Two Novels Set the ’50s - The Gay & Lbian Review

Contents:

• CHAPTER 11 - GAY AND LBIAN LERARY CULTURE THE 1950S
• CLASSIC GAY MALE LERATURE
• 25 MOST INFLUENTIAL GAY AUTHORS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT
• GAY LERATURE: POETRY AND PROSEGAY LERATURE: POETRY AND PROSE
• LGBTQIA: GAY FICTN & LERATURE
• HOW MOROC BEME A HAVEN FOR GAY WTERNERS THE 1950S
• HOW GAY CULTURE BLOSSOMED DURG THE ROARG TWENTI
• THE BOOK CLUB THAT HELPED SPARK THE GAY-RIGHTS MOVEMENT
• A BRIEF HISTORY OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

CHAPTER 11 - GAY AND LBIAN LERARY CULTURE THE 1950S

The possibily that the origal Lucybelle was murred is troublg and not pletely beyond reason, nsirg ernment policy regardg “homosexuals” (not to mentn women wh accs to classified rmatn) as secury risks durg the Cold War.

Meticuloly rearched and ttly plotted, books such as The Last of the We (1956) and The Persian Boy (1972) naturalistilly pict gay love agast a vivid, betifully renred backdrop of war and polil BaldwJam BaldwUPI/Bettmann ArchiveBaldw’s semal novel Gvanni’s Room (1956), about a tragic love affair between a nfed Amerin man and his Italian boyiend Paris, unflchgly exam the societal prejudic that kept (and ntue to keep) many people om acknowledgg their sexual AokiAoki is an Amerin wrer of Japane scent who is bt known for her llectns, cludg Seasonal Veloci (2012) and Why Dt Shall Never Settle upon This Soul (2015), and her novels, cludg He Mele a Hilo (2014) and Light om Unmon Stars (2021). Armistead MpMp’s effervcent novels about gay life San Francis, startg wh Tal of the Cy (1978), brought to life a i foreign to much of the JordanJordan primarily wrote through the lens of bisexualy and racial jtice.

Bisexualy has been viewed wh gay studi as distct om homosexualy, and bisexuals have found themselv exclud om gay events and anizatns although a great many “gay ins” om Socrat to Shakpeare to Osr Wil were married and fathered children. The word “homosexual” was, fact, created the late neteenth century as an English equivalent for German Homosexualtät, which first appeared prt 1869 a pamphlet argug agast the Pssian legal that prcribed punishments for men who engaged same-sex relatns. FouultIn the troductn to the first volume of his Histoire la sexualé (1976; English translatn, History of Sexualy, 1978), Michel Fouult argu that homosexualy is an ventn of the late neteenth century.

CLASSIC GAY MALE LERATURE

The neteenth-century homosexual beme a personage, a past, a se history, and a childhood, addn to beg a type of life, a life form, and a morphology, wh an discreet anatomy and possibly a myster physlogy. Adoptg his posn, crics have argued, for example, that Walt Whman and Osr Wil (1854–1900) were not, strictly speakg, homosexuals, at least the sense that medil and psychologil tablishments unrstood that “ndn” or “speci” the twentieth century. Whether the dividual is born homosexual or his or her homosexual sir are socially nstcted, is clear that medi-scientific theori of homosexualy as a curable disease were an ventn of the late neteenth and early twentieth centuri.

Homosexualy plays by Tennsee Williams is differently unrstood, for example, than is poems by Walt Whman, and the difference is largely rooted medi-scientific nsiratns rather than ethil or polil on. If the play were wrten now, one might expect Brick to abandon Maggie, but as wrten by Williams, who was homosexual, the oppose happens, and the play ends “happily” when Maggie announc that she is pregnant.

25 MOST INFLUENTIAL GAY AUTHORS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT

One rells thgs as var as Ernt Hemgway's dismissive attu toward homosexuals his books, the “pansi” played for lghs Hollywood films of the 1920s and 1930s, and Hart Crane's joyo announcement—havg, he believed, fallen love wh a woman—that he was not homosexual after all. Although Amerin lerature the first two-thirds of the twentieth century almost always impli the medi-scientific fn whenever homosexualy enters the text, Whman had his own succsors, om Bliss Carman (1861–1929) and Richard Hovey (1864–1900) to Marsn Hartley (1877–1943) to Langston Hugh (1902–1967) and Gerr Lansg (b. Hallock vtigat one pecially tense relatnship his bgraphy of Fz-Greene Halleck (1790–1867), The Amerin Byron (2000), whom he views as a homosexual drawn to the younger poet Joseph Rodman Drake (1795–1820).

Sedgwick se Jam as a homosexual who rarely alt openly wh male timacy but whose work foc on “homosocial” (her term) suatns that occur when, for example, two men stggle for the attentn of a woman; emotns are directed by each man more strongly toward his petor than toward their shared object of sire. Billy Budd is a very different matter, for, Sedgwick wr, “every impulse of every person this book that uld at all be lled sire uld be lled homosexual sire, beg directed by men exclively toward men” (p.

Although Sedgwick nsirs Billy Budd to be suffed wh homosexual sir, she pots out that there is only one homosexual the morn sense the story: Claggart, who has the self-loathg of those who have ternalized homophobia, and who is “praved bee he is, his sir, a pervert, ” or “homosexual” (Sedgwick, 1990, p. The many homosexual Amerin poets the early twentieth century who were athet clud Amy Lowell (1874–1925), Wilbur Unrwood (1876–1935), Donald Evans (1884–1921), Gee Sylvter Viereck (1884–1962), John Gould Fletcher (1886–1950), Clark Ashton Smh (1893–1961), and Samuel Greenberg (1883–1917), whose poems Hart Crane emulated his own early work. That year he published his most popular novel, The Hoe of the Vampire, which vampirism is a for homosexualy, and Neveh and Other Poems, much of which volv sexual passn of a thoroughly f--siècle stamp.

GAY LERATURE: POETRY AND PROSEGAY LERATURE: POETRY AND PROSE

Viereck knew Magn Hirschfeld (1868–1935), an early German “sexologist” and fenr of male-male love, and based Children of Lilh on Hirshfeld's fn of homosexualy as a “transnal sex, ” mergg the mascule wh the feme. Public attus toward homosexuals are suggted by an cint the early 1940s when John Crowe Ransom (1888–1974), who had accepted a poem by Robert Dunn (1919–1988) for the Kenyon Review, whdrew his offer after Dunn published an say another journal on homosexualy.

LGBTQIA: GAY FICTN & LERATURE

Ransom plimented Dunn for havg taken such a bold stand—although actually the say is impartial, argug that homosexualy is no better, if no worse, than any other kd of life—but sisted that the poem schled for the Review might now be read as “homosexual advertisement” (Faas, 1983, p. Astonishg though Ransom's act seems today, homosexualy at this time was still treated throughout the untry as crimal behavr, and until 1973 was nsired a mental disorr by the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn. Stt Fzgerald (1896–1940), but the evince is slight, and any se, a lerature domated by Ezra Pound (1885–1972), William Flkner (1897–1962), and Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953), gay and lbian ncerns had ltle room.

1928), and William Inge (1913–1973), and highly regard novels wh homosexual them and suatns, such as Two Ser Ladi (1943) by Jane Bowl (1917–1973), The Member of the Weddg (1946) by Carson McCullers (1917–1967), The Cy and the Pillar (1948) by Gore Vidal (b.

The so-lled School of Boston, which provid one of the avant-gar's rpons the 1960s to the mastream works of Robert Lowell (1917–1977) and Sylvia Plath (1932–1963), was almost entirely gay, cludg such poets as John Weers (1934–2002), Gerr Lansg, and Stephen Jonas (1920–1970). The gay liberatn movement and the gradual public awarens that homosexualy was not the disease the psychiatric tablishment had claimed led to a luge of “g-out” stori, which the thor narrat her or his progrs om “the closet” to an open life as a gay woman or man. Numero anthologi of gay wrg—Stephen Coote's The Pengu Book of Homosexual Verse (1983), Carl Morse and Joan Lark's Gay and Lbian Poetry Our Time (1989), and Edmund Whe's Faber Book of Gay Short Fictn (1991), to ce three of the most rpected—prent no evince that “gay wrg” is sentially more than wrg about gay life.

HOW MOROC BEME A HAVEN FOR GAY WTERNERS THE 1950S

1965), refully documents a range of poetic tradns om the formalist to the highly experimental whout fdg any that grew om a basilly gay athetic: “Of urse there are poems that overtly flnt their sexualy, ” Liu nclus, “but there are so many quieter poems (and poets) who might elu the most fely tuned gaydar [sensivy to others' gay inty].

The thirty-two years that separate Isherwood's and Holleran's books were so fired wh crisis—the gay liberatn movement and then AIDS—that the fundamental flaw homosexual culture, namely, that has been profoundly a culture for and of the young, has not received as much attentn as should.

Melville's isolato exemplify Emersonian self-reliance, but homosexualy Isherwood's and Holleran's works is seen all too accurately as a re of passage to a dimished sexual and emotnal matury that no culture should wish on s members.

HOW GAY CULTURE BLOSSOMED DURG THE ROARG TWENTI

The homophobia wh which early wrers had to battle has certaly not vanished, remag some parts of the untry as vilent and vlent as ever, but elsewhere gay life and valu have been tegrated to so much of the culture at large that they have often ceased to operate as an opposnal force. "Particular Voic" is an extraordary visual rerd of the flowerg of queer voic the wake of Stonewall and the AIDS crisis, while also payg homage to many earlier 20th Century activists and wrers who had urged the creatn of a muny inty, or otherwise gave public voice to gay and lbian sensibili. 15 x 15" gelat silver Ao Homos was an Ain Amerin gay theater troupe om 1990 to 1995 found San Francis by choreographer-dancer Djola Bernard Branner, actor Brian Freeman, and sger, dancer, and actor Eric Gupton.

Duplechan is a novelist bt known for "Blackbird" which was adapted 2014 as a film starrg Mo'Nique and Isiah Washgton, and "Got 'til It's Gone", which won the gay romance tegory at the Lambda Lerary Awards. There was a time though when Moroc was renowned as a haven for gay Amerins and Brons, who fled rtrictns their own untri to take advantage of s relaxed a walk down one of the ma streets Tangier, the Boulevard Pastr, turn left before the Hotel Rembrandt and scend towards the sea. Its bookshelv are another remr of Tangier's huge lerary legacy which clus Jean Ge, Andre Gi, Tennsee Williams, Tman Capote, Gore Vidal and Joe Orton, all of whom were gay or bisexual, as well as many others, om Samuel Pepys to Mark Twa, who were source, AFPImage ptn, Tangier's Boulevard Pastr, 1944For s Tangier and other Morocn ci were mags for gay tourists.

In his own words, he felt “pafully isolated, strand between the sual homophobia of most ‘normal’ people and the flagrantly gay Hollywood subculture – where [he] was even ls fortable and ls accepted. Gaynor and Adrian were succsful durg a time when any sort of evince of their homosexualy would have hurt their reers, so ’s not surprisg that there isn’t ncrete evince about the tth of their relatnship. The Begngs of a New Gay World“In the late 19th century, there was an creasgly visible prence of genr-non-nformg men who were engaged sexual relatnships wh other men major Amerin ci, ” says Chad Heap, a profsor of Amerin Studi at Gee Washgton Universy and the thor of Slummg: Sexual and Racial Enunters Amerin Nightlife, 1885-1940.

THE BOOK CLUB THAT HELPED SPARK THE GAY-RIGHTS MOVEMENT

By the 1920s, gay men had tablished a prence Harlem and the bohemian mec of Greenwich Village (as well as the seedier environs of Tim Square), and the cy’s first lbian enclav had appeared Harlem and the Village. Each gay enclave, wrote Gee Chncey his book Gay New York: Genr, Urban Culture, and the Makg of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940, had a different class and ethnic character, cultural style and public reputatn. ”At the same time, lbian and gay characters were beg featured a slew of popular “pulp” novels, songs and on Broadway stag (cludg the ntroversial 1926 play The Captive) and Hollywood—at least prr to 1934, when the motn picture dtry began enforcg censorship guil, known as the Hays Co.

” By the post-World War II era, a larger cultural shift toward earlier marriage and suburban livg, the advent of TV and the anti-homosexualy csas champned by Joseph McCarthy would help ph the flowerg of gay culture reprented by the Pansy Craze firmly to the natn’s rear-view mirror.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

He’d always assumed that, by the time he entered his twenti, he would velop sir for women, then marry and have 1954, on a bs trip to Cleveland, Segura stopped by a bookstore and saw a py of “The Homosexual Ameri, ” by Donald Webster Cory.

The service didn’t have meetgs; Cory simply selected books and sent the tl to his rears, highlightg everythg om Marc Branl’s novel “The Barriers Between, ” about a man who murrs his iend for “unnatural advanc, ” to “Homosexualy and the Wtern Christian Tradn, ” a gay theologil history that Cory scribed as “the book that hundreds of our rears have been searchg for, ” one that “they uld give to iends, fay, and unsellors.

Attorneys offic dicted and fed publishers of gay materials on obsceny charg; Greenberg paid the ernment a three-thoand-dollar fe, the mid-fifti, and had to pull several of s books om publitn for alleged obsceny. ” Víctor Macías-González, a historian and the thor of a paper on Tony Segura, told me that many queer people refed to buy gay books, stead borrowg them through rental servic, which a number of bookstor had at the yet the early fifti saw a boom queer lerature, driven part by the rise of cheap paperbacks. Together, they figured, they would have a direct le to the gay book the book service’s gural issue, sent out September, 1952, Cory promised that many of the books he featured would be available to his subscribers before they h stor.