greater visibily of the homosexual inty led to a nservative backlash, and a moral panic the media that was palised upon by policians. Talkg to reporters, McCarthy stated: “If you want to be agast McCarthy, boys, you’ve got to be eher a Communist or a cksucker.”In 1953, Print Dwight Eisenhower passed executive orr 10450, prohibg homosexuals om workg for the feral ernment – an orr that stayed place, part, until 1995. After he was forced to appear before the Hoe Un-Amerin Activi Commtee, Hay was expelled om the Mattache Society, now a growg anisatn of a few thoand men, and he wasn’t the last radil to be thrown out.The homophile movement began to tackle “subversive elements” and orient self around rpectabily.

GAY LIBERATN MOVEMENT

In 1966, the Mattache Society challenged this policy wh a “sip-” at Juli’, a Greenwich Village bar that was popular wh gay men, but was attemptg to shake off s homosexual clientele.Mafia-n bars equently flouted this law, explog legal loophol and payg off the NYPD while chargg their LGBTQ+ ctomers high pric for watered-down drks. Unlike the clientele of Juli’, who tend to be whe, middle-class gay men, the Stonewall Inn tered to more ethnilly mixed ctomers, maly gay men, alongsi trans women and some lbians such as Stormé DeLarverie.DeLarverie was a woman of lour om New Orleans who performed male drag as part of the Jewel Box Revue, a black theatre pany that toured a drag show wh DeLarverie as a bued pere. As the Eastern Regnal Conference of Homophile Organizatns me together for a meetg November 1969 to discs the followg year’s Annual Remr, Rodwell wonred whether a memoratn of the rts – one whout a drs or other rtrictns, and that uld be mirrored across the natn – might not be more suable.

At the same time, there were tensns around the excln of trans people, many of whom scribed themselv as queens and transvt, the language of the LGBTQ+ scene at the time, even while still intifyg themselv as gay.The “gay” umbrella, which brought people together for the e of liberatn, failed to acknowledge the different experienc of those who sheltered unr , or addrs the power imbalanc wh . It wasn’t until the 00s, though, that rporate sponsorship began to overwhelm Pri, as more fundg led to larger and larger events, which LGBTQ+ people are now often charged to attend.In the late 90s, some US activists created Gay Shame rponse to Pri’s mercialisatn, an event that foced on anisg around wir issu that affected the whole LGBTQ+ muny.

PARTY AND PROTT: THE RADIL HISTORY OF GAY LIBERATN, STONEWALL AND PRI

Dpe the radil LGBTQ+ anisg that took place rponse to the Aids crisis – where Pri paras beme a loc for awarens-raisg protts – many more-radil activists felt that, wh creasg rporate volvement, the event was beg taken over by liberal activists wantg to assiate queer liv to beg a “mol mory”, wh marriage and ary service beg a symbol that gay people particular had “ma ”.