Genr intifitn and attus toward gay people: Genr and sexualy differenc and siari | SprgerLk

Contents:

• VALIDATN OF THE ATTU SLE TO LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENR OLD AGE A COLOMBIAN SAMPLE
• AMERINS’ VIEWS FLIPPED ON GAY RIGHTS. HOW DID MDS CHANGE SO QUICKLY?
• PUBLIC ATTUS TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALY AND GAY RIGHTS ACROSS TIME AND COUNTRI
• GENR INTIFITN AND ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE: GENR AND SEXUALY DIFFERENC AND SIARI
• MORAL STANCE TOWARDS GAY OR LBIAN RELATNS THE UNED STAT 2022
• AMERINS’ SHIFTG ATTU ON GAY RIGHTS
• ATTUS TOWARD GAY MEN AND LBIAN WOMEN MORATE HETEROSEXUAL ADULTS’ SUBJECTIVE STRS RPONSE TO WNSG HOMONEGATIVY

VALIDATN OF THE ATTU SLE TO LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENR OLD AGE A COLOMBIAN SAMPLE

The term “homosexualy, ” while sometim nsired anachronistic the current era, is the most applible and easily translatable term to e when askg this qutn across societi and languag and has been ed other cross-natnal studi, cludg the World Valu Survey. Dpe major chang laws and norms surroundg the issue of same-sex marriage and the rights of LGBT people around the world, public opn on the acceptance of homosexualy society remas sharply divid by untry, regn and enomic velopment.

And Poland, supporters of the erng PiS (Law and Jtice), which has explicly targeted gay rights as anathema to tradnal Polish valu, are 23 percentage pots ls likely to say that homosexualy should be accepted by society than those who do not support the erng party. But even untri like France and Germany where acceptance of homosexualy is high, there are differenc between supporters and non-supporters of key right-wg populist parti such as Natnal Rally France and Alternative for Germany (AfD).

However, there is an stment that over some of the limatns and that is also the only stment that evaluat attus towards LGBT olr adults, the Attu Sle to Lbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgenr Old Age (EAFV-LGBT; Meiros et al., 2019) EAFV-LGBT (Meiros et al., 2019) is a sle that was veloped based on the Theory of Attu (Rodrigu et al., 1999) sce has been proven that attus are predictors of behavrs (Ajzen, 2012). Therefore, the ma aim of the prent study was to translate and exame the psychometric properti of the Attu Sle to Lbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgenr Old Age (EAFV-LGBT; Meiros et al., 2019) for men and women a Colombian sample.

AMERINS’ VIEWS FLIPPED ON GAY RIGHTS. HOW DID MDS CHANGE SO QUICKLY?

DiscsnThe ma goal of this study was to exame the psychometric properti of the Colombian versn of the Attu Sle to Lbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgenr Old Age (EAFV-LGBT; Meiros et al., 2019), sle that was veloped based on the Theory of Attu (Rodrigu et al., 1999). Likewise, prev studi have nclud that personaly tras such as low openns to experience, low extroversn, and ls rdialy are related to homophobia (Allen & Walter, 2018; Cullen et al., 2002; Lal & Garg, 2020; Lgiardi et al., 2016; Marto, 2019). They grew up believg homosexualy was a s, and that the “gay agenda” was an attack on their, six years ago, their son Peter — their youngt child who loved theater and his church youth group — returned home to Ellitt Cy, Md., om his hman year of llege and me out to his fay as asked her son not to tell anyone else, and drove herself to a mall parkg lot to cry.

Even among the most ristant relig group, whe evangelil Prottants like the Augte fay, support for same-sex marriage has grown om 11 percent 2004 to 29 percent 2019, acrdg to years after police raid the Stonewall Inn, a gay club Manhattan, spurrg days of rts that would bee a talyst for the gay rights movement, the leap public opn has been followed by leaps on the ground, even as work remas. A rerd number of LGBT ndidat have been elected to Congrs, Colorado elected the untry’s first openly gay ernor, Chigo has a lbian mayor and the first openly gay Democratic ndidate is nng for while ’s clear that the gay rights movement managed to change people’s mds faster than any other civil rights movement memory, ’s ls clear why. In a study published earlier this year, Mahzar Banaji, a psychology profsor at Harvard Universy, vtigated patterns of long-term chang attus toward six social groups — the elrly, the disabled, the overweight, black people, people wh darker sk ton and gay people — over a .

PUBLIC ATTUS TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALY AND GAY RIGHTS ACROSS TIME AND COUNTRI

“Nobody expects implic attus to change that rapidly over such a brief perd of time, ” Banaji relatively recent acceleratn me after s of 1978, almost a after Stonewall, gay rights activist Harvey Milk gave an impassned plea: “Every gay person mt e out. ” In the s that followed, more and more Amerins started g out to their loved on, some galvanized by the pa of the AIDS, the late 1990s and early 2000s, the growg visibily of gay people popular culture began to trigger a major shift attus, social scientists said. Most of the characters and the most visible lears at the helm of the movement were whe people wh the power and privilege to help LGBT rights reach the there was somethg different about the gay and lbian muny, pared wh other mory groups.

“My hband and I looked at each other and were like, ‘Wow, we need to do some work here, ’ ” Teri, durg Peter’s junr year of llege, his parents went to a Gay Christian Network nference, where they worshiped alongsi hundreds of gay, lbian and transgenr Christians.

'Love was place'If the relatnships gay and lbian people have wh those close to them were so ccial buildg support for the gay rights movement, why haven’t those nnectns been as stmental changg attus about Ain Amerins, the elrly or overweight people? It’s hard for bias-challengg, face-to-face ntact to take place when Ain Amerins and the elrly, for example, are not well tegrated to neighborhoods or social spac due to both prent-day and historic gay rights movement was also helped along by the exposure Amerins received through lears their own muni.

GENR INTIFITN AND ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE: GENR AND SEXUALY DIFFERENC AND SIARI

Cheney, who both spoke favor of gay rights after their children me out as gay, helped build support among Republins, said polil scientist Melissa Michelson of Menlo College, who -wrote a book wh Brian Harrison of the Universy of Mnota about their fdgs. Among those who changed their opn on same-sex marriage after Print Barack Obama announced his support, blacks were more likely than wh to shift toward supportg for much of the Uned Stat, the tippg pot the gay rights movement was somethg more obv: marriage equaly the U.

A 2015 study found that rints of stat wh a same-sex marriage policy had the greatt rctn of anti-gay attus, when pared wh rints of stat where same-sex marriage was stutn of marriage put a stamp of legimacy on same-sex upl that allowed straight on to see them as a fay un, jt like theirs, said Andrew Flor of Amerin Universy, a -thor of the study. The Tmp admistratn has rolled back a number of transgenr protectns at the feral level and embolned a nservative base phg for relig liberty — a backlash that Hair-Markel says parallels the rise of anti-gay movements the 1970s, such as sger Ana Bryant’s anti-gay “Save Our Children” mpaign Florida, and the Briggs Iniative, a ballot measure California that would have mandated the firg of any teacher who was gay or pro-gay for the gay and lbian muny, “rapid progrs a short perd of time don’t mean victory, ” Hair-Markel said. Fanng themselv while stg on floral-prted uch, they went around sharg their stori to a was the mother whose father, grandfather and uncl were all nservative pastors, and whose dghter recently me out as gay, though none of the extend relativ know.

For example, Great Bra, the percent sayg that sexual relatns between two adults of the same genr were “always wrong” fell om 64% 1987 to 22% 2012 (Park & Rhead 2013) and the Uned Stat approval of gay marriage climbed om 11% 1988 to 48% 2012 (Smh & Son 2013). It nsirs 1) what the trends have been and how chang vary across untri, 2) cross-natnal differenc support of homosexualy and gay rights and what untry-level factors expla the cross-natnal variatn, 3) mographic rrelat of support for homosexualy/gay rights, 4) the nnectn of hort differenc to trends, and 5) the bed role of dividual and untry-level variabl on shapg attus towards homosexualy and gay rights.

MORAL STANCE TOWARDS GAY OR LBIAN RELATNS THE UNED STAT 2022

G., Gulevich et al., 2018; Patacchi et al., 2014; Whe &Yamawaki, 2009) many years, rearchers have studied the factors that might affect attus toward gay people (which this paper clus both lbian women and gay men unls specified).

To tt this assumptn, we nducted a study aimed at examg the relatnship between genr intifitn and attus toward lbians and gay men among people of different genrs and sexual Iology and Attus toward Gay PeopleGenr iology, broad terms, is ually unrstood as an dividual’s ternalizatn of cultural belief systems and attus toward members of a particular genr group. Prev rults revealed that endorsement of TMI was associated wh negative attus toward women (Corprew III et al., 2014; Gage &Lease, 2018; Hyatt et al., 2017; Lease et al., 2020; Stanr et al., 2018) and gay people (Barron et al., 2008; Keiller, 2010; McDermott et al., 2014; Parrott et al., 2002) scholars have suggted that tradnal genr iologi might expla genr differenc attus toward gay men and lbian women. This difference is likely due to straight people exprsg more negative attus than sexual mory dividuals toward sexual together, studi on tradnal genr iologi may expla the differenc attus toward gay people that exist between men and women, and between straight and sexual mory dividuals.

To fill this gap, we turn to the examatn of genr Inty and Attus toward Gay PeopleGenr inty is ually referred to as the tegorizatn of onelf as female or male, along wh the importance of this tegorizatn for one’s self-fn (Wood &Eagly, 2015). Sce people of diverse genrs and sexuali support different genr iologi, one might assume that the groups there will be a different relatnship between genr intifitn and attus toward gay particular, sce TMI impli stricter adherence to differenc between men and women than TFI, we hypothized that stronger genr intifitn among men would be associated wh more negative attus toward lbians and gay men than among women (hypothis 1).

AMERINS’ SHIFTG ATTU ON GAY RIGHTS

In addn, sce straight dividuals were found to endorse tradnal genr iologi more than sexual mory dividuals, we hypothized that stronger genr intifitn would be associated wh more negative attus toward lbians and gay men among straight people than among sexual mory dividuals (hypothis 2) wh stronger genr intifitn attribute more stereotypil characteristics to genr -group members, give a more posive asssment of people who nform to genr stereotyp, and a more negative asssment of people who vlate them. Sce, acrdg to tradnal genr iologi, men should emphasize their differenc om women more than women do om men, we hypothized that stronger genr intifitn would be associated wh more negative attus toward gay men than toward lbians (hypothis 3) Context of the StudyMost of the studi on the relatnship between tradnal genr iologi, genr inty and attus toward gay people have been nducted the USA and some European untri that are ually characterized by relatively high levels of genr equaly and posive attus toward gay people. In our opn, featur of the social ntext would strengthen the lk between genr intifitn and attus toward lbians and gay featur of the social ntext dite that, on the one hand, tradnal genr iologi are wispread Rsia, and, on the other, there are no social norms that lim the exprsn of negative attus toward lbians and gay men.

ATTUS TOWARD GAY MEN AND LBIAN WOMEN MORATE HETEROSEXUAL ADULTS’ SUBJECTIVE STRS RPONSE TO WNSG HOMONEGATIVY

In particular, several studi have revealed that bisexual people tend to be exclud by both straight and gay dividuals; they were stereotyped as ls tstworthy, ls cled toward monogamo relatnships and not as able to mata a long-term relatnship (Burke &LaFrance, 2016; Zivony &Lobel, 2014). Table 1 Dcriptive statistics and Pearson rrelatnsFull size tableAttus toward Gay Men and Lbian WomenTo measure attus toward gay men and lbian women, we ed qutnnair measurg the perceived abnormaly of non-straight sexual orientatn through negative emotns toward gay people and support for their rights.

All qutnnair had two different versns ed for randomly assigned rponnts: one versn, prented to 438 participants, referred to ‘gay men’, while the send, referrg to ‘lbian women’, was prented to 413 measure the perceived abnormaly of beg a gay person, we ed the Threat to Moraly sle om the Rsian Attus to Homosexuals Inventory (RAHI; Gulevich et al., 2016).