Hailey Rowe - My Boyiend Is Gay lyrics

Hailey Rowe (Hailey Rowe) My Boyiend Is Gay lyrics: It happened on a Monday / It was my baby’s birthday / I wanted to surp... * my b is gay lyrics *

My bch is gay. H man the top, try see a man topls, even the stick is gay.

(My bch is gay). How n i be homophobic my bch is gay. topls, even the stick is gay.

How Can I Be Homophobic Lyrics.

MY BOYIEND IS GAY LYRICS

* my b is gay lyrics *

My beech is gay. Ho-ho-how n I be homophobic?

(My beech is gay). Ho-h-how n I be homophobic?

GAYK1LLWH1TEYTRACK 6 ON SWEARG IN FRONT OF KIDS PRODUCED BYCOLE THE KINGMAY. 1, 20171 VIEWER43.1K VIEWS14 CONTRIBUTORSGAY LYRICS[INTRO]UHYOU KNOW 'S THAT YOUNG ELLT RODGER MOTHERFUCKER, CHIEF PEEPEE THIS BCH(RODGER RODGER)UH (ELLT)WE THAT SANDY HOOK SH (BBBBRA)THAT MOTHERFUCK' UH, ORLANDO CLUB SH, BCH (BLAH BLAH BLAH)WE ON THEM DGS, WE ON THEM METHAMPHETAMYOU FEEL ME? WE DON'T GIVE A FUCK (AYY)AYY, (BCH, BCH YEAH)AYY (FAGGOT YEAH)YEAH (AYY)[HOOK]BCH I'M GAY (UH)I N'T EVEN THK STRAIGHTBCH I'M GAY (UH)I N'T EVEN THK STRAIGHTBCH I'M GAY (WHAT)I N'T EVEN THK STRAIGHTBCH I'M GAY (UH)I N'T EVEN THK STRAIGHTBCH I'M GAY (WHAT)I'M FUCKG GAY (AAAH)I'M FUCKG GAYI'M FUCKG GAY, BCHI'M FUCKG GAY (UH)I'M FUCKG GAY, BCHI'M FUCKG GAY (HOO)I'M FUCKG GAY, BCH (UH UH UH)YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE[VERSE]BCH, I'M FUCKG GAY, I DON'T EVEN KNOW, HOW TO BE STRAIGHTYEAH I'LL NEVER EVER CHANGEI'M GONNA BE GAY 'TIL THEY PUT ME MY GRAVEI DON'T GIVE A FUCK IF YOU THK THAT IS STRANGEYEAH, I'M OKED UP, N'T BE WH MEBCH, I'M CHILL' AT THE TABLE WH BOB DYLAN (YEAH)DON'T EVEN RE, WE EXCLIVE NEW YORKI GOT HO ON MY PENIS, BUT I A'T FNA FUCK'CSE I'M GAY, AYY, I A'T FNA FUCK NO PSYI'M FNA FUCK SOME BUTTHOLFNA LEAVE 'EM POOPY, WET GHY (GHY)I DON'T REALLY GIVE A FUCK (AYY)I'M FUCK' GAY, AYYI EAT A DICK LIKE A GODDAMN SANDWICH AT CHICK-FIL-A (AYY)FUCK CHICK-FIL-A[OUTRO]YEAH, BCH I'M GAYYEAH, YEAH, I'M FUCK' GAYFAGGOTI DON'T KNOW WHY THIS BEAT IS THIS SHORT BUT, WHATEVERI GUS THAT'S , SORRY GUYS1864EMBEDCANCELHOW TO FORMAT LYRICS:TYPE OUT ALL LYRICS, EVEN REPEATG SONG PARTS LIKE THE CHOSLYRICS SHOULD BE BROKEN DOWN TO DIVIDUAL LUSE SECTN HEARS ABOVE DIFFERENT SONG PARTS LIKE [VERSE], [CHOS], ETC.USE ALICS (LYRIC) AND BOLD (LYRIC) TO DISTGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT VOLISTS THE SAME SONG PARTIF YOU DON’T UNRSTAND A LYRIC, E [?]TO LEARN MORE, CHECK OUT OUR TRANSCRIPTN GUI OR VIS OUR TRANSCRIBERS FOMABOUT

Gay Greg - Out My Way (Bch I`m Gay!) Lyrics. Are you ready? Boy i'm ready Out my way Cos bch I'm gay (so gayyyyy) Boys e play Insi my Ay (this ay) Night and Day Get Down to Rave * my b is gay lyrics *

“How Can I Be Homophobic My B Is Gay Lyrics” sung by Central Cee. [Chos]How n I be homophobic? My b^^ch is gayH man the top, try see a man topls, even the stick is gayHugg’ my bddas and say that I love them, but I don’t swg that wayThe manm celebrate Eid, the trap still nn’ on Christmas day[Verse]Somebody tell Doja Cat that I’m tryna dulge thatIn my grey tracksu, see the bulge thatSee the motn clap when you’re throw’ back (When you’re throw’ back)The femal plann’ on do’ me wrongSo I’m grabb’ a ‘dom out the Trojan packPost the lotn after we’re goneCan’t slip and let them know where we’re atI don’t know about you, but I valuе my life (But I value my life)‘Csе image I die (Die)And I a’t ma a hundred M’s yetThere’s so much thgs I a’t done yetLike f^^k’ a flight attendant, huhI don’t party, but I heard Cardi there, so f^^k , I might attend Gotta kick back sometim and wonrHow life would’ve been if I never did take them risks and would have I prospered?

Float’ and I won’t go unrBeen outta town for a monthAbsence ma the love grow fonrUK rap or UK drill, gotta mentn my name if you talk ’bout the genre (Alright)[Chos]Ho-ho-how n I be homophobic?

GAY GREG - OUT MY WAY (BCH I'M GAY!) LYRICS

My Brother is Gay Lyrics: Christmas 1994, not like the year before / We didn't want to know / Buried our heads the snow... / Lookg back was obv to everyone / But then aga he's not jt anyone * my b is gay lyrics *

(My b^^ch is gay)H man the top, try see a man topls, even the stick is gayHugg’ my bddas and say that I love them, but I don’t swg that way (Way)The manm celebrate Eid, the trap still nn’ on Christmas dayHo-ho-how n I be homophobic? My b^^ch is gayH man the top, try see a man topls, even the stick is gayHugg’ my bddas and say that I love them, but I don’t swg that wayThe manm celebrate Eid, the trap still nn’ on Christmas dayVio Song.

MY BROTHER IS GAYTHE VANDALSTRACK 13 ON INTER DATG SUPERSTUDS 1 VIEWER1 CONTRIBUTORMY BROTHER IS GAY LYRICSCHRISTMAS 1994, NOT LIKE THE YEAR BEFOREWE DIDN'T WANT TO KNOWBURIED OUR HEADS THE SNOW...LOOKG BACK WAS OBV TO EVERYONEBUT THEN AGA HE'S NOT JT ANYONEWE ED TO LGH AND LL HIM NAMSOME THGS I WISH I ULD CHANGESNOW FELLHE WAS BURNG UP SITIRED OF LIVG A LIEHE JT HAD TO SAYWE LEARNED MY BROTHER WAS GAYIT ME ON SILENT NIGHTMOTHER'S FACE WENT WHESHE SAID "I HAVE TO S"FATHER HAD A FI'M LEARNG TO AL WH MY BROTHER IS BROTHER IS GGG...LOOKG BACK WAS OBV TO EVERYONEBUT THEN AGA HE'S NOT JT ANYONEWE ED TO LGH AND LL HIM NAMSOME THGS I WISH I ULD CHANGECHRISTMAS 1994, N'T TAKE BACK TO THE STORELIKE A SHIRT THAT DON'T FI'M LEARNG TO AL WH I'M LEARNG TO AL WH MY BROTHER IS GAYMY BROTHER IS GAYI GUS 'S OKMY BROTHER IS GAYYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKEEMBEDCANCELHOW TO FORMAT LYRICS:TYPE OUT ALL LYRICS, EVEN REPEATG SONG PARTS LIKE THE CHOSLYRICS SHOULD BE BROKEN DOWN TO DIVIDUAL LUSE SECTN HEARS ABOVE DIFFERENT SONG PARTS LIKE [VERSE], [CHOS], ETC.USE ALICS (LYRIC) AND BOLD (LYRIC) TO DISTGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT VOLISTS THE SAME SONG PARTIF YOU DON’T UNRSTAND A LYRIC, E [?]TO LEARN MORE, CHECK OUT OUR TRANSCRIPTN GUI OR VIS OUR TRANSCRIBERS FOMABOUTHAVE THE SI SOP ON THIS SONG?SIGN UP AND DROP SOME KNOWLEDGESTART THE SONG BASK A QUTN ABOUT THIS SONGASK A QUTN *‌INTER DATG SUPERSTUDS (2002)THE VANDALS1. 43210-12. APPRECIATE MY HONTY3. I’M BEG YOU4. DISPROPORTNED HEAD5. SOCCER MOM6. WE’LL ALL GET LAID7. LTLE WEIRDO8. I CAN’T WA9. WHERE’S YOUR DIGNY?10. MY BRA TELLS MY BODY11. WHEN I SAY YOU I MEAN ME12. THE UNSEEN TEARS OF THE ALBARE13. MY BROTHER IS GAY14. LORD OF THE DANCE15. COUNT TO TENCREDSTAGSROCKEXPAND COMMENTSADD A MENTSIGN UP AND DROP KNOWLEDGE ?GENI IS THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF MIC KNOWLEDGE, CREATED BY SCHOLARS LIKE YOU WHO SHARE FACTS AND SIGHT ABOUT THE SONGS AND ARTISTS THEY LOVE.SIGN UPGENI IS THE WORLD’S BIGGT LLECTN OF SONG LYRICS AND MIL KNOWLEDGE

My Brother Is Gay ! Lyrics: My bro a lil b of a fag but he still ol asf / Ayo turn me up a ltle b / Aye, aye, aye, aye, aye / So I ball so hard muhfuckas wanna fe me / But first niggas gotta fd me * my b is gay lyrics *

My Boyiend Is Gay - Hailey Rowe. My boyiend is gay.

MY BROTHER IS GAY !LIL $NIPER HORIZONTALPRODUCED BYTHEKIDBEFORECALIJAN. 4, 20231 VIEWER1 CONTRIBUTORMY BROTHER IS GAY ! LYRICS[INTRO]MY BRO A LIL B OF A FAG BUT HE STILL OL ASFAYO TURN ME UP A LTLE BAYE, AYE, AYE, AYE, AYE[CHOS]SO I BALL SO HARD MUHFUCKAS WANNA FE MEBUT FIRST NIGGAS GOTTA FD MEWHAT'S 50 GRAND TO A MUHFUCKA LIKE MECAN YOU PLEASE REMD ME?BALL SO HARD, THIS SH CRAZYY'ALL DON'T KNOW THAT DON'T SH PHASE METHE NETS ULD GO 0-82 AND I LOOK AT YOU LIKE THIS SH GRAVYBALL SO HARD, THIS SH WEIRDWE A'T EVEN SUPPOSED TO BE HEREBALL SO HARD, BUT SCE WE HEREIT'S ONLY RIGHT THAT WE BE FAIRPSYCHO, I'M LIABLE TO GO MICHAELTAKE YOUR PICK, JACKSON, TYSON, JORDAN, GAME 6BALL SO HARD, GOT A BROKE CLOCK, ROLLEYS THAT DON'T TICK TOCKAUMARS THAT'S LOSG TIME, HIDN BEHD ALL THE BIG ROCKSBALL SO HARD, I'M SHOCKED TOOI'M SUPPOSED TO BE LOCKED UP TOOYOU PED WHAT I'VE PEDYOU'D BE PARIS GETTG FUCKED UP TOOBALL SO HARD, LET'S GET FAD, LE MRICE FOR LIKE 6 DAYSGOLD BOTTL, SLD MOLS, SPILL' ACE ON MY SICK J'SSO BALL SO HARD, BCH BEHAVE, JT MIGHT LET YOU MEET YECHI TOWNS D. ROSE, I'M MOV' THE NETS TO BKBALL SO HARD MUHFUCKAS WANNA FE METHAT SH CRAY, THAT SH CRAY, THAT SH CRAYBALL SO HARD MUHFUCKAS WANNA FE METHAT SH CRAY, THAT SH CRAY, THAT SH CRAYSHE SAID YE N WE GET MARRIED AT THE MALL?I SAID LOOK YOU NEED TO CRAWL 'FORE YOU BALLCOME AND MEET ME THE BATHROOM STALLAND SHOW ME WHY YOU SERVE TO HAVE ALLBALL SO HARDTHAT SH CRAY (THAT SH CRAY), A'T JAY?BALL SO HARDWHAT SHE ORR (WHAT SHE ORR), FISH FILETBALL SO HARDYOUR WHIP SO LD (WHIP SO LD), THIS OLD THGBALL SO HARDACT LIKE YOU'LL NEVER BE AROUND MOTHERFUCKERS LIKE THIS AGABOUGIE GIRL, GRAB HER HANDFUCK THAT BCH SHE DON'T WANNA DANCEEXCE MY FRENCH BUT I'M FRANCE (I'M JT SAY')PRCE WILLIAM'S A'T DO RIGHT IF YOU ASK MECSE I WAS HIM I WOULD HAVE MARRIED KATE & ASHLEYWHAT'S GUCCI MY NIGGA?WHAT'S LOUIS MY KILLA?WHAT'S DGS MY ALA?WHAT'S THAT JACKET, MARGIELA?DOCTORS SAY I'M THE ILLTCSE I'M SUFFERG OM REALNSGOT MY NIGGAS PARISAND THEY GOG GORILLAS, HUH!I DON'T EVEN KNOW WHAT THAT MEANS(NO ONE KNOWS WHAT MEANS, BUT 'S PROVOTIVE)NO, 'S NOT, 'S GROSS(IT GETS THE PEOPLE GOG!)BALL SO HARD MUHFUCKAS WANNA FE MEBALL SO HARD MUHFUCKAS WANNA FE MEYOU ARE NOW WATCHG THE THRONEDON'T LET ME GET MY ZONEDON'T LET ME GET MY ZONEDON'T LET ME GET MY ZONETHE OTHER NIGGAS IS LY'ACT' LIKE THE SUMMER A'T MEI GOT THAT HOT BCH MY HOMEYOU KNOW HOW MANY HOT BCH I OWN?DON'T LET ME GET MY ZONEDON'T LET ME GET MY ZONEDON'T LET ME GET MY ZONEDON'T LET ME GET MY ZONETHE STARS IS THE BUILDGTHEY HANDS IS TO THE CEILGI KNOW I'M BOUT TO KILL HOW YOU KNOW, I GOT THAT FEELGYOU ARE NOW WATCHG THE THRONEDON'T LET ME TO MY ZONEDON'T LET ME TO MY ZONEI'M FELY MY ZONEYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE[VERSE 1]HE HELLA GAY YUH[CHOS 2]WORLD WAR I OR THE FIRST WORLD WAR, OFTEN ABBREVIATED AS WWI OR WW1, WAS A GLOBAL WAR ORIGATG EUROPE THAT LASTED OM 28 JULY 1914 TO 11 NOVEMBER 1918. CONTEMPORANEOLY KNOWN AS THE GREAT WAR OR "THE WAR TO END ALL WARS",[7] LED TO THE MOBILISATN OF MORE THAN 70 LN ARY PERSONNEL, CLUDG 60 LN EUROPEANS, MAKG ONE OF THE LARGT WARS HISTORY.[8][9] IT ALSO WAS ONE OF THE ADLIT NFLICTS HISTORY,[10] WH AN TIMATED 8.5 LN BATANT ATHS AND 13 LN CIVILIAN ATHS AS A DIRECT RULT OF THE WAR,[11] WHILE RULTG GENOCIS AND THE RELATED 1918 SPANISH FLU PANMIC ED ANOTHER 17–100 LN ATHS WORLDWI,[12][13] CLUDG AN TIMATED 2.64 LN SPANISH FLU ATHS EUROPE AND AS MANY AS 675,000 SPANISH FLU ATHS THE UNED STAT.[14]ON 28 JUNE 1914, GAVRILO PRCIP, A BOSNIAN SERB YUGOSLAV NATNALIST AND MEMBER OF THE SERBIAN BLACK HAND ARY SOCIETY, ASSASSATED THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN HEIR ARCHDE FRANZ FERDAND SARAJEVO, LEADG TO THE JULY CRISIS.[15][16] IN RPONSE, ATRIA-HUNGARY ISSUED AN ULTIMATUM TO SERBIA ON 23 JULY. SERBIA'S REPLY FAILED TO SATISFY THE ATRIANS, AND THE TWO MOVED TO A WAR FOOTG. A WORK OF TERLOCKG ALLIANC ENLARGED THE CRISIS OM A BILATERAL ISSUE THE BALKANS TO ONE VOLVG MOST OF EUROPE. BY JULY 1914, THE GREAT POWERS OF EUROPE WERE DIVID TO TWO ALNS: THE TRIPLE ENTENTE, NSISTG OF FRANCE, RSIA, AND BRA; AND THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF GERMANY, ATRIA-HUNGARY, AND ITALY. THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE WAS ONLY FENSIVE NATURE, ALLOWG ITALY TO STAY OUT OF THE WAR UNTIL APRIL 1915, WHEN JOED THE ALLIED POWERS AFTER S RELATNS WH ATRIA-HUNGARY TERRATED.[17] RSIA FELT NECSARY TO BACK SERBIA, AND APPROVED PARTIAL MOBILISATN AFTER ATRIA-HUNGARY SHELLED THE SERBIAN PAL OF BELGRA, WHICH WAS A FEW KILOMETR OM THE BORR, ON 28 JULY.[18] FULL RSIAN MOBILISATN WAS ANNOUNCED ON THE EVENG OF 30 JULY; THE FOLLOWG DAY, ATRIA-HUNGARY AND GERMANY DID THE SAME, WHILE GERMANY MAND RSIA MOBILISE WH TWELVE HOURS.[19] WHEN RSIA FAILED TO PLY, GERMANY CLARED WAR ON RSIA ON 1 AUGT SUPPORT OF ATRIA-HUNGARY, THE LATTER FOLLOWG SU ON 6 AUGT; FRANCE ORRED FULL MOBILISATN SUPPORT OF RSIA ON 2 AUGT.[20] IN THE END, WORLD WAR I WOULD SEE THE NTENT OF EUROPE SPL TO TWO MAJOR OPPOSG ALLIANC; THE ALLIED POWERS, PRIMARILY POSED OF THE UNED KGDOM OF GREAT BRA & IRELAND, THE UNED STAT, FRANCE, THE RSIAN EMPIRE, ITALY, JAPAN, PORTUGAL, AND THE MANY AFOREMENTNED BALKAN STAT SUCH AS SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO; AND THE CENTRAL POWERS, PRIMARILY POSED OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE, THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND BULGARIAGERMANY'S STRATEGY FOR A WAR ON TWO ONTS AGAST FRANCE AND RSIA WAS TO RAPIDLY NCENTRATE THE BULK OF S ARMY THE WT TO FEAT FRANCE WH 6 WEEKS, THEN SHIFT FORC TO THE EAST BEFORE RSIA ULD FULLY MOBILISE; THIS WAS LATER KNOWN AS THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN.[21] ON 2 AUGT, GERMANY MAND EE PASSAGE THROUGH BELGIUM, AN SENTIAL ELEMENT ACHIEVG A QUICK VICTORY OVER FRANCE.[22] WHEN THIS WAS REFED, GERMAN FORC VAD BELGIUM ON 3 AUGT AND CLARED WAR ON FRANCE THE SAME DAY; THE BELGIAN ERNMENT VOKED THE 1839 TREATY OF LONDON AND, PLIANCE WH S OBLIGATNS UNR THIS TREATY, BRA CLARED WAR ON GERMANY ON 4 AUGT. ON 12 AUGT, BRA AND FRANCE ALSO CLARED WAR ON ATRIA-HUNGARY; ON 23 AUGT, JAPAN SID WH BRA, SEIZG GERMAN POSSSNS CHA AND THE PACIFIC. IN NOVEMBER 1914, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ENTERED THE WAR ON THE SI OF ATRIA-HUNGARY AND GERMANY, OPENG ONTS THE CS, MOPOTAMIA, AND THE SAI PENSULA. THE WAR WAS FOUGHT (AND DREW UPON) EACH POWER'S LONIAL EMPIRE ALSO, SPREADG THE NFLICT TO AI AND ACROSS THE GLOBETHE GERMAN ADVANCE TO FRANCE WAS HALTED AT THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE AND BY THE END OF 1914, THE WTERN FRONT SETTLED TO A WAR OF ATTRN, MARKED BY A LONG SERI OF TRENCH L THAT CHANGED LTLE UNTIL 1917 (THE EASTERN FRONT, BY NTRAST, WAS MARKED BY MUCH GREATER EXCHANG OF TERRORY). IN 1915, ITALY JOED THE ALLIED POWERS AND OPENED A ONT THE ALPS. BULGARIA JOED THE CENTRAL POWERS 1915 AND GREECE JOED THE ALLI 1917, EXPANDG THE WAR THE BALKANS. THE UNED STAT IALLY REMAED NTRAL, THOUGH EVEN WHILE NTRAL BEME AN IMPORTANT SUPPLIER OF WAR MATERIEL TO THE ALLI. EVENTUALLY, AFTER THE SKG OF AMERIN MERCHANT SHIPS BY GERMAN SUBMAR, THE CLARATN BY GERMANY THAT S NAVY WOULD RUME UNRTRICTED ATTACKS ON NTRAL SHIPPG, AND THE REVELATN THAT GERMANY WAS TRYG TO CE MEXI TO IATE WAR AGAST THE UNED STAT, THE U.S. CLARED WAR ON GERMANY ON 6 APRIL 1917. TRAED AMERIN FORC DID NOT BEG ARRIVG AT THE ONT LARGE NUMBERS UNTIL MID-1918, BUT THE AMERIN EXPEDNARY FORCE ULTIMATELY REACHED SOME TWO LN TROOPS.[23]THOUGH SERBIA WAS FEATED 1915, AND ROMANIA JOED THE ALLIED POWERS 1916, ONLY TO BE FEATED 1917, NONE OF THE GREAT POWERS WERE KNOCKED OUT OF THE WAR UNTIL 1918. THE 1917 FEBARY REVOLUTN RSIA REPLACED THE MONARCHY WH THE PROVISNAL GOVERNMENT, BUT NTUG DISNTENT WH THE ST OF THE WAR LED TO THE OCTOBER REVOLUTN, THE CREATN OF THE SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, AND THE SIGNG OF THE TREATY OF BRT-LOVSK BY THE NEW ERNMENT MARCH 1918, ENDG RSIA'S VOLVEMENT THE WAR. GERMANY NOW NTROLLED MUCH OF EASTERN EUROPE AND TRANSFERRED LARGE NUMBERS OF BAT TROOPS TO THE WTERN FRONT. USG NEW TACTICS, THE GERMAN MARCH 1918 OFFENSIVE WAS IALLY SUCCSFUL. THE ALLI FELL BACK AND HELD. THE LAST OF THE GERMAN RERV WERE EXHSTED AS 10,000 H AMERIN TROOPS ARRIVED EVERY DAY. THE ALLI DROVE THE GERMANS BACK THEIR HUNDRED DAYS OFFENSIVE, A NTUAL SERI OF ATTACKS TO WHICH THE GERMANS HAD NO UNTERMOVE.[24] ONE BY ONE, THE CENTRAL POWERS QU: FIRST BULGARIA (SEPTEMBER 29), THEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (OCTOBER 31) AND THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE (NOVEMBER 3). WH S ALLI FEATED, REVOLUTN AT HOME, AND THE ARY NO LONGER WILLG TO FIGHT, KAISER WILHELM ABDITED ON 9 NOVEMBER AND GERMANY SIGNED AN ARMISTICE ON 11 NOVEMBER 1918, ENDG THE WARWORLD WAR I WAS A SIGNIFINT TURNG POT THE POLIL, CULTURAL, ENOMIC, AND SOCIAL CLIMATE OF THE WORLD. THE WAR AND S IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH SPARKED NUMERO REVOLUTNS AND UPRISGS. THE BIG FOUR (BRA, FRANCE, THE UNED STAT, AND ITALY) IMPOSED THEIR TERMS ON THE FEATED POWERS A SERI OF TREATI AGREED AT THE 1919 PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, THE MOST WELL KNOWN BEG THE TREATY OF VERSAILL WH GERMANY.[25] ULTIMATELY, AS A RULT OF THE WAR, THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN, GERMAN, OTTOMAN, AND RSIAN EMPIR CEASED TO EXIST, AND NUMERO NEW STAT WERE CREATED OM THEIR REMAS. HOWEVER, SPE THE NCLIVE ALLIED VICTORY (AND THE CREATN OF THE LEAGUE OF NATNS DURG THE PEACE NFERENCE, TEND TO PREVENT FUTURE WARS), A SEND WORLD WAR FOLLOWED JT OVER TWENTY YEARS LATERWORLD WAR I WAS A SIGNIFINT TURNG POT THE POLIL, CULTURAL, ENOMIC, AND SOCIAL CLIMATE OF THE WORLD. THE WAR AND S IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH SPARKED NUMERO REVOLUTNS AND UPRISGS. THE BIG FOUR (BRA, FRANCE, THE UNED STAT, AND ITALY) IMPOSED THEIR TERMS ON THE FEATED POWERS A SERI OF TREATI AGREED AT THE 1919 PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, THE MOST WELL KNOWN BEG THE TREATY OF VERSAILL WH GERMANY.[25] ULTIMATELY, AS A RULT OF THE WAR, THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN, GERMAN, OTTOMAN, AND RSIAN EMPIR CEASED TO EXIST, AND NUMERO NEW STAT WERE CREATED OM THEIR REMAS. HOWEVER, SPE THE NCLIVE ALLIED VICTORY (AND THE CREATN OF THE LEAGUE OF NATNS DURG THE PEACE NFERENCE, TEND TO PREVENT FUTURE WARS), A SEND WORLD WAR FOLLOWED JT OVER TWENTY YEARS LATERCONTENTS1 NAM2 BACKGROUND2.1 POLIL AND ARY ALLIANC2.2 ARMS RACE2.3 CONFLICTS THE BALKANS3 PRELU3.1 SARAJEVO ASSASSATN3.2 EXPANSN OF VLENCE BOSNIA AND HERZEA3.3 JULY CRISIS4 PROGRS OF THE WAR4.1 OPENG HOSTILI4.1.1 CONFN AMONG THE CENTRAL POWERS4.1.2 SERBIAN MPAIGN4.1.3 GERMAN OFFENSIVE BELGIUM AND FRANCE4.1.4 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC4.1.5 AIN MPAIGNS4.1.6 INDIAN SUPPORT FOR THE ALLI4.2 WTERN FRONT4.2.1 TRENCH WARFARE BEGS4.2.2 CONTUATN OF TRENCH WARFARE4.3 NAVAL WAR4.4 SOUTHERN THEATR4.4.1 WAR THE BALKANS4.4.2 OTTOMAN EMPIRE4.4.3 ITALIAN PARTICIPATN4.4.4 ROMANIAN PARTICIPATN4.5 EASTERN FRONT4.5.1 INIAL ACTNS4.5.2 RSIAN REVOLUTN4.5.3 CZECHOSLOVAK LEGN4.6 CENTRAL POWERS PEACE OVERTUR4.7 1917–19184.7.1 DEVELOPMENTS 19174.7.2 OTTOMAN EMPIRE NFLICT, 1917–19184.7.3 15 AUGT 1917: PEACE OFFER BY THE POPE4.7.4 ENTRY OF THE UNED STAT4.7.5 GERMAN SPRG OFFENSIVE OF 19184.7.6 NEW STAT ENTER THE WAR4.8 ALLIED VICTORY: SUMMER 1918 ONWARDS4.8.1 HUNDRED DAYS OFFENSIVE4.8.2 ALLIED ADVANCE TO THE HNBURG LE4.8.3 GERMAN REVOLUTN 1918–19194.8.4 NEW GERMAN ERNMENT SURRENRS4.8.5 ARMISTIC AND PULATNS5 AFTERMATH5.1 FORMAL END OF THE WAR5.2 PEACE TREATI AND NATNAL BOUNDARI5.3 NATNAL INTI5.4 HEALTH EFFECTS6 TECHNOLOGY6.1 GROUND WARFARE6.1.1 AREAS TAKEN MAJOR ATTACKS6.2 NAVAL6.3 AVIATN7 WAR CRIM7.1 BARALONG CINTS7.2 TORPEDOG OF HMHS LLANDOVERY CASTLE7.3 BLOCKA OF GERMANY7.4 CHEMIL WEAPONS WARFARE7.5 GENOCI AND ETHNIC CLEANSG7.5.1 OTTOMAN EMPIRE7.5.2 RSIAN EMPIRE7.6 RAPE OF BELGIUM8 SOLDIERS' EXPERIENC8.1 PRISONERS OF WAR8.2 MILARY ATTACHéS AND WAR RRPONNTS9 SUPPORT FOR THE WAR10 OPPOSN TO THE WAR11 CONSCRIPTN11.1 CANADA11.2 ATRALIA11.3 BRA11.4 UNED STAT11.5 ATRIA-HUNGARY12 DIPLOMACY13 LEGACY AND MEMORY13.1 HISTORGRAPHY13.2 MEMORIALS13.3 CULTURAL MEMORY13.4 SOCIAL TRMA13.5 DISNTENT GERMANY AND ATRIA13.6 ENOMIC EFFECTS14 SEE ALSO15 FOOTNOT16 REFERENC17 BIBLGRAPHY17.1 SOURC17.2 PRIMARY SOURC17.3 ADDNAL READG17.4 HISTORGRAPHY AND MEMORY18 EXTERNAL LKS18.1 ANIMATED MAPS18.2 LIBRARY GUISNAMTHE TERM WORLD WAR WAS FIRST ED SEPTEMBER 1914 BY GERMAN BLOGIST AND PHILOSOPHER ERNST HAECKEL, WHO CLAIMED THAT "THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT THE URSE AND CHARACTER OF THE FEARED 'EUROPEAN WAR' ... WILL BEE THE FIRST WORLD WAR THE FULL SENSE OF THE WORD,"[26] CG A WIRE SERVICE REPORT THE INDIANAPOLIS STAR ON 20 SEPTEMBER 1914PRR TO WORLD WAR II, THE EVENTS OF 1914–1918 WERE GENERALLY KNOWN AS THE GREAT WAR OR SIMPLY THE WORLD WAR.[27][28] IN OCTOBER 1914, THE CANADIAN MAGAZE MACLEAN'S WROTE, "SOME WARS NAME THEMSELV. THIS IS THE GREAT WAR."[29] CONTEMPORARY EUROPEANS ALSO REFERRED TO AS "THE WAR TO END WAR" OR "THE WAR TO END ALL WARS" DUE TO THEIR PERCEPTN OF S THEN-UNPARALLELED SLE AND VASTATN.[30] AFTER WORLD WAR II BEGAN 1939, THE TERMS BEME MORE STANDARD, WH BRISH EMPIRE HISTORIANS, CLUDG CANADIANS, FAVOURG "THE FIRST WORLD WAR" AND AMERINS "WORLD WAR I".[31]BACKGROUNDMA ARTICLE: CS OF WORLD WAR IPOLIL AND ARY ALLIANCMAP OF EUROPE FOCG ON ATRIA-HUNGARY AND MARKG THE CENTRAL LOTN OF ETHNIC GROUPS CLUDG SLOVAKS, CZECHS, SLOVEN, CROATS, SERBS, ROMANIANS, UKRAIANS, POLRIVAL ARY ALNS 1914: TRIPLE ENTENTE GREEN; TRIPLE ALLIANCE BROWN. ONLY THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE WAS A FORMAL "ALLIANCE"; THE OTHERS LISTED WERE RMAL PATTERNS OF SUPPORTFOR MUCH OF THE 19TH CENTURY, THE MAJOR EUROPEAN POWERS HAD TRIED TO MATA A TENUO BALANCE OF POWER AMONG THEMSELV, RULTG A PLEX WORK OF POLIL AND ARY ALLIANC.[32] THE BIGGT CHALLENG TO THIS WERE BRA'S WHDRAWAL TO SO-LLED SPLENDID ISOLATN, THE CLE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE POST-1848 RISE OF PSSIA UNR OTTO VON BISMARCK. VICTORY THE 1866 ATRO-PSSIAN WAR TABLISHED PSSIAN HEGEMONY GERMANY, WHILE VICTORY OVER FRANCE THE 1870–1871 FRAN-PSSIAN WAR UNIFIED THE GERMAN STAT TO A GERMAN REICH UNR PSSIAN LEARSHIP. FRENCH SIRE FOR REVENGE OVER THE FEAT OF 1871, KNOWN AS REVANCHISM, AND THE REVERY OF ALSACE-LORRAE BEME A PRCIPAL OBJECT OF FRENCH POLICY FOR THE NEXT FORTY YEARS (SEE FRENCH–GERMAN ENMY).[33]IN 1873, TO ISOLATE FRANCE AND AVOID A WAR ON TWO ONTS, BISMARCK NEGOTIATED THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS (GERMAN: DREIKAISERBUND) BETWEEN ATRIA-HUNGARY, RSIA AND GERMANY. CONCERNED BY RSIA'S VICTORY THE 1877–1878 RSO-TURKISH WAR AND S FLUENCE THE BALKANS, THE LEAGUE WAS DISSOLVED 1878, WH GERMANY AND ATRIA-HUNGARY SUBSEQUENTLY FORMG THE 1879 DUAL ALLIANCE; THIS BEME THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE WHEN ITALY JOED 1882.[34][35]THE PRACTIL TAILS OF THE ALLIANC WERE LIMED SCE THEIR PRIMARY PURPOSE WAS TO ENSURE OPERATN BETWEEN THE THREE IMPERIAL POWERS AND TO ISOLATE FRANCE. ATTEMPTS BY BRA 1880 TO ROLVE LONIAL TENSNS WH RSIA AND DIPLOMATIC MOV BY FRANCE LED TO BISMARCK REFORMG THE LEAGUE 1881.[36] WHEN THE LEAGUE FALLY LAPSED 1887, WAS REPLACED BY THE RESURANCE TREATY, A SECRET AGREEMENT BETWEEN GERMANY AND RSIA TO REMA NTRAL IF EHER WERE ATTACKED BY FRANCE OR ATRIA-HUNGARYIN 1890, THE NEW GERMAN EMPEROR, KAISER WILHELM II, FORCED BISMARCK TO RETIRE AND WAS PERSUAD NOT TO RENEW THE RESURANCE TREATY BY THE NEW CHANCELLOR, LEO VON CAPRIVI.[37] THIS ALLOWED FRANCE TO UNTERACT THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE WH THE FRAN-RSIAN ALLIANCE OF 1894 AND THE 1904 ENTENTE CORDIALE WH BRA, WHILE 1907 BRA AND RSIA SIGNED THE ANGLO-RSIAN CONVENTN. THE AGREEMENTS DID NOT NSTUTE FORMAL ALLIANC, BUT BY SETTLG LONG-STANDG LONIAL DISPUT, THEY MA BRISH ENTRY TO ANY FUTURE NFLICT VOLVG FRANCE OR RSIA A POSSIBILY. THE TERLOCKG BILATERAL AGREEMENTS BEME KNOWN AS THE TRIPLE ENTENTE.[38] BRISH BACKG OF FRANCE AGAST GERMANY DURG THE SEND MOROCN CRISIS 1911 RERCED THE ENTENTE BETWEEN THE TWO UNTRI (AND WH RSIA AS WELL) AND CREASED ANGLO-GERMAN TRANGEMENT, EPENG THE DIVISNS THAT WOULD EPT 1914.[39]ARMS RACESMS RHELAND, A NASS-CLASS BATTLHIP, GERMANY'S FIRST RPONSE TO THE BRISH DREADNOUGHTTHE CREATN OF THE GERMAN REICH FOLLOWG VICTORY THE 1871 FRAN-PSSIAN WAR LED TO A MASSIVE CREASE GERMANY'S ENOMIC AND DTRIAL STRENGTH. ADMIRAL ALED VON TIRPZ AND WILHELM II, WHO BEME EMPEROR 1890, SOUGHT TO E THIS TO CREATE A KAISERLICHE MARE OR IMPERIAL GERMAN NAVY TO PETE WH BRA'S ROYAL NAVY FOR WORLD NAVAL SUPREMACY.[40] IN DOG SO, HE WAS FLUENCED BY US NAVAL STRATEGIST ALED MAHAN, WHO ARGUED POSSSN OF A BLUE-WATER NAVY WAS VAL FOR GLOBAL POWER PROJECTN; TIRPZ TRANSLATED HIS BOOKS TO GERMAN, AND WILHELM MA THEM REQUIRED READG.[41] HOWEVER, WAS ALSO DRIVEN BY WILHELM'S ADMIRATN OF THE ROYAL NAVY AND SIRE TO OUTDO .[42]THIS RULTED THE ANGLO-GERMAN NAVAL ARMS RACE. YET THE LNCH OF HMS DREADNOUGHT 1906 GAVE THE ROYAL NAVY A TECHNOLOGIL ADVANTAGE OVER S GERMAN RIVAL, WHICH THEY NEVER LOST.[40] ULTIMATELY, THE RACE DIVERTED HUGE ROURC TO CREATG A GERMAN NAVY LARGE ENOUGH TO ANTAGONISE BRA, BUT NOT FEAT . IN 1911, CHANCELLOR THEOBALD VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG ACKNOWLEDGED FEAT, LEADG TO THE RüSTUNGSWEN OR ‘ARMAMENTS TURNG POT', WHEN GERMANY SWCHED EXPENDURE OM THE NAVY TO THE ARMY.[43]THIS WAS DRIVEN BY RSIA'S REVERY OM THE 1905 REVOLUTN, SPECIFILLY CREASED VTMENT POST-1908 RAILWAYS AND ASTCTURE S WTERN BORR REGNS. GERMANY AND ATRIA-HUNGARY RELIED ON FASTER MOBILISATN TO PENSATE FOR FEWER NUMBERS; WAS NCERN AT THE CLOSG OF THIS GAP THAT LED TO THE END OF THE NAVAL RACE, RATHER THAN A RCTN TENSN ELSEWHERE. WHEN GERMANY EXPAND S STANDG ARMY BY 170,000 MEN 1913, FRANCE EXTEND PULSORY ARY SERVICE OM TWO TO THREE YEARS; SIAR MEASUR TAKEN BY THE BALKAN POWERS AND ITALY, WHICH LED TO CREASED EXPENDURE BY THE OTTOMANS AND ATRIA-HUNGARY. ABSOLUTE FIGUR ARE HARD TO LCULATE, DUE TO DIFFERENC TEGORISG EXPENDURE, WHILE THEY OFTEN OM CIVILIAN ASTCTURE PROJECTS WH A ARY E, SUCH AS RAILWAYS. HOWEVER, OM 1908 TO 1913, FENCE SPENDG BY THE SIX MAJOR EUROPEAN POWERS CREASED BY OVER 50% REAL TERMS.[44]CONFLICTS THE BALKANSPHOTO OF LARGE WHE BUILDG WH ONE SIGNS SAYG "MORZ SCHILLER" AND ANOTHER ARABIC; ONT IS A CLTER OF PEOPLE LOOKG AT POSTER ON THE WALLSARAJEVO CIZENS READG A POSTER WH THE PROCLAMATN OF THE ATRIAN ANNEXATN 1908IN OCTOBER 1908, ATRIA-HUNGARY PRECIPATED THE BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1908–1909 BY OFFICIALLY ANNEXG THE FORMER OTTOMAN TERRORY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEA, WHICH HAD OCCUPIED SCE 1878. THIS ANGERED THE KGDOM OF SERBIA AND S PATRON, THE PAN-SLAVIC AND ORTHODOX RSIAN EMPIRE. THE BALKANS ME TO BE KNOWN AS THE "POWR KEG OF EUROPE".[45] THE ITALO-TURKISH WAR 1911–1912 WAS A SIGNIFINT PRECURSOR OF WORLD WAR I AS SPARKED NATNALISM THE BALKAN STAT AND PAVED THE WAY FOR THE BALKAN WARS.[46]IN 1912 AND 1913, THE FIRST BALKAN WAR WAS FOUGHT BETWEEN THE BALKAN LEAGUE AND THE ACTURG OTTOMAN EMPIRE. THE RULTG TREATY OF LONDON FURTHER SHRANK THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, CREATG AN PENNT ALBANIAN STATE WHILE ENLARGG THE TERRORIAL HOLDGS OF BULGARIA, SERBIA, MONTENEGRO, AND GREECE. WHEN BULGARIA ATTACKED SERBIA AND GREECE ON 16 JUNE 1913, SPARKED THE 33-DAY SEND BALKAN WAR, BY THE END OF WHICH LOST MOST OF MACEDONIA TO SERBIA AND GREECE, AND SOUTHERN DOBJA TO ROMANIA, FURTHER STABILISG THE REGN.[47] THE GREAT POWERS WERE ABLE TO KEEP THE BALKAN NFLICTS NTAED, BUT THE NEXT ONE WOULD SPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND BEYONDPRELUSARAJEVO ASSASSATNMA ARTICLE: ASSASSATN OF ARCHDE FRANZ FERDANDTHIS PICTURE IS UALLY ASSOCIATED WH THE ARRT OF GAVRILO PRCIP, ALTHOUGH SOME[48][49] BELIEVE PICTS FERDAND BEHR, A BYSTANRON 28 JUNE 1914, ARCHDE FRANZ FERDAND, HEIR PRUMPTIVE TO THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE, VISED THE BOSNIAN PAL, SARAJEVO. A GROUP OF SIX ASSASSS (CVJETKO POPOVIć, GAVRILO PRCIP, MUHAMED MEHMEDBAšIć, NELJKO ČABROVIć, TRIFKO GRABEž, AND VASO ČUBRILOVIć) OM THE YUGOSLAVIST GROUP MLADA BOSNA, WHO HAD BEEN SUPPLIED WH ARMS BY THE SERBIAN BLACK HAND, GATHERED ON THE STREET WHERE THE ARCHDE'S MOTOR WAS TO PASS, WH THE TENTN OF ASSASSATG HIM. THE POLIL OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSASSATN WAS TO BREAK OFF ATRIA-HUNGARY'S SOUTH SLAV PROVC, WHICH ATRIA-HUNGARY HAD ANNEXED OM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, SO THEY ULD BE BED TO YUGOSLAVIAČABROVIć THREW A GRENA AT THE R BUT MISSED. SOME NEARBY WERE JURED BY THE BLAST, BUT FERDAND'S NVOY RRIED ON. THE OTHER ASSASSS FAILED TO ACT AS THE RS DROVE PAST THEMABOUT AN HOUR LATER, WHEN FERDAND WAS RETURNG OM A VIS AT THE SARAJEVO HOSPAL WH THOSE WOUND THE ASSASSATN ATTEMPT, THE NVOY TOOK A WRONG TURN TO A STREET WHERE, BY CINCE, PRCIP STOOD. WH A PISTOL, PRCIP SHOT AND KILLED FERDAND AND HIS WIFE SOPHIE. ALTHOUGH THEY WERE REPORTEDLY NOT PERSONALLY CLOSE, THE EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPH WAS PROFOUNDLY SHOCKED AND UPSET. THE REACTN AMONG THE PEOPLE ATRIA, HOWEVER, WAS D, ALMOST DIFFERENT. AS HISTORIAN ZBYNěK ZEMAN LATER WROTE, "THE EVENT ALMOST FAILED TO MAKE ANY IMPRSN WHATSOEVER. ON SUNDAY AND MONDAY (28 AND 29 JUNE), THE CROWDS VIENNA LISTENED TO MIC AND DRANK WE, AS IF NOTHG HAD HAPPENED."[50][51] NEVERTHELS, THE POLIL EFFECT OF THE MURR OF THE HEIR TO THE THRONE WAS SIGNIFINT, AND WAS SCRIBED BY HISTORIAN CHRISTOPHER CLARK ON THE BBC RAD 4 SERI MONTH OF MADNS AS A "9/11 EFFECT, A TERRORIST EVENT CHARGED WH HISTORIC MEANG, TRANSFORMG THE POLIL CHEMISTRY VIENNA."[52]EXPANSN OF VLENCE BOSNIA AND HERZEACROWDS ON THE STREETS THE AFTERMATH OF THE ANTI-SERB RTS SARAJEVO, 29 JUNE 1914THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN THORI ENURAGED THE SUBSEQUENT ANTI-SERB RTS SARAJEVO, WHICH BOSNIAN CROATS AND BOSNIAKS KILLED TWO BOSNIAN SERBS AND DAMAGED NUMERO SERB-OWNED BUILDGS.[53][54] VLENT ACTNS AGAST ETHNIC SERBS WERE ALSO ANISED OUTSI SARAJEVO, OTHER CI ATRO-HUNGARIAN-NTROLLED BOSNIA AND HERZEA, CROATIA AND SLOVENIA. ATRO-HUNGARIAN THORI BOSNIA AND HERZEA IMPRISONED AND EXTRADED APPROXIMATELY 5,500 PROMENT SERBS, 700 TO 2,200 OF WHOM DIED PRISON. A FURTHER 460 SERBS WERE SENTENCED TO ATH. A PREDOMANTLY BOSNIAK SPECIAL IA KNOWN AS THE SCHUTZKORPS WAS TABLISHED AND RRIED OUT THE PERSECUTN OF SERBS.[55][56][57][58]JULY CRISISMA ARTICL: JULY CRISIS, GERMAN ENTRY TO WORLD WAR I, ATRO-HUNGARIAN ENTRY TO WORLD WAR I, AND RSIAN ENTRY TO WORLD WAR ITHE ASSASSATN LED TO A MONTH OF DIPLOMATIC MANOVRG BETWEEN ATRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, RSIA, FRANCE AND BRA, LLED THE JULY CRISIS. ATRIA-HUNGARY RRECTLY BELIEVED THAT SERBIAN OFFICIALS (PECIALLY THE OFFICERS OF THE BLACK HAND) HAD BEEN VOLVED THE PLOT TO MURR THE ARCHDE, AND WANTED TO FALLY END SERBIAN TERFERENCE BOSNIA.[59] HOWEVER, THE ATRIAN-HUNGARIAN FOREIGN MISTRY HAD NO PROOF OF SERBIAN VOLVEMENT, AND A DOSSIER THAT BELATEDLY PILED TO MAKE S SE AGAST SERBIA WAS RIDDLED WH ERRORS.[60] ON 23 JULY, ATRIA-HUNGARY LIVERED TO SERBIA THE JULY ULTIMATUM, A SERI OF TEN MANDS THAT WERE MA TENTNALLY UNACCEPTABLE, AN EFFORT TO PROVOKE A WAR WH SERBIA.[61] SERBIA CREED GENERAL MOBILISATN ON 25 JULY. SERBIA ACCEPTED ALL THE TERMS OF THE ULTIMATUM EXCEPT FOR ARTICL FIVE AND SIX, WHICH MAND THAT ATRIAN-HUNGARIAN REPRENTATIV BE ALLOWED TO ASSIST SUPPRSG SUBVERSIVE ELEMENTS SI SERBIA'S BORRS AND TO PARTICIPATE THE VTIGATN AND TRIAL OF SERBIANS LKED TO THE ASSASSATN.[62][63] FOLLOWG THIS, ATRIA BROKE OFF DIPLOMATIC RELATNS WH SERBIA AND, THE NEXT DAY, ORRED A PARTIAL MOBILISATN. FALLY, ON 28 JULY 1914, A MONTH AFTER THE ASSASSATN, ATRIA-HUNGARY CLARED WAR ON SERBIAETHNO-LGUISTIC MAP OF ATRIA-HUNGARY, 1910. BOSNIA-HERZEA WAS ANNEXED 1908ON 25 JULY, RSIA, SUPPORT OF SERBIA, CLARED PARTIAL MOBILISATN AGAST ATRIA-HUNGARY.[64] ON 30 JULY, RSIA ORRED GENERAL MOBILISATN. GERMAN CHANCELLOR BETHMANN-HOLLWEG WAED UNTIL THE 31ST FOR AN APPROPRIATE RPONSE, WHEN GERMANY CLARED ERKLäNG S KRIEGSZTANS, OR "STATEMENT ON THE WAR STAT".[19][65] KAISER WILHELM II ASKED HIS , TSAR NILAS II, TO SPEND THE RSIAN GENERAL MOBILISATN. WHEN HE REFED, GERMANY ISSUED AN ULTIMATUM MANDG S MOBILISATN BE STOPPED, AND A MMENT NOT TO SUPPORT SERBIA. ANOTHER WAS SENT TO FRANCE, ASKG HER NOT TO SUPPORT RSIA IF WERE TO E TO THE FENCE OF SERBIA. ON 1 AUGT, AFTER THE RSIAN RPONSE, GERMANY MOBILISED AND CLARED WAR ON RSIA. THIS ALSO LED TO THE GENERAL MOBILISATN ATRIA-HUNGARY ON 4 AUGTTHE GERMAN ERNMENT ISSUED MANDS TO FRANCE THAT REMA NTRAL WHILST THEY CID WHICH PLOYMENT PLAN TO IMPLEMENT, BEG EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO CHANGE THE PLOYMENT ONCE WAS UNRWAY. THE MODIFIED GERMAN SCHLIEFFEN PLAN, AUFMARSCH II WT, WOULD PLOY 80% OF THE ARMY THE WT, WHILE AUFMARSCH I OST AND AUFMARSCH II OST WOULD PLOY 60% THE WT AND 40% THE EAST. THE FRENCH DID NOT RPOND BUT SENT A MIXED MSAGE BY ORRG THEIR TROOPS TO WHDRAW 10 KM (6 MI) OM THE BORR TO AVOID ANY CINTS, AND AT THE SAME TIME ORRED THE MOBILISATN OF THEIR RERV. GERMANY RPOND BY MOBILISG S OWN RERV AND IMPLEMENTG AUFMARSCH II WT. THE BRISH BET CID ON 29 JULY THAT BEG A SIGNATORY TO THE 1839 TREATY ABOUT BELGIUM DID NOT OBLIGE TO OPPOSE A GERMAN VASN OF BELGIUM WH ARY FORCE.[66]ON 1 AUGT, WILHELM ORRED GENERAL HELMUTH VON MOLTKE THE YOUNGER TO "MARCH THE WHOLE OF THE ... ARMY TO THE EAST" AFTER BEG RMED THAT BRA WOULD REMA NTRAL IF FRANCE WAS NOT ATTACKED (AND, POSSIBLY, THAT HER HANDS MIGHT, ANY SE, BE STAYED BY CRISIS IRELAND).[67][68] MOLTKE TOLD THE KAISER THAT ATTEMPTG TO REPLOY A LN MEN WAS UNTHKABLE, AND THAT MAKG POSSIBLE FOR THE FRENCH TO ATTACK THE GERMANS " THE REAR" WOULD PROVE DISASTRO. YET WILHELM SISTED THAT THE GERMAN ARMY SHOULD NOT MARCH TO LUXEMBOURG UNTIL HE RECEIVED A TELEGRAM SENT BY HIS GEE V, WHO MA CLEAR THAT THERE HAD BEEN A MISUNRSTANDG. EVENTUALLY, THE KAISER TOLD MOLTKE, "NOW YOU N DO WHAT YOU WANT."[69][70]CHEERG CROWDS LONDON AND PARIS ON THE DAY WAR WAS CLAREDFOR YEARS, THE FRENCH HAD BEEN AWARE OF TELLIGENCE DITG THAT GERMANY PLANNED TO ATTACK FRANCE THROUGH BELGIUM. GENERAL JOSEPH JOFE, CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE FRENCH ARY OM 1911, QUIRED ABOUT THE POSSIBILY OF MOVG SOME FRENCH TROOPS TO BELGIUM TO PRE-EMPT SUCH A MOVE BY GERMANY, BUT FRANCE'S CIVILIAN LEARSHIP REJECTED THIS IA. JOFE WAS TOLD THAT FRANCE WOULD NOT BE THE FIRST POWER TO VLATE BELGIAN NTRALY AND THAT ANY FRENCH MOVE TO BELGIUM ULD E ONLY AFTER THE GERMANS HAD ALREADY VAD.[71] ON 2 AUGT, GERMANY OCCUPIED LUXEMBOURG, AND ON 3 AUGT CLARED WAR ON FRANCE; ON THE SAME DAY, THEY SENT THE BELGIAN ERNMENT AN ULTIMATUM MANDG UNIMPED RIGHT OF WAY THROUGH ANY PART OF BELGIUM, WHICH WAS REFED. EARLY ON THE MORNG OF 4 AUGT, THE GERMANS VAD; KG ALBERT ORRED HIS ARY TO RIST AND LLED FOR ASSISTANCE UNR THE 1839 TREATY OF LONDON.[72][73][74] BRA MAND GERMANY PLY WH THE TREATY AND RPECT BELGIAN NTRALY; THE ULTIMATUM EXPIRED ON 4 AUGT AT MIDNIGHT BERL TIME, 11PM BRISH TIME. NO REPLY HAVG BEEN RECEIVED BY THEN, BRA WAS AT WAR WH GERMANY.[75]PROGRS OF THE WARFURTHER RMATN: DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF WORLD WAR IOPENG HOSTILICONFN AMONG THE CENTRAL POWERSTHE STRATEGY OF THE CENTRAL POWERS SUFFERED OM MISMUNITN. GERMANY HAD PROMISED TO SUPPORT ATRIA-HUNGARY'S VASN OF SERBIA, BUT TERPRETATNS OF WHAT THIS MEANT DIFFERED. PREVLY TTED PLOYMENT PLANS HAD BEEN REPLACED EARLY 1914, BUT THOSE HAD NEVER BEEN TTED EXERCIS. ATRO-HUNGARIAN LEARS BELIEVED GERMANY WOULD VER S NORTHERN FLANK AGAST RSIA.[76] GERMANY, HOWEVER, ENVISNED ATRIA-HUNGARY DIRECTG MOST OF S TROOPS AGAST RSIA, WHILE GERMANY ALT WH FRANCE. THIS NFN FORCED THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY TO DIVI S FORC BETWEEN THE RSIAN AND SERBIAN ONTSSERBIAN MPAIGNMA ARTICLE: SERBIAN CAMPAIGN OF WORLD WAR ISERBIAN ARMY BLéRT XI "OLUJ", 1915ATRIA VAD AND FOUGHT THE SERBIAN ARMY AT THE BATTLE OF CER AND BATTLE OF KOLUBARA BEGNG ON 12 AUGT. OVER THE NEXT TWO WEEKS, ATRIAN ATTACKS WERE THROWN BACK WH HEAVY LOSS, WHICH MARKED THE FIRST MAJOR ALLIED VICTORI OF THE WAR AND DASHED ATRO-HUNGARIAN HOP OF A SWIFT VICTORY. AS A RULT, ATRIA HAD TO KEEP SIZEABLE FORC ON THE SERBIAN ONT, WEAKENG S EFFORTS AGAST RSIA.[77] SERBIA'S FEAT OF THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN VASN OF 1914 HAS BEEN LLED ONE OF THE MAJOR UPSET VICTORI OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.[78] THE MPAIGN SAW THE FIRST E OF MEDIL EVACUATN BY THE SERBIAN ARMY TUMN OF 1915 AND ANTI-AIRCRAFT WARFARE THE SPRG OF 1915 AFTER AN ATRIAN PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN WH GROUND-TO-AIR FIRE.[79][80]GERMAN OFFENSIVE BELGIUM AND FRANCEMA ARTICLE: WTERN FRONT (WORLD WAR I)GERMAN SOLDIERS A RAILWAY GOODS WAGON ON THE WAY TO THE ONT 1914. EARLY THE WAR, ALL SIS EXPECTED THE NFLICT TO BE A SHORT ONEA FRENCH BAYO CHARGE AT THE BATTLE OF THE FRONTIERS; BY THE END OF AUGT, FRENCH SUALTI EXCEED 260,000, CLUDG 75,000 ADWHEN THE WAR BEGAN, THE GERMAN ORR OF BATTLE PLACED 80% OF THE ARMY THE WT, WH THE REMAR ACTG AS A SCREENG FORCE THE EAST. THE PLAN WAS TO QUICKLY KNOCK FRANCE OUT OF THE WAR, THEN REPLOY TO THE EAST AND DO THE SAME TO RSIATHE GERMAN OFFENSIVE THE WT WAS OFFICIALLY TLED AUFMARSCH II WT, BUT IS BETTER KNOWN AS THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN, AFTER S ORIGAL CREATOR. SCHLIEFFEN LIBERATELY KEPT THE GERMAN LEFT (I.E. S POSNS ALSACE-LORRAE) WEAK TO LURE THE FRENCH TO ATTACKG THERE, WHILE THE MAJORY WERE ALLOTED TO THE GERMAN RIGHT, SO AS TO SWEEP THROUGH BELGIUM, ENCIRCLE PARIS AND TRAP THE FRENCH ARMI AGAST THE SWISS BORR (THE FRENCH CHARGED TO ALSACE-LORRAE ON THE OUTBREAK OF WAR AS ENVISAGED BY THEIR PLAN XVII, TH ACTUALLY AIDG THIS STRATEGY).[81] HOWEVER, SCHLIEFFEN'S SUCCSOR MOLTKE GREW NCERNED THAT THE FRENCH MIGHT PH TOO HARD ON HIS LEFT FLANK. CONSEQUENTLY, AS THE GERMAN ARMY CREASED SIZE THE YEARS LEADG UP TO THE WAR, HE CHANGED THE ALLOTN OF FORC BETWEEN THE GERMAN RIGHT AND LEFT WGS OM 85:15 TO 70:30. ULTIMATELY, MOLTKE'S CHANG MEANT SUFFICIENT FORC TO ACHIEVE CISIVE SUCCS AND TH UNREALISTIC GOALS AND TIMGS.[82][DUB – DISCS]THE IAL GERMAN ADVANCE THE WT WAS VERY SUCCSFUL: BY THE END OF AUGT THE ALLIED LEFT, WHICH CLUD THE BRISH EXPEDNARY FORCE (BEF), WAS FULL RETREAT; FRENCH SUALTI THE FIRST MONTH EXCEED 260,000, CLUDG 27,000 KILLED ON 22 AUGT DURG THE BATTLE OF THE FRONTIERS.[83] GERMAN PLANNG PROVID BROAD STRATEGIC STCTNS, WHILE ALLOWG ARMY MANRS NSIRABLE EEDOM RRYG THEM OUT AT THE ONT; THIS WORKED WELL 1866 AND 1870 BUT 1914, VON KLUCK ED THIS EEDOM TO DISOBEY ORRS, OPENG A GAP BETWEEN THE GERMAN ARMI AS THEY CLOSED ON PARIS.[84] THE FRENCH AND BRISH EXPLOED THIS GAP TO HALT THE GERMAN ADVANCE EAST OF PARIS AT THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE OM 5 TO 12 SEPTEMBER AND PH THE GERMAN FORC BACK SOME 50 KM (31 MI)IN 1911, THE RSIAN STAVKA HAD AGREED WH THE FRENCH TO ATTACK GERMANY WH 15 DAYS OF MOBILISATN; THIS WAS UNREALISTIC AND THE TWO RSIAN ARMI THAT ENTERED EAST PSSIA ON 17 AUGT DID SO WHOUT MANY OF THEIR SUPPORT ELEMENTS.[85] THE RSIAN SEND ARMY WAS EFFECTIVELY STROYED AT THE BATTLE OF TANNENBERG ON 26–30 AUGT BUT THE RSIAN ADVANCE ED THE GERMANS TO RE-ROUTE THEIR 8TH FIELD ARMY OM FRANCE TO EAST PSSIA, A FACTOR ALLIED VICTORY ON THE MARNE.[CATN NEED]BY THE END OF 1914, GERMAN TROOPS HELD STRONG FENSIVE POSNS SI FRANCE, NTROLLED THE BULK OF FRANCE'S DOMTIC ALFIELDS AND HAD FLICTED 230,000 MORE SUALTI THAN LOST SELF. HOWEVER, MUNITNS PROBLEMS AND QUTNABLE MAND CISNS ST GERMANY THE CHANCE OF A CISIVE OUTE, AND HAD FAILED TO ACHIEVE THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF AVOIDG A LONG, TWO-ONT WAR.[86] THIS AMOUNTED TO A STRATEGIC FEAT; SHORTLY AFTER THE MARNE, CROWN PRCE WILHELM TOLD AN AMERIN REPORTER; "WE HAVE LOST THE WAR. IT WILL GO ON FOR A LONG TIME BUT LOST IS ALREADY."[87]ASIA AND THE PACIFICMA ARTICLE: ASIAN AND PACIFIC THEATRE OF WORLD WAR INEW ZEALAND OCCUPIED GERMAN SAMOA (LATER WTERN SAMOA) ON 30 AUGT 1914. ON 11 SEPTEMBER, THE ATRALIAN NAVAL AND MILARY EXPEDNARY FORCE LAND ON THE ISLAND OF N POMMERN (LATER NEW BRA), WHICH FORMED PART OF GERMAN NEW GUEA. ON 28 OCTOBER, THE GERMAN CISER SMS EMN SANK THE RSIAN CISER ZHEMCHUG THE BATTLE OF PENANG. JAPAN SEIZED GERMANY'S MICRONIAN LONI AND, AFTER THE SIEGE OF TSGTAO, THE GERMAN ALG PORT OF QGDAO ON THE CHE SHANDONG PENSULA. AS VIENNA REFED TO WHDRAW THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN CISER SMS KAISER ELISABETH OM TSGTAO, JAPAN CLARED WAR NOT ONLY ON GERMANY BUT ALSO ON ATRIA-HUNGARY; THE SHIP PARTICIPATED THE FENCE OF TSGTAO WHERE WAS SUNK NOVEMBER 1914.[88] WH A FEW MONTHS, THE ALLIED FORC HAD SEIZED ALL THE GERMAN TERRORI THE PACIFIC; ONLY ISOLATED MERCE RAIRS AND A FEW HOLDOUTS NEW GUEA REMAED.[89][90]WORLD EMPIR AND LONI AROUND 1914AIN MPAIGNSMA ARTICLE: AIN THEATRE OF WORLD WAR ISOME OF THE FIRST CLASH OF THE WAR VOLVED BRISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN LONIAL FORC AI. ON 6–7 AUGT, FRENCH AND BRISH TROOPS VAD THE GERMAN PROTECTORATE OF TOGOLAND AND KAMEN. ON 10 AUGT, GERMAN FORC SOUTH-WT AI ATTACKED SOUTH AI; SPORADIC AND FIERCE FIGHTG NTUED FOR THE RT OF THE WAR. THE GERMAN LONIAL FORC GERMAN EAST AI, LED BY COLONEL PL VON LETTOW-VORBECK, FOUGHT A GUERRILLA WARFARE MPAIGN DURG WORLD WAR I AND ONLY SURRENRED TWO WEEKS AFTER THE ARMISTICE TOOK EFFECT EUROPE.[91]INDIAN SUPPORT FOR THE ALLIMA ARTICLE: INDIAN ARMY DURG WORLD WAR IFURTHER RMATN: HDU–GERMAN CONSPIRACY, NIERMAYER–HENTIG EXPEDN, AND THIRD ANGLO-AFGHAN WARTHE BRISH INDIAN FANTRY DIVISNS WERE WHDRAWN OM FRANCE DECEMBER 1915, AND SENT TO MOPOTAMIAGERMANY ATTEMPTED TO E INDIAN NATNALISM AND PAN-ISLAMISM TO S ADVANTAGE, STIGATG UPRISGS INDIA, AND SENDG A MISSN THAT URGED AFGHANISTAN TO JO THE WAR ON THE SI OF CENTRAL POWERS. HOWEVER, NTRARY TO BRISH FEARS OF A REVOLT INDIA, THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR SAW AN UNPRECENTED OUTPOURG OF LOYALTY AND GOODWILL TOWARDS BRA.[92][93] INDIAN POLIL LEARS OM THE INDIAN NATNAL CONGRS AND OTHER GROUPS WERE EAGER TO SUPPORT THE BRISH WAR EFFORT SCE THEY BELIEVED THAT STRONG SUPPORT FOR THE WAR EFFORT WOULD FURTHER THE E OF INDIAN HOME RULE.[CATN NEED] THE INDIAN ARMY FACT OUTNUMBERED THE BRISH ARMY AT THE BEGNG OF THE WAR; ABOUT 1.3 LN INDIAN SOLDIERS AND LABOURERS SERVED EUROPE, AI, AND THE MIDDLE EAST, WHILE THE CENTRAL ERNMENT AND THE PRCELY STAT SENT LARGE SUPPLI OF FOOD, MONEY, AND AMMUNN. IN ALL, 140,000 MEN SERVED ON THE WTERN FRONT AND NEARLY 700,000 THE MIDDLE EAST. CASUALTI OF INDIAN SOLDIERS TOTALLED 47,746 KILLED AND 65,126 WOUND DURG WORLD WAR I.[94] THE SUFFERG ENGENRED BY THE WAR, AS WELL AS THE FAILURE OF THE BRISH ERNMENT TO GRANT SELF-ERNMENT TO INDIA AFTER THE END OF HOSTILI, BRED DISILLNMENT AND FUELLED THE MPAIGN FOR FULL PENNCE THAT WOULD BE LED BY MOHANDAS K. GANDHI AND OTHERS.[95]WTERN FRONTMA ARTICLE: WTERN FRONT (WORLD WAR I)TRENCH WARFARE BEGSTRENCH OF THE 11TH CHHIRE REGIMENT AT OVILLERS-LA-BOISSELLE, ON THE SOMME, JULY 1916MILARY TACTICS VELOPED BEFORE WORLD WAR I FAILED TO KEEP PACE WH ADVANC TECHNOLOGY AND HAD BEE OBSOLETE. THE ADVANC HAD ALLOWED THE CREATN OF STRONG FENSIVE SYSTEMS, WHICH OUT-OF-DATE ARY TACTICS ULD NOT BREAK THROUGH FOR MOST OF THE WAR. BARBED WIRE WAS A SIGNIFINT HDRANCE TO MASSED FANTRY ADVANC, WHILE ARTILLERY, VASTLY MORE LETHAL THAN THE 1870S, UPLED WH MACHE GUNS, MA CROSSG OPEN GROUND EXTREMELY DIFFICULT.[96] COMMANRS ON BOTH SIS FAILED TO VELOP TACTICS FOR BREACHG ENTRENCHED POSNS WHOUT HEAVY SUALTI. IN TIME, HOWEVER, TECHNOLOGY BEGAN TO PRODUCE NEW OFFENSIVE WEAPONS, SUCH AS GAS WARFARE AND THE TANK.[97]AFTER THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE (5–12 SEPTEMBER 1914), ALLIED AND GERMAN FORC UNSUCCSFULLY TRIED TO OUTFLANK EACH OTHER, A SERI OF MANOVR LATER KNOWN AS THE "RACE TO THE SEA". BY THE END OF 1914, THE OPPOSG FORC WERE LEFT NONTG EACH OTHER ALONG AN UNTERPTED LE OF ENTRENCHED POSNS OM ALSACE TO BELGIUM'S NORTH SEA AST.[15] SCE THE GERMANS WERE ABLE TO CHOOSE WHERE TO STAND, THEY NORMALLY HAD THE ADVANTAGE OF THE HIGH GROUND; ADDN, THEIR TRENCH TEND TO BE BETTER BUILT, SCE ANGLO-FRENCH TRENCH WERE IALLY TEND AS "TEMPORARY," AND WOULD ONLY BE NEED UNTIL THE BREAKG OF GERMAN FENC.[98]BOTH SIS TRIED TO BREAK THE STALEMATE G SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGIL ADVANC. ON 22 APRIL 1915, AT THE SEND BATTLE OF YPR, THE GERMANS (VLATG THE HAGUE CONVENTN) ED CHLORE GAS FOR THE FIRST TIME ON THE WTERN FRONT. SEVERAL TYP OF GAS SOON BEME WILY ED BY BOTH SIS, AND THOUGH NEVER PROVED A CISIVE, BATTLE-WNG WEAPON, POISON GAS BEME ONE OF THE MOST-FEARED AND BT-REMEMBERED HORRORS OF THE WAR.[99][100] TANKS WERE VELOPED BY BRA AND FRANCE AND WERE FIRST ED BAT BY THE BRISH DURG THE BATTLE OF FLERS–COURCELETTE (PART OF THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME) ON 15 SEPTEMBER 1916, WH ONLY PARTIAL SUCCS. HOWEVER, THEIR EFFECTIVENS WOULD GROW AS THE WAR PROGRSED; THE ALLI BUILT TANKS LARGE NUMBERS, WHILST THE GERMANS EMPLOYED ONLY A FEW OF THEIR OWN SIGN, SUPPLEMENTED BY PTURED ALLIED TANKSCONTUATN OF TRENCH WARFAREFRENCH 87TH REGIMENT NEAR VERDUN, 1916NEHER SI PROVED ABLE TO LIVER A CISIVE BLOW FOR THE NEXT TWO YEARS. THROUGHOUT 1915–17, THE BRISH EMPIRE AND FRANCE SUFFERED MORE SUALTI THAN GERMANY, BEE OF BOTH THE STRATEGIC AND TACTIL STANC CHOSEN BY THE SIS. STRATEGILLY, WHILE THE GERMANS MOUNTED ONLY ONE MAJOR OFFENSIVE, THE ALLI MA SEVERAL ATTEMPTS TO BREAK THROUGH THE GERMAN LIN FEBARY 1916 THE GERMANS ATTACKED FRENCH FENSIVE POSNS AT THE BATTLE OF VERDUN, LASTG UNTIL DECEMBER 1916. THE GERMANS MA IAL GAS, BEFORE FRENCH UNTER-ATTACKS RETURNED MATTERS TO NEAR THEIR STARTG POT. CASUALTI WERE GREATER FOR THE FRENCH, BUT THE GERMANS BLED HEAVILY AS WELL, WH ANYWHERE OM 700,000[101] TO 975,000[102] SUALTI SUFFERED BETWEEN THE TWO BATANTS. VERDUN BEME A SYMBOL OF FRENCH TERMATN AND SELF-SACRIFICE.[103]MUD STAED BRISH SOLDIERS AT RTROYAL IRISH RIFL A MUNITNS TRENCH, FIRST DAY ON THE SOMME, 1916FLI AND MAGGOTS ON AD GERMAN SOLDIERS AT SOMME 1916THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME WAS AN ANGLO-FRENCH OFFENSIVE OF JULY TO NOVEMBER 1916. THE OPENG DAY OF THE OFFENSIVE (1 JULY 1916) WAS THE BLOODIT DAY THE HISTORY OF THE BRISH ARMY, SUFFERG 57,470 SUALTI, CLUDG 19,240 AD. THE ENTIRE SOMME OFFENSIVE ST THE BRISH ARMY SOME 420,000 SUALTI. THE FRENCH SUFFERED ANOTHER TIMATED 200,000 SUALTI AND THE GERMANS AN TIMATED 500,000.[104] GUN FIRE WAS NOT THE ONLY FACTOR TAKG LIV; THE DISEAS THAT EMERGED THE TRENCH WERE A MAJOR KILLER ON BOTH SIS. THE LIVG NDNS MA SO THAT UNTLS DISEAS AND FECTNS OCCURRED, SUCH AS TRENCH FOOT, SHELL SHOCK, BLDNS/BURNS OM MTARD GAS, LICE, TRENCH FEVER, "OTI" (BODY LICE) AND THE 'SPANISH FLU'.[105]TO MATA MORALE, WARTIME CENSORS MIMISED EARLY REPORTS OF WISPREAD FLUENZA ILLNS AND MORTALY GERMANY, THE UNED KGDOM, FRANCE, AND THE UNED STAT.[106][107] PAPERS WERE EE TO REPORT THE EPIMIC'S EFFECTS NTRAL SPA (SUCH AS THE GRAVE ILLNS OF KG ALFONSO XIII).[108] THIS CREATED A FALSE IMPRSN OF SPA AS PECIALLY HARD H,[109] THEREBY GIVG RISE TO THE PANMIC'S NICKNAME, "SPANISH FLU".[110]FIL OF SOLDIERS WH RIFL SLUNG FOLLOW CLOSE BEHD A TANK, THERE IS A AD BODY THE FOREGROUNDCANADIAN TROOPS ADVANCG WH A BRISH MARK II TANK AT THE BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE, 1917PROTRACTED ACTN AT VERDUN THROUGHOUT 1916,[111] BED WH THE BLOODLETTG AT THE SOMME, BROUGHT THE EXHSTED FRENCH ARMY TO THE BRK OF LLAPSE. FUTILE ATTEMPTS G ONTAL ASSLT ME AT A HIGH PRICE FOR BOTH THE BRISH AND THE FRENCH AND LED TO THE WISPREAD FRENCH ARMY MUTI, AFTER THE FAILURE OF THE STLY NIVELLE OFFENSIVE OF APRIL–MAY 1917.[112] THE NCURRENT BRISH BATTLE OF ARRAS WAS MORE LIMED SPE, AND MORE SUCCSFUL, ALTHOUGH ULTIMATELY OF LTLE STRATEGIC VALUE.[113][114] A SMALLER PART OF THE ARRAS OFFENSIVE, THE PTURE OF VIMY RIDGE BY THE CANADIAN CORPS, BEME HIGHLY SIGNIFINT TO THAT UNTRY: THE IA THAT CANADA'S NATNAL INTY WAS BORN OUT OF THE BATTLE IS AN OPN WILY HELD ARY AND GENERAL HISTORI OF CANADA.[115][116]THE LAST LARGE-SLE OFFENSIVE OF THIS PERD WAS A BRISH ATTACK (WH FRENCH SUPPORT) AT PASSCHENDAELE (JULY–NOVEMBER 1917). THIS OFFENSIVE OPENED WH GREAT PROMISE FOR THE ALLI, BEFORE BOGGG DOWN THE OCTOBER MUD. CASUALTI, THOUGH DISPUTED, WERE ROUGHLY EQUAL, AT SOME 200,000–400,000 PER SITHE YEARS OF TRENCH WARFARE ON THE WTERN ONT ACHIEVED NO MAJOR EXCHANG OF TERRORY AND, AS A RULT, ARE OFTEN THOUGHT OF AS STATIC AND UNCHANGG. HOWEVER, THROUGHOUT THIS PERD, BRISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN TACTICS NSTANTLY EVOLVED TO MEET NEW BATTLEFIELD CHALLENGNAVAL WARMA ARTICLE: NAVAL WARFARE OF WORLD WAR IKG GEE V (ONT LEFT) AND A GROUP OF OFFICIALS SPECT A BRISH MUNNS FACTORY 1917AT THE START OF THE WAR, THE GERMAN EMPIRE HAD CISERS STTERED ACROSS THE GLOBE, SOME OF WHICH WERE SUBSEQUENTLY ED TO ATTACK ALLIED MERCHANT SHIPPG. THE BRISH ROYAL NAVY SYSTEMATILLY HUNTED THEM DOWN, THOUGH NOT WHOUT SOME EMBARRASSMENT OM S ABILY TO PROTECT ALLIED SHIPPG. BEFORE THE BEGNG OF THE WAR, WAS WILY UNRSTOOD THAT BRA HELD THE POSN OF STRONGT, MOST FLUENTIAL NAVY THE WORLD.[117][UNRELIABLE SOURCE?] THE PUBLISHG OF THE BOOK THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY BY ALED THAYER MAHAN 1890 WAS TEND TO ENURAGE THE UNED STAT TO CREASE S NAVAL POWER. INSTEAD, THIS BOOK MA TO GERMANY AND SPIRED S REARS TO TRY TO OVER-POWER THE BRISH ROYAL NAVY.[118] FOR EXAMPLE, THE GERMAN TACHED LIGHT CISER SMS EMN, PART OF THE EAST ASIA SQUADRON STATNED AT QGDAO, SEIZED OR STROYED 15 MERCHANTMEN, AS WELL AS SKG A RSIAN CISER AND A FRENCH STROYER. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE GERMAN EAST-ASIA SQUADRON—NSISTG OF THE ARMOURED CISERS SMS SCHARNHORST AND GNEISEN, LIGHT CISERS NüRNBERG AND LEIPZIG AND TWO TRANSPORT SHIPS—DID NOT HAVE ORRS TO RAID SHIPPG AND WAS STEAD UNRWAY TO GERMANY WHEN MET BRISH WARSHIPS. THE GERMAN FLOTILLA AND DRN SANK TWO ARMOURED CISERS AT THE BATTLE OF CORONEL, BUT WAS VIRTUALLY STROYED AT THE BATTLE OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS DECEMBER 1914, WH ONLY DRN AND A FEW XILIARI PG, BUT AFTER THE BATTLE OF MáS A TIERRA THE TOO HAD BEEN STROYED OR TERNED.[119]BATTLHIPS OF THE HOCHSEEFLOTTE, 1917U-155 EXHIBED NEAR TOWER BRIDGE LONDON, AFTER THE 1918 ARMISTICESOON AFTER THE OUTBREAK OF HOSTILI, BRA BEGAN A NAVAL BLOCKA OF GERMANY. THE STRATEGY PROVED EFFECTIVE, CUTTG OFF VAL ARY AND CIVILIAN SUPPLI, ALTHOUGH THIS BLOCKA VLATED ACCEPTED TERNATNAL LAW DIFIED BY SEVERAL TERNATNAL AGREEMENTS OF THE PAST TWO CENTURI.[120] BRA MED TERNATNAL WATERS TO PREVENT ANY SHIPS OM ENTERG ENTIRE SECTNS OF OCEAN, G DANGER TO EVEN NTRAL SHIPS.[121] SCE THERE WAS LIMED RPONSE TO THIS TACTIC OF THE BRISH, GERMANY EXPECTED A SIAR RPONSE TO S UNRTRICTED SUBMARE WARFARE.[122]THE BATTLE OF JUTLAND (GERMAN: SKAGERRAKSCHLACHT, OR "BATTLE OF THE SKAGERRAK") MAY/JUNE 1916 VELOPED TO THE LARGT NAVAL BATTLE OF THE WAR. IT WAS THE ONLY FULL-SLE CLASH OF BATTLHIPS DURG THE WAR, AND ONE OF THE LARGT HISTORY. THE KAISERLICHE MARE'S HIGH SEAS FLEET, MAND BY VICE ADMIRAL REHARD SCHEER, FOUGHT THE ROYAL NAVY'S GRAND FLEET, LED BY ADMIRAL SIR JOHN JELLIE. THE ENGAGEMENT WAS A STAND OFF, AS THE GERMANS WERE OUTMANOVRED BY THE LARGER BRISH FLEET, BUT MANAGED TO PE AND FLICTED MORE DAMAGE TO THE BRISH FLEET THAN THEY RECEIVED. STRATEGILLY, HOWEVER, THE BRISH ASSERTED THEIR NTROL OF THE SEA, AND THE BULK OF THE GERMAN SURFACE FLEET REMAED NFED TO PORT FOR THE DURATN OF THE WAR.[123]GERMAN U-BOATS ATTEMPTED TO CUT THE SUPPLY L BETWEEN NORTH AMERI AND BRA.[124] THE NATURE OF SUBMARE WARFARE MEANT THAT ATTACKS OFTEN ME WHOUT WARNG, GIVG THE CREWS OF THE MERCHANT SHIPS LTLE HOPE OF SURVIVAL.[124][125] THE UNED STAT LNCHED A PROTT, AND GERMANY CHANGED S L OF ENGAGEMENT. AFTER THE SKG OF THE PASSENGER SHIP RMS LANIA 1915, GERMANY PROMISED NOT TO TARGET PASSENGER LERS, WHILE BRA ARMED S MERCHANT SHIPS, PLACG THEM BEYOND THE PROTECTN OF THE "CISER L", WHICH MAND WARNG AND MOVEMENT OF CREWS TO "A PLACE OF SAFETY" (A STANDARD THAT LIFEBOATS DID NOT MEET).[126] FALLY, EARLY 1917, GERMANY ADOPTED A POLICY OF UNRTRICTED SUBMARE WARFARE, REALISG THE AMERINS WOULD EVENTUALLY ENTER THE WAR.[124][127] GERMANY SOUGHT TO STRANGLE ALLIED SEA LAN BEFORE THE UNED STAT ULD TRANSPORT A LARGE ARMY OVERSEAS, BUT AFTER IAL SUCCS EVENTUALLY FAILED TO DO SO.[124]THE U-BOAT THREAT LSENED 1917, WHEN MERCHANT SHIPS BEGAN TRAVELLG NVOYS, RTED BY STROYERS. THIS TACTIC MA DIFFICULT FOR U-BOATS TO FD TARGETS, WHICH SIGNIFINTLY LSENED LOSS; AFTER THE HYDROPHONE AND PTH CHARG WERE TRODUCED, ACPANYG STROYERS ULD ATTACK A SUBMERGED SUBMARE WH SOME HOPE OF SUCCS. CONVOYS SLOWED THE FLOW OF SUPPLI SCE SHIPS HAD TO WA AS NVOYS WERE ASSEMBLED. THE SOLUTN TO THE LAYS WAS AN EXTENSIVE PROGRAM OF BUILDG NEW EIGHTERS. TROOPSHIPS WERE TOO FAST FOR THE SUBMAR AND DID NOT TRAVEL THE NORTH ATLANTIC NVOYS.[128] THE U-BOATS HAD SUNK MORE THAN 5,000 ALLIED SHIPS, AT A ST OF 199 SUBMAR.[129]WORLD WAR I ALSO SAW THE FIRST E OF AIRCRAFT RRIERS BAT, WH HMS FUR LNCHG SOPWH CAMELS A SUCCSFUL RAID AGAST THE ZEPPEL HANGARS AT TONRN JULY 1918, AS WELL AS BLIMPS FOR ANTISUBMARE PATROL.[130]SOUTHERN THEATRWAR THE BALKANSMA ARTICL: BALKANS CAMPAIGN (WORLD WAR I), BULGARIA DURG WORLD WAR I, SERBIAN CAMPAIGN (WORLD WAR I), AND MACEDONIAN ONTREFUGEE TRANSPORT OM SERBIA LEIBNZ, STYRIA, 1914BULGARIAN SOLDIERS A TRENCH, PREPARG TO FIRE AGAST AN G AEROPLANEATRO-HUNGARIAN TROOPS EXECUTG PTURED SERBIANS, 1917. SERBIA LOST ABOUT 850,000 PEOPLE DURG THE WAR, A QUARTER OF S PRE-WAR POPULATN.[131]FACED WH RSIA THE EAST, ATRIA-HUNGARY ULD SPARE ONLY ONE-THIRD OF S ARMY TO ATTACK SERBIA. AFTER SUFFERG HEAVY LOSS, THE ATRIANS BRIEFLY OCCUPIED THE SERBIAN PAL, BELGRA. A SERBIAN UNTER-ATTACK THE BATTLE OF KOLUBARA SUCCEED DRIVG THEM OM THE UNTRY BY THE END OF 1914. FOR THE FIRST TEN MONTHS OF 1915, ATRIA-HUNGARY ED MOST OF S ARY RERV TO FIGHT ITALY. GERMAN AND ATRO-HUNGARIAN DIPLOMATS, HOWEVER, SRED A UP BY PERSUADG BULGARIA TO JO THE ATTACK ON SERBIA.[132] THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN PROVC OF SLOVENIA, CROATIA AND BOSNIA PROVID TROOPS FOR ATRIA-HUNGARY THE FIGHT WH SERBIA, RSIA AND ITALY. MONTENEGRO ALLIED SELF WH SERBIA.[133]BULGARIA CLARED WAR ON SERBIA ON 12 OCTOBER 1915 AND JOED THE ATTACK BY THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY UNR MACKENSEN'S ARMY OF 250,000 THAT WAS ALREADY UNRWAY. SERBIA WAS NQUERED A LTLE MORE THAN A MONTH, AS THE CENTRAL POWERS, NOW CLUDG BULGARIA, SENT 600,000 TROOPS TOTAL. THE SERBIAN ARMY, FIGHTG ON TWO ONTS AND FACG CERTA FEAT, RETREATED TO NORTHERN ALBANIA. THE SERBS SUFFERED FEAT THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO. MONTENEGRO VERED THE SERBIAN RETREAT TOWARDS THE ADRIATIC AST THE BATTLE OF MOJKOVAC 6–7 JANUARY 1916, BUT ULTIMATELY THE ATRIANS ALSO NQUERED MONTENEGRO. THE SURVIVG SERBIAN SOLDIERS WERE EVACUATED BY SHIP TO GREECE.[134] AFTER NQUT, SERBIA WAS DIVID BETWEEN ATRO-HUNGARY AND BULGARIA.[135]IN LATE 1915, A FRAN-BRISH FORCE LAND AT SALONI GREECE TO OFFER ASSISTANCE AND TO PRSURE S ERNMENT TO CLARE WAR AGAST THE CENTRAL POWERS. HOWEVER, THE PRO-GERMAN KG CONSTANTE I DISMISSED THE PRO-ALLIED ERNMENT OF ELEFTHERS VENIZELOS BEFORE THE ALLIED EXPEDNARY FORCE ARRIVED.[136] THE ICTN BETWEEN THE KG OF GREECE AND THE ALLI NTUED TO ACCUMULATE WH THE NATNAL SCHISM, WHICH EFFECTIVELY DIVID GREECE BETWEEN REGNS STILL LOYAL TO THE KG AND THE NEW PROVISNAL ERNMENT OF VENIZELOS SALONI. AFTER TENSE NEGOTIATNS AND AN ARMED NONTATN ATHENS BETWEEN ALLIED AND ROYALIST FORC (AN CINT KNOWN AS NOEMVRIANA), THE KG OF GREECE RIGNED AND HIS SEND SON ALEXANR TOOK HIS PLACE; GREECE OFFICIALLY JOED THE WAR ON THE SI OF THE ALLI JUNE 1917THE MACEDONIAN ONT WAS IALLY MOSTLY STATIC. FRENCH AND SERBIAN FORC RETOOK LIMED AREAS OF MACEDONIA BY REPTURG BOLA ON 19 NOVEMBER 1916 FOLLOWG THE STLY MONASTIR OFFENSIVE, WHICH BROUGHT STABILISATN OF THE ONT.[137]SERBIAN AND FRENCH TROOPS FALLY MA A BREAKTHROUGH SEPTEMBER 1918 THE VARDAR OFFENSIVE, AFTER MOST OF THE GERMAN AND ATRO-HUNGARIAN TROOPS HAD BEEN WHDRAWN. THE BULGARIANS WERE FEATED AT THE BATTLE OF DOBRO POLE, AND BY 25 SEPTEMBER BRISH AND FRENCH TROOPS HAD CROSSED THE BORR TO BULGARIA PROPER AS THE BULGARIAN ARMY LLAPSED. BULGARIA PULATED FOUR DAYS LATER, ON 29 SEPTEMBER 1918.[138] THE GERMAN HIGH MAND RPOND BY SPATCHG TROOPS TO HOLD THE LE, BUT THE FORC WERE FAR TOO WEAK TO RE-TABLISH A ONT.[139]THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE MACEDONIAN ONT MEANT THAT THE ROAD TO BUDAPT AND VIENNA WAS NOW OPENED TO ALLIED FORC. HNBURG AND LUNDORFF NCLUD THAT THE STRATEGIC AND OPERATNAL BALANCE HAD NOW SHIFTED CIDLY AGAST THE CENTRAL POWERS AND, A DAY AFTER THE BULGARIAN LLAPSE, SISTED ON AN IMMEDIATE PEACE SETTLEMENT.[140]OTTOMAN EMPIREMA ARTICLE: HISTORY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURG WORLD WAR ISEE ALSO: MIDDLE EASTERN THEATRE OF WORLD WAR IATRALIAN TROOPS CHARGG NEAR A TURKISH TRENCH DURG THE GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGNTHE OTTOMANS THREATENED RSIA'S CSIAN TERRORI AND BRA'S MUNITNS WH INDIA VIA THE SUEZ CANAL. AS THE NFLICT PROGRSED, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE EUROPEAN POWERS' PREOCCUPATN WH THE WAR AND NDUCTED LARGE-SLE ETHNIC CLEANSG OF THE DIGENO ARMENIAN, GREEK, AND ASSYRIAN CHRISTIAN POPULATNS, KNOWN AS THE ARMENIAN GENOCI, GREEK GENOCI, AND ASSYRIAN GENOCI.[141][142][143]THE BRISH AND FRENCH OPENED OVERSEAS ONTS WH THE GALLIPOLI (1915) AND MOPOTAMIAN MPAIGNS (1914). IN GALLIPOLI, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE SUCCSFULLY REPELLED THE BRISH, FRENCH, AND ATRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ARMY CORPS (ANZACS). IN MOPOTAMIA, BY NTRAST, AFTER THE FEAT OF THE BRISH FENRS THE SIEGE OF KUT BY THE OTTOMANS (1915–16), BRISH IMPERIAL FORC REANISED AND PTURED BAGHDAD MARCH 1917. THE BRISH WERE AID MOPOTAMIA BY LOL ARAB AND ASSYRIAN TRIBMEN, WHILE THE OTTOMANS EMPLOYED LOL KURDISH AND TURAN TRIB.[144]MEHMED V GREETG WILHELM II ON HIS ARRIVAL AT CONSTANTOPLEFURTHER TO THE WT, THE SUEZ CANAL WAS FEND OM OTTOMAN ATTACKS 1915 AND 1916; AUGT, A GERMAN AND OTTOMAN FORCE WAS FEATED AT THE BATTLE OF ROMANI BY THE ANZAC MOUNTED DIVISN AND THE 52ND (LOWLAND) INFANTRY DIVISN. FOLLOWG THIS VICTORY, AN EGYPTIAN EXPEDNARY FORCE ADVANCED ACROSS THE SAI PENSULA, PHG OTTOMAN FORC BACK THE BATTLE OF MAGDHABA DECEMBER AND THE BATTLE OF RAFA ON THE BORR BETWEEN THE EGYPTIAN SAI AND OTTOMAN PALTE JANUARY 1917.[145]RSIAN ARMI GENERALLY HAD SUCCS THE CS MPAIGN. ENVER PASHA, SUPREME MANR OF THE OTTOMAN ARMED FORC, WAS AMB AND DREAMED OF RE-NQUERG CENTRAL ASIA AND AREAS THAT HAD BEEN LOST TO RSIA PREVLY. HE WAS, HOWEVER, A POOR MANR.[146] HE LNCHED AN OFFENSIVE AGAST THE RSIANS THE CS DECEMBER 1914 WH 100,000 TROOPS, SISTG ON A ONTAL ATTACK AGAST MOUNTAO RSIAN POSNS WTER. HE LOST 86% OF HIS FORCE AT THE BATTLE OF SARIKAMISH.[147]KAISER WILHELM II SPECTG TURKISH TROOPS OF THE 15TH CORPS EAST GALICIA, ATRIA-HUNGARY (NOW POLAND). PRCE LEOPOLD OF BAVARIA, THE SUPREME COMMANR OF THE GERMAN ARMY ON THE EASTERN FRONT, IS SEND OM THE LEFTTHE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, WH GERMAN SUPPORT, VAD PERSIA (MORN IRAN) DECEMBER 1914 AN EFFORT TO CUT OFF BRISH AND RSIAN ACCS TO PETROLM RERVOIRS AROUND BAKU NEAR THE CASPIAN SEA.[148] PERSIA, OSTENSIBLY NTRAL, HAD LONG BEEN UNR THE SPHER OF BRISH AND RSIAN FLUENCE. THE OTTOMANS AND GERMANS WERE AID BY KURDISH AND AZERI FORC, TOGETHER WH A LARGE NUMBER OF MAJOR IRANIAN TRIB, SUCH AS THE QASHQAI, TANGISTANIS, LURISTANIS, AND KHAMSEH, WHILE THE RSIANS AND BRISH HAD THE SUPPORT OF ARMENIAN AND ASSYRIAN FORC. THE PERSIAN CAMPAIGN WAS TO LAST UNTIL 1918 AND END FAILURE FOR THE OTTOMANS AND THEIR ALLI. HOWEVER, THE RSIAN WHDRAWAL OM THE WAR 1917 LED TO ARMENIAN AND ASSYRIAN FORC, WHO HAD HHERTO FLICTED A SERI OF FEATS UPON THE FORC OF THE OTTOMANS AND THEIR ALLI, BEG CUT OFF OM SUPPLY L, OUTNUMBERED, OUTGUNNED AND ISOLATED, FORCG THEM TO FIGHT AND FLEE TOWARDS BRISH L NORTHERN MOPOTAMIA.[149]RSIAN FORT TRENCH AT THE BATTLE OF SARIKAMISH, 1914–1915GENERAL YUNICH, THE RSIAN MANR OM 1915 TO 1916, DROVE THE TURKS OUT OF MOST OF THE SOUTHERN CS WH A STRG OF VICTORI.[147] DURG THE 1916 MPAIGN, THE RSIANS FEATED THE TURKS THE ERZUM OFFENSIVE, ALSO OCCUPYG TRABZON. IN 1917, RSIAN GRAND DE NICHOLAS ASSUMED MAND OF THE CS ONT. NICHOLAS PLANNED A RAILWAY OM RSIAN GEIA TO THE NQUERED TERRORI SO THAT H SUPPLI ULD BE BROUGHT UP FOR A NEW OFFENSIVE 1917. HOWEVER, MARCH 1917 (FEBARY THE PRE-REVOLUTNARY RSIAN LENDAR), THE TSAR ABDITED THE URSE OF THE FEBARY REVOLUTN, AND THE RSIAN CS ARMY BEGAN TO FALL APARTTHE ARAB REVOLT, STIGATED BY THE ARAB BURE OF THE BRISH FOREIGN OFFICE, STARTED JUNE 1916 WH THE BATTLE OF MEC, LED BY SHERIF HSE OF MEC, AND END WH THE OTTOMAN SURRENR OF DAMASC. FAKHRI PASHA, THE OTTOMAN MANR OF MEDA, RISTED FOR MORE THAN TWO AND HALF YEARS DURG THE SIEGE OF MEDA BEFORE SURRENRG JANUARY 1919.[150]THE SENSI TRIBE, ALONG THE BORR OF ITALIAN LIBYA AND BRISH EGYPT, CED AND ARMED BY THE TURKS, WAGED A SMALL-SLE GUERRILLA WAR AGAST ALLIED TROOPS. THE BRISH WERE FORCED TO DISPATCH 12,000 TROOPS TO OPPOSE THEM THE SENSI CAMPAIGN. THEIR REBELLN WAS FALLY CSHED MID-1916.[151]TOTAL ALLIED SUALTI ON THE OTTOMAN ONTS AMOUNTED 650,000 MEN. TOTAL OTTOMAN SUALTI WERE 725,000 (325,000 AD AND 400,000 WOUND).[152]ITALIAN PARTICIPATNMA ARTICL: ITALIAN FRONT (WORLD WAR I) AND MILARY HISTORY OF ITALY DURG WORLD WAR ISEE ALSO: ALBANIA DURG WORLD WAR IA PRO-WAR MONSTRATN BOLOGNA, ITALY, 1914ITALY HAD BEEN ALLIED WH THE GERMAN AND ATRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIR SCE 1882 AS PART OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. HOWEVER, THE NATN HAD S OWN SIGNS ON ATRO-HUNGARIAN TERRORY TRENTO, THE ATRIAN LTORAL, FIUME (RIJEKA) AND DALMATIA. ROME HAD A SECRET 1902 PACT WH FRANCE, EFFECTIVELY NULLIFYG S PART THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE;[153] ITALY SECRETLY AGREED WH FRANCE TO REMA NTRAL IF THE LATTER WAS ATTACKED BY GERMANY.[17] AT THE START OF HOSTILI, ITALY REFED TO M TROOPS, ARGUG THAT THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE WAS FENSIVE AND THAT ATRIA-HUNGARY WAS AN AGGRSOR. THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN ERNMENT BEGAN NEGOTIATNS TO SECURE ITALIAN NTRALY, OFFERG THE FRENCH LONY OF TUNISIA RETURN. THE ALLI MA A UNTER-OFFER WHICH ITALY WOULD RECEIVE THE SOUTHERN TYROL, ATRIAN LTORAL AND TERRORY ON THE DALMATIAN AST AFTER THE FEAT OF ATRIA-HUNGARY. THIS WAS FORMALISED BY THE TREATY OF LONDON. FURTHER ENURAGED BY THE ALLIED VASN OF TURKEY APRIL 1915, ITALY JOED THE TRIPLE ENTENTE AND CLARED WAR ON ATRIA-HUNGARY ON 23 MAY. FIFTEEN MONTHS LATER, ITALY CLARED WAR ON GERMANY.[154]ATRO-HUNGARIAN TROOPS, TYROLTHE ITALIANS HAD NUMERIL SUPERRY, BUT THIS ADVANTAGE WAS LOST, NOT ONLY BEE OF THE DIFFICULT TERRA WHICH THE FIGHTG TOOK PLACE, BUT ALSO BEE OF THE STRATEGI AND TACTICS EMPLOYED.[155] FIELD MARSHAL LUIGI CADORNA, A STNCH PROPONENT OF THE ONTAL ASSLT, HAD DREAMS OF BREAKG TO THE SLOVENIAN PLATE, TAKG LJUBLJANA AND THREATENG VIENNAON THE TRENTO ONT, THE ATRO-HUNGARIANS TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE MOUNTAO TERRA, WHICH FAVOURED THE FENR. AFTER AN IAL STRATEGIC RETREAT, THE ONT REMAED LARGELY UNCHANGED, WHILE ATRO-HUNGARIAN KAISERJäGER, KAISERSCHüTZEN AND STANDSCHüTZEN ENGAGED ITALIAN ALPI BTER HAND-TO-HAND BAT THROUGHOUT THE SUMMER. IN THE ALPE AND DOLOME ONTS, THE MA BATTLE LE LED THROUGH ROCK AND ICE AND OFTEN TO AN ALTU OF OVER 3000M. THE SOLDIERS WERE THREATENED NOT ONLY BY THE ENEMY BUT PECIALLY WTER BY THE FORC OF NATURE AND THE DIFFICULT SUPPLY. THE FIGHTG LED TO THE FORMATN OF SPECIAL UNS WH MOUNTA GUIS AND NEW BAT TACTICS. THE ATRO-HUNGARIANS UNTERATTACKED THE ALTOPIANO OF ASIAGO, TOWARDS VERONA AND PADUA, THE SPRG OF 1916 (STRAFEXPEDN), BUT MA LTLE PROGRS AND WERE FEATED BY THE ITALIANS.[156]BEGNG 1915, THE ITALIANS UNR CADORNA MOUNTED ELEVEN OFFENSIV ON THE ISONZO ONT ALONG THE ISONZO (SOčA) RIVER, NORTHEAST OF TRITE. OF THE ELEVEN OFFENSIV, FIVE WERE WON BY ITALY, THREE REMAED NCLIVE, AND THE OTHER THREE WERE REPELLED BY THE ATRO-HUNGARIANS, WHO HELD THE HIGHER GROUND. IN THE SUMMER OF 1916, AFTER THE BATTLE OF DOBERDò, THE ITALIANS PTURED THE TOWN OF GORIZIA. AFTER THIS VICTORY, THE ONT REMAED STATIC FOR OVER A YEAR, SPE SEVERAL ITALIAN OFFENSIV, CENTRED ON THE BANJšICE AND KARST PLATE EAST OF GORIZIADEPICTN OF THE BATTLE OF DOBERDò, FOUGHT AUGT 1916 BETWEEN THE ITALIAN AND THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN ARMITHE CENTRAL POWERS LNCHED A CSHG OFFENSIVE ON 26 OCTOBER 1917, SPEARHEAD BY THE GERMANS, AND ACHIEVED A VICTORY AT CAPORETTO (KOBARID). THE ITALIAN ARMY WAS ROUTED AND RETREATED MORE THAN 100 KILOMETR (62 MI) TO REANISE. THE NEW ITALIAN CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMANDO DIAZ, ORRED THE ARMY TO STOP THEIR RETREAT AND FEND THE MONTE GRAPPA SUMM, WHERE FORTIFIED FENC WERE NSTCTED; THE ITALIANS REPELLED THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN AND GERMAN ARMY, AND STABILISED THE ONT AT THE PIAVE RIVER. SCE THE ITALIAN ARMY HAD SUFFERED HEAVY LOSS THE BATTLE OF CAPORETTO, THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENT ORRED NSCRIPTN OF THE SO-LLED '99 BOYS (RAGAZZI L '99): ALL MAL BORN 1899 AND PRR, WHO WERE 18 YEARS OLD OR OLR. IN 1918, THE ATRO-HUNGARIANS FAILED TO BREAK THROUGH A SERI OF BATTL ON THE PIAVE AND WERE FALLY CISIVELY FEATED THE BATTLE OF VTOR VEO OCTOBER. ON 1 NOVEMBER, THE ITALIAN NAVY STROYED MUCH OF THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN FLEET STATNED PULA, PREVENTG OM BEG HAND OVER TO THE NEW STATE OF SLOVEN, CROATS AND SERBS. ON 3 NOVEMBER, THE ITALIANS VAD TRITE OM THE SEA. ON THE SAME DAY, THE ARMISTICE OF VILLA GITI WAS SIGNED. BY MID-NOVEMBER 1918, THE ITALIAN ARY OCCUPIED THE ENTIRE FORMER ATRIAN LTORAL AND HAD SEIZED NTROL OF THE PORTN OF DALMATIA THAT HAD BEEN GUARANTEED TO ITALY BY THE LONDON PACT.[157] BY THE END OF HOSTILI NOVEMBER 1918,[158] ADMIRAL ENRI MILLO CLARED HIMSELF ITALY'S GOVERNOR OF DALMATIA.[158] ATRIA-HUNGARY SURRENRED ON 11 NOVEMBER 1918.[159][160]ROMANIAN PARTICIPATNMA ARTICLE: ROMANIA DURG WORLD WAR IMARSHAL JOFE SPECTG ROMANIAN TROOPS, 1916ROMANIA HAD BEEN ALLIED WH THE CENTRAL POWERS SCE 1882. WHEN THE WAR BEGAN, HOWEVER, CLARED S NTRALY, ARGUG THAT BEE ATRIA-HUNGARY HAD CLARED WAR ON SERBIA, ROMANIA WAS UNR NO OBLIGATN TO JO THE WAR. ON 4 AUGT 1916, ROMANIA AND THE ENTENTE SIGNED THE POLIL TREATY AND MILARY CONVENTN, THAT TABLISHED THE ORDAT OF ROMANIA'S PARTICIPATN THE WAR. IN RETURN, RECEIVED THE ALLI' FORMAL SANCTN FOR TRANSYLVANIA, BANAT AND OTHER TERRORI OF ATRIA-HUNGARY TO BE ANNEXED TO ROMANIA. THE ACTN HAD LARGE POPULAR SUPPORT.[161] ON 27 AUGT 1916, THE ROMANIAN ARMY LNCHED AN ATTACK AGAST ATRIA-HUNGARY, WH LIMED RSIAN SUPPORT. THE ROMANIAN OFFENSIVE WAS IALLY SUCCSFUL TRANSYLVANIA, BUT A CENTRAL POWERS UNTERATTACK DROVE THEM BACK.[162] AS A RULT OF THE BATTLE OF BUCHART, THE CENTRAL POWERS OCCUPIED BUCHART ON 6 DECEMBER 1916. FIGHTG MOLDOVA NTUED 1917, BUT RSIAN WHDRAWAL OM THE WAR LATE 1917 AS A RULT OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTN MEANT THAT ROMANIA WAS FORCED TO SIGN AN ARMISTICE WH THE CENTRAL POWERS ON 9 DECEMBER 1917.[163]ROMANIAN TROOPS DURG THE BATTLE OF MăRăşEşTI, 1917IN JANUARY 1918, ROMANIAN FORC TABLISHED NTROL OVER BSARABIA AS THE RSIAN ARMY ABANDONED THE PROVCE. ALTHOUGH A TREATY WAS SIGNED BY THE ROMANIAN AND BOLSHEVIK RSIAN ERNMENTS FOLLOWG TALKS BETWEEN 5 AND 9 MARCH 1918 ON THE WHDRAWAL OF ROMANIAN FORC OM BSARABIA WH TWO MONTHS, ON 27 MARCH 1918 ROMANIA FORMALLY ATTACHED BSARABIA, HABED BY A ROMANIAN MAJORY, TO S TERRORY, BASED ON A ROLUTN PASSED BY THE LOL ASSEMBLY OF THAT TERRORY ON S UNIFITN WH ROMANIA.[164]ROMANIA OFFICIALLY MA PEACE WH THE CENTRAL POWERS BY SIGNG THE TREATY OF BUCHART ON 7 MAY 1918. UNR THE TREATY, ROMANIA WAS OBLIGED TO END THE WAR WH THE CENTRAL POWERS AND MAKE SMALL TERRORIAL NCSNS TO ATRIA-HUNGARY, CEDG NTROL OF SOME PASS THE CARPATHIAN MOUNTAS, AND TO GRANT OIL NCSNS TO GERMANY. IN EXCHANGE, THE CENTRAL POWERS REGNISED THE SOVEREIGNTY OF ROMANIA OVER BSARABIA. THE TREATY WAS RENOUNCED OCTOBER 1918 BY THE ALEXAND MARGHILOMAN ERNMENT, AND ROMANIA NOMALLY RE-ENTERED THE WAR ON 10 NOVEMBER 1918 AGAST THE CENTRAL POWERS. THE NEXT DAY, THE TREATY OF BUCHART WAS NULLIFIED BY THE TERMS OF THE ARMISTICE OF COMPIèGNE.[165][166] TOTAL ROMANIAN ATHS OM 1914 TO 1918, ARY AND CIVILIAN, WH NTEMPORARY BORRS, WERE TIMATED AT 748,000.[167]EASTERN FRONTMA ARTICLE: EASTERN FRONT (WORLD WAR I)INIAL ACTNSEMPEROR NICHOLAS II AND COMMANR--CHIEF NIKOLAI NIKOLAEVICH THE PTURED PRZEMYSL. THE RSIAN SIEGE OF PRZEMYśL WAS THE LONGT SIEGE OF THE WARRSIAN PLANS FOR THE START OF THE WAR LLED FOR SIMULTANEO VASNS OF ATRIAN GALICIA AND EAST PSSIA. ALTHOUGH RSIA'S IAL ADVANCE TO GALICIA WAS LARGELY SUCCSFUL, WAS DRIVEN BACK OM EAST PSSIA BY HNBURG AND LUNDORFF AT THE BATTL OF TANNENBERG AND THE MASURIAN LAK AUGT AND SEPTEMBER 1914.[168][169] RSIA'S LS VELOPED DTRIAL BASE AND EFFECTIVE ARY LEARSHIP WERE STMENTAL THE EVENTS THAT UNFOLD. BY THE SPRG OF 1915, THE RSIANS HAD RETREATED OM GALICIA, AND, MAY, THE CENTRAL POWERS ACHIEVED A REMARKABLE BREAKTHROUGH ON POLAND'S SOUTHERN ONTIERS WH THEIR GORLICE–TARNóW OFFENSIVE.[170] ON 5 AUGT, THEY PTURED WARSAW AND FORCED THE RSIANS TO WHDRAW OM POLANDDPE RSIA'S SUCCS THE JUNE 1916 BSILOV OFFENSIVE AGAST THE ATRIANS EASTERN GALICIA,[171] THE OFFENSIVE WAS UNRMED BY THE RELUCTANCE OF OTHER RSIAN GENERALS TO M THEIR FORC TO SUPPORT THE VICTORY. ALLIED AND RSIAN FORC WERE REVIVED ONLY BRIEFLY BY ROMANIA'S ENTRY TO THE WAR ON 27 AUGT, AS ROMANIA WAS RAPIDLY FEATED BY A CENTRAL POWERS OFFENSIVE. MEANWHILE, UNRT GREW RSIA AS THE TSAR REMAED AT THE ONT. THE CREASGLY PETENT LE OF EMPRS ALEXANDRA DREW PROTTS AND RULTED THE MURR OF HER FAVOURE, RASPUT, AT THE END OF 1916RSIAN REVOLUTNMA ARTICLE: RSIAN REVOLUTNTERRORY LOST UNR THE TREATY OF BRT-LOVSKIN MARCH 1917, MONSTRATNS PETROGRAD CULMATED THE ABDITN OF TSAR NICHOLAS II AND THE APPOTMENT OF A WEAK PROVISNAL GOVERNMENT, WHICH SHARED POWER WH THE PETROGRAD SOVIET SOCIALISTS. THIS ARRANGEMENT LED TO NFN AND CHAOS BOTH AT THE ONT AND AT HOME. THE ARMY BEME CREASGLY EFFECTIVE.[172]FOLLOWG THE TSAR'S ABDITN, VLADIMIR LEN—WH THE HELP OF THE GERMAN ERNMENT—WAS HERED BY TRA OM SWZERLAND TO RSIA 16 APRIL 1917.[173] DISNTENT AND THE WEAKNS OF THE PROVISNAL GOVERNMENT LED TO A RISE THE POPULARY OF THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY, LED BY LEN, WHICH MAND AN IMMEDIATE END TO THE WAR. THE REVOLUTN OF NOVEMBER WAS FOLLOWED DECEMBER BY AN ARMISTICE AND NEGOTIATNS WH GERMANY. AT FIRST, THE BOLSHEVIKS REFED THE GERMAN TERMS, BUT WHEN GERMAN TROOPS BEGAN MARCHG ACROSS UKRAE UNOPPOSED, THE NEW ERNMENT ACCED TO THE TREATY OF BRT-LOVSK ON 3 MARCH 1918. THE TREATY CED VAST TERRORI, CLUDG FLAND, THE BALTIC PROVC, PARTS OF POLAND AND UKRAE TO THE CENTRAL POWERS.[174] DPE THIS ENORMO GERMAN SUCCS, THE MANPOWER REQUIRED BY THE GERMANS TO OCCUPY THE PTURED TERRORY MAY HAVE NTRIBUTED TO THE FAILURE OF THEIR SPRG OFFENSIVE, AND SECURED RELATIVELY LTLE FOOD OR OTHER MATERIEL FOR THE CENTRAL POWERS WAR EFFORTTHE FNISH CIVIL WAR WAS FOUGHT NEAR THE END OF THE WORLD WAR I.[175] GERMAN ARTILLERY MALMI DURG THE BATTLE OF HELSKI ON 12 APRIL 1918WH THE ADOPTN OF THE TREATY OF BRT-LOVSK, THE ENTENTE NO LONGER EXISTED. THE ALLIED POWERS LED A SMALL-SLE VASN OF RSIA, PARTLY TO STOP GERMANY OM EXPLOG RSIAN ROURC, AND TO A LSER EXTENT, TO SUPPORT THE "WH" (AS OPPOSED TO THE "REDS") THE RSIAN CIVIL WAR.[176] ALLIED TROOPS LAND ARKHANGELSK AND VLADIVOSTOK AS PART OF THE NORTH RSIA INTERVENTNCZECHOSLOVAK LEGNMA ARTICLE: CZECHOSLOVAK LEGNCZECHOSLOVAK LEGN, VLADIVOSTOK, 1918THE CZECHOSLOVAK LEGN FOUGHT ON THE SI OF THE ENTENTE. ITS GOAL WAS TO W SUPPORT FOR THE PENNCE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA. THE LEGN RSIA WAS TABLISHED SEPTEMBER 1914, DECEMBER 1917 FRANCE (CLUDG VOLUNTEERS OM AMERI) AND APRIL 1918 ITALY. CZECHOSLOVAK LEGN TROOPS FEATED THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY AT THE UKRAIAN VILLAGE OF ZBOROV, JULY 1917. AFTER THIS SUCCS, THE NUMBER OF CZECHOSLOVAK LEGNARI CREASED, AS WELL AS CZECHOSLOVAK ARY POWER. IN THE BATTLE OF BAKHMACH, THE LEGN FEATED THE GERMANS AND FORCED THEM TO MAKE A TCEIN RSIA, THEY WERE HEAVILY VOLVED THE RSIAN CIVIL WAR, SIDG WH THE WH AGAST THE BOLSHEVIKS, AT TIM NTROLLG MOST OF THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY AND NQUERG ALL THE MAJOR CI OF SIBERIA. THE PRENCE OF THE CZECHOSLOVAK LEGN NEAR YEKATERBURG APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE MOTIVATNS FOR THE BOLSHEVIK EXECUTN OF THE TSAR AND HIS FAY JULY 1918. LEGNARI ARRIVED LS THAN A WEEK AFTERWARDS AND PTURED THE CY. BEE RSIA'S EUROPEAN PORTS WERE NOT SAFE, THE RPS WAS EVACUATED BY A LONG TOUR VIA THE PORT OF VLADIVOSTOK. THE LAST TRANSPORT WAS THE AMERIN SHIP HEFON SEPTEMBER 1920CENTRAL POWERS PEACE OVERTUR"THEY SHALL NOT PASS", A PHRASE TYPILLY ASSOCIATED WH THE FENCE OF VERDUNON 12 DECEMBER 1916, AFTER TEN BTAL MONTHS OF THE BATTLE OF VERDUN AND A SUCCSFUL OFFENSIVE AGAST ROMANIA, GERMANY ATTEMPTED TO NEGOTIATE A PEACE WH THE ALLI.[177] HOWEVER, THIS ATTEMPT WAS REJECTED OUT OF HAND AS A "DUPLICO WAR SE".[177]SOON AFTER, THE US PRINT, WOODROW WILSON, ATTEMPTED TO TERVENE AS A PEACEMAKER, ASKG A NOTE FOR BOTH SIS TO STATE THEIR MANDS. LLOYD GEE'S WAR CABET NSIRED THE GERMAN OFFER TO BE A PLOY TO CREATE DIVISNS AMONGST THE ALLI. AFTER IAL OUTRAGE AND MUCH LIBERATN, THEY TOOK WILSON'S NOTE AS A SEPARATE EFFORT, SIGNALLG THAT THE UNED STAT WAS ON THE VERGE OF ENTERG THE WAR AGAST GERMANY FOLLOWG THE "SUBMARE OUTRAG". WHILE THE ALLI BATED A RPONSE TO WILSON'S OFFER, THE GERMANS CHOSE TO REBUFF FAVOUR OF "A DIRECT EXCHANGE OF VIEWS". LEARNG OF THE GERMAN RPONSE, THE ALLIED ERNMENTS WERE EE TO MAKE CLEAR MANDS THEIR RPONSE OF 14 JANUARY. THEY SOUGHT RTORATN OF DAMAG, THE EVACUATN OF OCCUPIED TERRORI, REPARATNS FOR FRANCE, RSIA AND ROMANIA, AND A REGNN OF THE PRCIPLE OF NATNALI.[178] THIS CLUD THE LIBERATN OF ITALIANS, SLAVS, ROMANIANS, CZECHO-SLOVAKS, AND THE CREATN OF A "EE AND UNED POLAND".[178] ON THE QUTN OF SECURY, THE ALLI SOUGHT GUARANTE THAT WOULD PREVENT OR LIM FUTURE WARS, PLETE WH SANCTNS, AS A NDN OF ANY PEACE SETTLEMENT.[179] THE NEGOTIATNS FAILED AND THE ENTENTE POWERS REJECTED THE GERMAN OFFER ON THE GROUNDS THAT GERMANY HAD NOT PUT FORWARD ANY SPECIFIC PROPOSALS1917–1918EVENTS OF 1917 PROVED CISIVE ENDG THE WAR, ALTHOUGH THEIR EFFECTS WERE NOT FULLY FELT UNTIL 1918DEVELOPMENTS 1917FRENCH ARMY LOOKOUT AT HIS OBSERVATN POST, HT-RH, FRANCE, 1917THE BRISH NAVAL BLOCKA BEGAN TO HAVE A SER IMPACT ON GERMANY. IN RPONSE, FEBARY 1917, THE GERMAN GENERAL STAFF NVCED CHANCELLOR THEOBALD VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG TO CLARE UNRTRICTED SUBMARE WARFARE, WH THE GOAL OF STARVG BRA OUT OF THE WAR. GERMAN PLANNERS TIMATED THAT UNRTRICTED SUBMARE WARFARE WOULD ST BRA A MONTHLY SHIPPG LOSS OF 600,000 TONS. THE GENERAL STAFF ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THE POLICY WOULD ALMOST CERTALY BRG THE UNED STAT TO THE NFLICT, BUT LCULATED THAT BRISH SHIPPG LOSS WOULD BE SO HIGH THAT THEY WOULD BE FORCED TO SUE FOR PEACE AFTER FIVE TO SIX MONTHS, BEFORE AMERIN TERVENTN ULD HAVE AN EFFECT. TONNAGE SUNK ROSE ABOVE 500,000 TONS PER MONTH OM FEBARY TO JULY. IT PEAKED AT 860,000 TONS APRIL. AFTER JULY, THE NEWLY RE-TRODUCED NVOY SYSTEM BEME EFFECTIVE RCG THE U-BOAT THREAT. BRA WAS SAFE OM STARVATN, WHILE GERMAN DTRIAL OUTPUT FELL, AND THE UNED STAT JOED THE WAR FAR EARLIER THAN GERMANY HAD ANTICIPATEDON 3 MAY 1917, DURG THE NIVELLE OFFENSIVE, THE FRENCH 2ND COLONIAL DIVISN, VETERANS OF THE BATTLE OF VERDUN, REFED ORRS, ARRIVG DNK AND WHOUT THEIR WEAPONS. THEIR OFFICERS LACKED THE MEANS TO PUNISH AN ENTIRE DIVISN, AND HARSH MEASUR WERE NOT IMMEDIATELY IMPLEMENTED. THE FRENCH ARMY MUTI EVENTUALLY SPREAD TO A FURTHER 54 FRENCH DIVISNS, AND 20,000 MEN SERTED. HOWEVER, APPEALS TO PATRTISM AND DUTY, AS WELL AS MASS ARRTS AND TRIALS, ENURAGED THE SOLDIERS TO RETURN TO FEND THEIR TRENCH, ALTHOUGH THE FRENCH SOLDIERS REFED TO PARTICIPATE FURTHER OFFENSIVE ACTN.[180] ROBERT NIVELLE WAS REMOVED OM MAND BY 15 MAY, REPLACED BY GENERAL PHILIPPE PéTA, WHO SPEND BLOODY LARGE-SLE ATTACKSGERMAN FILM CREW RERDG THE ACTNTHE VICTORY OF THE CENTRAL POWERS AT THE BATTLE OF CAPORETTO LED THE ALLI TO NVENE THE RAPALLO CONFERENCE AT WHICH THEY FORMED THE SUPREME WAR COUNCIL TO -ORDATE PLANNG. PREVLY, BRISH AND FRENCH ARMI HAD OPERATED UNR SEPARATE MANDSIN DECEMBER, THE CENTRAL POWERS SIGNED AN ARMISTICE WH RSIA, TH EEG LARGE NUMBERS OF GERMAN TROOPS FOR E THE WT. WH GERMAN RERCEMENTS AND NEW AMERIN TROOPS POURG , THE OUTE WAS TO BE CID ON THE WTERN FRONT. THE CENTRAL POWERS KNEW THAT THEY ULD NOT W A PROTRACTED WAR, BUT THEY HELD HIGH HOP FOR SUCCS BASED ON A FAL QUICK OFFENSIVE. FURTHERMORE, BOTH SIS BEME CREASGLY FEARFUL OF SOCIAL UNRT AND REVOLUTN EUROPE. TH, BOTH SIS URGENTLY SOUGHT A CISIVE VICTORY.[181]IN 1917, EMPEROR CHARL I OF ATRIA SECRETLY ATTEMPTED SEPARATE PEACE NEGOTIATNS WH CLEMENCE, THROUGH HIS WIFE'S BROTHER SIXT BELGIUM AS AN TERMEDIARY, WHOUT THE KNOWLEDGE OF GERMANY. ITALY OPPOSED THE PROPOSALS. WHEN THE NEGOTIATNS FAILED, HIS ATTEMPT WAS REVEALED TO GERMANY, RULTG A DIPLOMATIC TASTROPHE.[182][183]OTTOMAN EMPIRE NFLICT, 1917–1918MA ARTICLE: SAI AND PALTE CAMPAIGN10.5 CM FELDHBZE 98/09 AND OTTOMAN ARTILLERYMEN AT HAREIRA 1917 BEFORE THE SOUTHERN PALTE OFFENSIVEBRISH ARTILLERY BATTERY ON MOUNT SP THE BATTLE OF JESALEM, 1917. FOREGROUND, A BATTERY OF 16 HEAVY GUNS. BACKGROUND, NIL TENTS AND SUPPORT VEHICLIN MARCH AND APRIL 1917, AT THE FIRST AND SEND BATTL OF GAZA, GERMAN AND OTTOMAN FORC STOPPED THE ADVANCE OF THE EGYPTIAN EXPEDNARY FORCE, WHICH HAD BEGUN AUGT 1916 AT THE BATTLE OF ROMANI.[184][185] AT THE END OF OCTOBER, THE SAI AND PALTE CAMPAIGN RUMED, WHEN GENERAL EDMUND ALLENBY'S XXTH CORPS, XXI CORPS AND DERT MOUNTED CORPS WON THE BATTLE OF BEERSHEBA.[186] TWO OTTOMAN ARMI WERE FEATED A FEW WEEKS LATER AT THE BATTLE OF MUGHAR RIDGE AND, EARLY DECEMBER, JESALEM WAS PTURED FOLLOWG ANOTHER OTTOMAN FEAT AT THE BATTLE OF JESALEM.[187][188][189] ABOUT THIS TIME, FRIEDRICH FREIHERR KRS VON KRSENSTE WAS RELIEVED OF HIS DUTI AS THE EIGHTH ARMY'S MANR, REPLACED BY DJEVAD PASHA, AND A FEW MONTHS LATER THE MANR OF THE OTTOMAN ARMY PALTE, ERICH VON FALKENHAYN, WAS REPLACED BY OTTO LIMAN VON SANRS.[190][191]OTTOMAN TROOPS DURG THE MOPOTAMIAN MPAIGNBRISH TROOPS ON THE MARCH DURG THE MOPOTAMIAN MPAIGN, 1917IN EARLY 1918, THE ONT LE WAS EXTEND AND THE JORDAN VALLEY WAS OCCUPIED, FOLLOWG THE FIRST TRANSJORDAN AND THE SEND TRANSJORDAN ATTACKS BY BRISH EMPIRE FORC MARCH AND APRIL 1918.[192] IN MARCH, MOST OF THE EGYPTIAN EXPEDNARY FORCE'S BRISH FANTRY AND YEOMANRY VALRY WERE SENT TO THE WTERN FRONT AS A NSEQUENCE OF THE SPRG OFFENSIVE. THEY WERE REPLACED BY INDIAN ARMY UNS. DURG SEVERAL MONTHS OF REANISATN AND TRAG OF THE SUMMER, A NUMBER OF ATTACKS WERE RRIED OUT ON SECTNS OF THE OTTOMAN ONT LE. THE PHED THE ONT LE NORTH TO MORE ADVANTAGEO POSNS FOR THE ENTENTE PREPARATN FOR AN ATTACK AND TO ACCLIMATISE THE NEWLY ARRIVED INDIAN ARMY FANTRY. IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF SEPTEMBER THAT THE TEGRATED FORCE WAS READY FOR LARGE-SLE OPERATNSTHE REANISED EGYPTIAN EXPEDNARY FORCE, WH AN ADDNAL MOUNTED DIVISN, BROKE OTTOMAN FORC AT THE BATTLE OF MEGIDDO SEPTEMBER 1918. IN TWO DAYS THE BRISH AND INDIAN FANTRY, SUPPORTED BY A CREEPG BARRAGE, BROKE THE OTTOMAN ONT LE AND PTURED THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE EIGHTH ARMY (OTTOMAN EMPIRE) AT TULKARM, THE NTUO TRENCH L AT TABSOR, ARARA, AND THE SEVENTH ARMY (OTTOMAN EMPIRE) HEADQUARTERS AT NABL. THE DERT MOUNTED CORPS RO THROUGH THE BREAK THE ONT LE CREATED BY THE FANTRY. DURG VIRTUALLY NTUO OPERATNS BY ATRALIAN LIGHT HORSE, BRISH MOUNTED YEOMANRY, INDIAN LANCERS, AND NEW ZEALAND MOUNTED RIFLE BRIGAS THE JEZREEL VALLEY, THEY PTURED NAZARETH, AFULAH AND BEISAN, JEN, ALONG WH HAIFA ON THE MEDERRANEAN AST AND DARAA EAST OF THE JORDAN RIVER ON THE HEJAZ RAILWAY. SAMAKH AND TIBERIAS ON THE SEA OF GALILEE WERE PTURED ON THE WAY NORTHWARDS TO DAMASC. MEANWHILE, CHAYTOR'S FORCE OF ATRALIAN LIGHT HORSE, NEW ZEALAND MOUNTED RIFL, INDIAN, BRISH WT INDI AND JEWISH FANTRY PTURED THE CROSSGS OF THE JORDAN RIVER, ES SALT, AMMAN AND AT ZIZA MOST OF THE FOURTH ARMY (OTTOMAN EMPIRE). THE ARMISTICE OF MUDROS, SIGNED AT THE END OF OCTOBER, END HOSTILI WH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WHEN FIGHTG WAS NTUG NORTH OF ALEPPO15 AUGT 1917: PEACE OFFER BY THE POPESEE ALSO: POPE BENEDICT XV § PEACE EFFORTSON OR SHORTLY BEFORE 15 AUGT 1917 POPE BENEDICT XV MA A PEACE PROPOSAL[193] SUGGTG:NO ANNEXATNSNO MNI, EXCEPT TO PENSATE FOR SEVERE WAR DAMAGE BELGIUM AND PARTS OF FRANCE AND OF SERBIAA SOLUTN TO THE PROBLEMS OF ALSACE-LORRAE, TRENTO AND TRITERTORATN OF THE KGDOM OF POLANDGERMANY TO PULL OUT OF BELGIUM AND FRANCEGERMANY'S OVERSEAS LONI TO BE RETURNED TO GERMANYGENERAL DISARMAMENTA SUPREME COURT OF ARBRATN TO SETTLE FUTURE DISPUT BETWEEN NATNSTHE EEDOM OF THE SEASABOLISH ALL RETALIATORY ENOMIC NFLICTSNO POT ORRG REPARATNS, BEE SO MUCH DAMAGE HAD BEEN ED TO ALL BELLIGERENTSENTRY OF THE UNED STATMA ARTICLE: AMERIN ENTRY TO WORLD WAR IAT THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR, THE UNED STAT PURSUED A POLICY OF NON-TERVENTN: AVOIDG NFLICT WHILE TRYG TO BROKER PEACE. WHEN THE GERMAN U-BOAT U-20 SANK THE BRISH LER RMS LANIA ON 7 MAY 1915 WH 128 AMERINS AMONG THE AD, PRINT WOODROW WILSON SISTED THAT AMERI IS "TOO PROUD TO FIGHT" BUT MAND AN END TO ATTACKS ON PASSENGER SHIPS. GERMANY PLIED. WILSON UNSUCCSFULLY TRIED TO MEDIATE A SETTLEMENT. HOWEVER, HE ALSO REPEATEDLY WARNED THAT THE UNED STAT WOULD NOT TOLERATE UNRTRICTED SUBMARE WARFARE, VLATN OF TERNATNAL LAW. FORMER PRINT THEODORE ROOSEVELT NOUNCED GERMAN ACTS AS "PIRACY".[194] WILSON WAS NARROWLY RE-ELECTED 1916 AFTER MPAIGNG WH THE SLOGAN "HE KEPT OUT OF WAR".[195][196][197]PRINT WILSON BEFORE CONGRS, ANNOUNCG THE BREAK OFFICIAL RELATNS WH GERMANY ON 3 FEBARY 1917IN JANUARY 1917, GERMANY CID TO RUME UNRTRICTED SUBMARE WARFARE, THE HOP OF STARVG BRA TO SURRENR. GERMANY DID THIS, REALISG WOULD MEAN AMERIN ENTRY. THE GERMAN FOREIGN MISTER, THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM, VED MEXI TO JO THE WAR AS GERMANY'S ALLY AGAST THE UNED STAT. IN RETURN, THE GERMANS WOULD FANCE MEXI'S WAR AND HELP REVER THE TERRORI OF TEXAS, NEW MEXI, AND ARIZONA.[198] THE UNED KGDOM TERCEPTED THE MSAGE AND PRENTED TO THE US EMBASSY THE UK. FROM THERE, MA S WAY TO PRINT WILSON WHO RELEASED THE ZIMMERMANN NOTE TO THE PUBLIC, AND AMERINS SAW AS S BELLI. WILSON LLED ON ANTI-WAR ELEMENTS TO END ALL WARS, BY WNG THIS ONE AND ELIMATG ARISM OM THE GLOBE. HE ARGUED THAT THE WAR WAS SO IMPORTANT THAT THE US HAD TO HAVE A VOICE THE PEACE NFERENCE.[199] AFTER THE SKG OF SEVEN US MERCHANT SHIPS BY SUBMAR AND THE PUBLITN OF THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM, WILSON LLED FOR WAR ON GERMANY ON 2 APRIL 1917,[200] WHICH THE US CONGRS CLARED 4 DAYS LATERTHE UNED STAT WAS NEVER FORMALLY A MEMBER OF THE ALLI BUT BEME A SELF-STYLED "ASSOCIATED POWER". THE UNED STAT HAD A SMALL ARMY, BUT, AFTER THE PASSAGE OF THE SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT, DRAFTED 2.8 LN MEN,[201] AND, BY SUMMER 1918, WAS SENDG 10,000 NEWLY TRAED SOLDIERS TO FRANCE EVERY DAY. IN 1917, THE US CONGRS GRANTED US CIZENSHIP TO PUERTO RINS TO ALLOW THEM TO BE DRAFTED TO PARTICIPATE WORLD WAR I, AS PART OF THE JON–SHAOTH ACT. GERMAN GENERAL STAFF ASSUMPTNS THAT WOULD BE ABLE TO FEAT THE BRISH AND FRENCH FORC BEFORE AMERIN TROOPS RERCED THEM WERE PROVEN RRECT.[202]THE UNED STAT NAVY SENT A BATTLHIP GROUP TO SPA FLOW TO JO WH THE BRISH GRAND FLEET, STROYERS TO QUEENSTOWN, IRELAND, AND SUBMAR TO HELP GUARD NVOYS. SEVERAL REGIMENTS OF US MAR WERE ALSO DISPATCHED TO FRANCE. THE BRISH AND FRENCH WANTED AMERIN UNS ED TO RERCE THEIR TROOPS ALREADY ON THE BATTLE L AND NOT WASTE SRCE SHIPPG ON BRGG OVER SUPPLI. GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHG, AMERIN EXPEDNARY FORC (AEF) MANR, REFED TO BREAK UP AMERIN UNS TO BE ED AS FILLER MATERIAL. AS AN EXCEPTN, HE DID ALLOW AIN-AMERIN BAT REGIMENTS TO BE ED FRENCH DIVISNS. THE HARLEM HELLFIGHTERS FOUGHT AS PART OF THE FRENCH 16TH DIVISN, AND EARNED A UN CROIX GUERRE FOR THEIR ACTNS AT CHâTE-THIERRY, BELLE WOOD, AND SECHLT.[203] AEF DOCTRE LLED FOR THE E OF ONTAL ASSLTS, WHICH HAD LONG SCE BEEN DISRD BY BRISH EMPIRE AND FRENCH MANRS DUE TO THE LARGE LOSS OF LIFE THAT RULTED.[204]A SUPREME WAR COUNCIL OF ALLIED FORC WAS CREATED AT THE DOULLENS CONFERENCE ON 5 NOVEMBER 1917. GENERAL FOCH WAS APPOTED AS SUPREME MANR OF THE ALLIED FORC. HAIG, PETA, AND PERSHG RETAED TACTIL NTROL OF THEIR RPECTIVE ARMI; FOCH ASSUMED A -ORDATG RATHER THAN A DIRECTG ROLE, AND THE BRISH, FRENCH, AND US MANDS OPERATED LARGELY PENNTLY. GENERAL FOCH PRSED TO E THE ARRIVG AMERIN TROOPS AS DIVIDUAL REPLACEMENTS, WHEREAS PERSHG STILL SOUGHT TO FIELD AMERIN UNS AS AN PENNT FORCE. THE UNS WERE ASSIGNED TO THE PLETED FRENCH AND BRISH EMPIRE MANDS ON 28 MARCH 1918GERMAN SPRG OFFENSIVE OF 1918MA ARTICLE: GERMAN SPRG OFFENSIVEFRENCH SOLDIERS UNR GENERAL GOURD, WH MACHE GUNS AMONGST THE S OF A THEDRAL NEAR THE MARNE, 1918LUNDORFF DREW UP PLANS (NAMED OPERATN MICHAEL) FOR THE 1918 OFFENSIVE ON THE WTERN FRONT. THE SPRG OFFENSIVE SOUGHT TO DIVI THE BRISH AND FRENCH FORC WH A SERI OF FETS AND ADVANC. THE GERMAN LEARSHIP HOPED TO END THE WAR BEFORE SIGNIFINT US FORC ARRIVED. THE OPERATN MENCED ON 21 MARCH 1918 WH AN ATTACK ON BRISH FORC NEAR SAT-QUENT. GERMAN FORC ACHIEVED AN UNPRECENTED ADVANCE OF 60 KILOMETR (37 MI).[205]BRISH AND FRENCH TRENCH WERE PERATED G NOVEL FILTRATN TACTICS, ALSO NAMED HUTIER TACTICS AFTER GENERAL OSKAR VON HUTIER, BY SPECIALLY TRAED UNS LLED STORMTROOPERS. PREVLY, ATTACKS HAD BEEN CHARACTERISED BY LONG ARTILLERY BOMBARDMENTS AND MASSED ASSLTS. IN THE SPRG OFFENSIVE OF 1918, HOWEVER, LUNDORFF ED ARTILLERY ONLY BRIEFLY AND FILTRATED SMALL GROUPS OF FANTRY AT WEAK POTS. THEY ATTACKED MAND AND LOGISTICS AREAS AND BYPASSED POTS OF SER RISTANCE. MORE HEAVILY ARMED FANTRY THEN STROYED THE ISOLATED POSNS. THIS GERMAN SUCCS RELIED GREATLY ON THE ELEMENT OF SURPRISE.[206]BRISH 55TH (WT LANSHIRE) DIVISN SOLDIERS BLD BY TEAR GAS DURG THE BATTLE OF ESTAIR, 10 APRIL 1918THE ONT MOVED TO WH 120 KILOMETR (75 MI) OF PARIS. THREE HEAVY KPP RAILWAY GUNS FIRED 183 SHELLS ON THE PAL, G MANY PARISIANS TO FLEE. THE IAL OFFENSIVE WAS SO SUCCSFUL THAT KAISER WILHELM II CLARED 24 MARCH A NATNAL HOLIDAY. MANY GERMANS THOUGHT VICTORY WAS NEAR. AFTER HEAVY FIGHTG, HOWEVER, THE OFFENSIVE WAS HALTED. LACKG TANKS OR MOTORISED ARTILLERY, THE GERMANS WERE UNABLE TO NSOLIDATE THEIR GAS. THE PROBLEMS OF RE-SUPPLY WERE ALSO EXACERBATED BY CREASG DISTANC THAT NOW STRETCHED OVER TERRA THAT WAS SHELL-TORN AND OFTEN IMPASSABLE TO TRAFFIC.[207]FOLLOWG OPERATN MICHAEL, GERMANY LNCHED OPERATN GEETTE AGAST THE NORTHERN ENGLISH CHANNEL PORTS. THE ALLI HALTED THE DRIVE AFTER LIMED TERRORIAL GAS BY GERMANY. THE GERMAN ARMY TO THE SOUTH THEN NDUCTED OPERATNS BLüCHER AND YORCK, PHG BROADLY TOWARDS PARIS. GERMANY LNCHED OPERATN MARNE (SEND BATTLE OF THE MARNE) ON 15 JULY, AN ATTEMPT TO ENCIRCLE REIMS. THE RULTG UNTER-ATTACK, WHICH STARTED THE HUNDRED DAYS OFFENSIVE, MARKED THE FIRST SUCCSFUL ALLIED OFFENSIVE OF THE WAR. BY 20 JULY, THE GERMANS HAD RETREATED ACROSS THE MARNE TO THEIR STARTG L,[208] HAVG ACHIEVED LTLE, AND THE GERMAN ARMY NEVER REGAED THE IATIVE. GERMAN SUALTI BETWEEN MARCH AND APRIL 1918 WERE 270,000, CLUDG MANY HIGHLY TRAED STORMTROOPERSMEANWHILE, GERMANY WAS FALLG APART AT HOME. ANTI-WAR MARCH BEME EQUENT AND MORALE THE ARMY FELL. INDTRIAL OUTPUT WAS HALF THE 1913 LEVELSNEW STAT ENTER THE WARIN THE LATE SPRG OF 1918, THREE NEW STAT WERE FORMED THE SOUTH CS: THE FIRST REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA, THE AZERBAIJAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, AND THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEIA, WHICH CLARED THEIR PENNCE OM THE RSIAN EMPIRE. TWO OTHER MOR ENTI WERE TABLISHED, THE CENTROSPIAN DICTATORSHIP AND SOUTH WT CSIAN REPUBLIC (THE FORMER WAS LIQUIDATED BY AZERBAIJAN THE TUMN OF 1918 AND THE LATTER BY A JOT ARMENIAN-BRISH TASK FORCE EARLY 1919). WH THE WHDRAWAL OF THE RSIAN ARMI OM THE CS ONT THE WTER OF 1917–18, THE THREE MAJOR REPUBLICS BRACED FOR AN IMMENT OTTOMAN ADVANCE, WHICH MENCED THE EARLY MONTHS OF 1918. SOLIDARY WAS BRIEFLY MATAED WHEN THE TRANSUSIAN FERATIVE REPUBLIC WAS CREATED THE SPRG OF 1918, BUT THIS LLAPSED MAY WHEN THE GEIANS ASKED FOR AND RECEIVED PROTECTN OM GERMANY AND THE AZERBAIJANIS NCLUD A TREATY WH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE THAT WAS MORE AK TO A ARY ALLIANCE. ARMENIA WAS LEFT TO FEND FOR SELF AND STGGLED FOR FIVE MONTHS AGAST THE THREAT OF A FULL-FLEDGED OCCUPATN BY THE OTTOMAN TURKS BEFORE FEATG THEM AT THE BATTLE OF SARDARABAD.[209]ALLIED VICTORY: SUMMER 1918 ONWARDSHUNDRED DAYS OFFENSIVEMA ARTICL: HUNDRED DAYS OFFENSIVE AND WEIMAR REPUBLICBETWEEN APRIL AND NOVEMBER 1918, THE ALLI CREASED THEIR ONT-LE RIFLE STRENGTH WHILE GERMAN STRENGTH FELL BY HALF.[210]AERIAL VIEW OF S OF VX-VANT-DAMLOUP, FRANCE, 1918THE ALLIED UNTEROFFENSIVE, KNOWN AS THE HUNDRED DAYS OFFENSIVE, BEGAN ON 8 AUGT 1918, WH THE BATTLE OF AMIENS. THE BATTLE VOLVED OVER 400 TANKS AND 120,000 BRISH, DOMN, AND FRENCH TROOPS, AND BY THE END OF S FIRST DAY A GAP 24 KILOMETR (15 MI) LONG HAD BEEN CREATED THE GERMAN L. THE FENRS DISPLAYED A MARKED LLAPSE MORALE, G LUNDORFF TO REFER TO THIS DAY AS THE "BLACK DAY OF THE GERMAN ARMY".[211][212][213] AFTER AN ADVANCE AS FAR AS 23 KILOMETR (14 MI), GERMAN RISTANCE STIFFENED, AND THE BATTLE WAS NCLUD ON 12 AUGTRATHER THAN NTUG THE AMIENS BATTLE PAST THE POT OF IAL SUCCS, AS HAD BEEN DONE SO MANY TIM THE PAST, THE ALLI SHIFTED ATTENTN ELSEWHERE. ALLIED LEARS HAD NOW REALISED THAT TO NTUE AN ATTACK AFTER RISTANCE HAD HARNED WAS A WASTE OF LIV, AND WAS BETTER TO TURN A LE THAN TO TRY TO ROLL OVER . THEY BEGAN TO UNRTAKE ATTACKS QUICK ORR TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SUCCSFUL ADVANC ON THE FLANKS, THEN BROKE THEM OFF WHEN EACH ATTACK LOST S IAL IMPET.[214]THE DAY AFTER THE OFFENSIVE BEGAN, LUNDORFF SAID: "WE NNOT W THE WAR ANY MORE, BUT WE MT NOT LOSE EHER." ON 11 AUGT HE OFFERED HIS RIGNATN TO THE KAISER, WHO REFED , REPLYG, "I SEE THAT WE MT STRIKE A BALANCE. WE HAVE NEARLY REACHED THE LIM OF OUR POWERS OF RISTANCE. THE WAR MT BE END."[CATN NEED] ON 13 AUGT, AT SPA, HNBURG, LUNDORFF, THE CHANCELLOR, AND FOREIGN MISTER HTZ AGREED THAT THE WAR ULD NOT BE END ARILY AND, ON THE FOLLOWG DAY, THE GERMAN CROWN COUNCIL CID THAT VICTORY THE FIELD WAS NOW MOST IMPROBABLE. ATRIA AND HUNGARY WARNED THAT THEY ULD NTUE THE WAR ONLY UNTIL DECEMBER, AND LUNDORFF REMEND IMMEDIATE PEACE NEGOTIATNS. PRCE RUPPRECHT WARNED PRCE MAXIIAN OF BAN: "OUR ARY SUATN HAS TERRATED SO RAPIDLY THAT I NO LONGER BELIEVE WE N HOLD OUT OVER THE WTER; IS EVEN POSSIBLE THAT A TASTROPHE WILL E EARLIER."[215]BATTLE OF ALBERT16TH BN (CANADIAN STTISH), ADVANCG DURG THE BATTLE OF THE CANAL DU NORD, 1918BRISH AND DOMN FORC LNCHED THE NEXT PHASE OF THE MPAIGN WH THE BATTLE OF ALBERT ON 21 AUGT.[216] THE ASSLT WAS WINED BY FRENCH[215] AND THEN FURTHER BRISH FORC THE FOLLOWG DAYS. DURG THE LAST WEEK OF AUGT, THE ALLIED PRSURE ALONG A 110-KILOMETRE (68 MI) ONT AGAST THE ENEMY WAS HEAVY AND UNRELENTG. FROM GERMAN ACUNTS, "EACH DAY WAS SPENT BLOODY FIGHTG AGAST AN EVER AND AGA ON-STORMG ENEMY, AND NIGHTS PASSED WHOUT SLEEP RETIREMENTS TO NEW L."[214]FACED WH THE ADVANC, ON 2 SEPTEMBER THE GERMAN OBERSTE HEERLEUNG ("SUPREME ARMY COMMAND") ISSUED ORRS TO WHDRAW THE SOUTH TO THE HNBURG LE. THIS CED WHOUT A FIGHT THE SALIENT SEIZED THE PREV APRIL.[217] ACRDG TO LUNDORFF, "WE HAD TO ADM THE NECSY ... TO WHDRAW THE ENTIRE ONT OM THE SRPE TO THE VLE."[218][PAGE NEED] IN NEARLY FOUR WEEKS OF FIGHTG BEGNG ON 8 AUGT, OVER 100,000 GERMAN PRISONERS WERE TAKEN. THE GERMAN HIGH COMMAND REALISED THAT THE WAR WAS LOST AND MA ATTEMPTS TO REACH A SATISFACTORY END. ON 10 SEPTEMBER HNBURG URGED PEACE MOV TO EMPEROR CHARL OF ATRIA, AND GERMANY APPEALED TO THE NETHERLANDS FOR MEDIATN. ON 14 SEPTEMBER ATRIA SENT A NOTE TO ALL BELLIGERENTS AND NTRALS SUGGTG A MEETG FOR PEACE TALKS ON NTRAL SOIL, AND ON 15 SEPTEMBER GERMANY MA A PEACE OFFER TO BELGIUM. BOTH PEACE OFFERS WERE REJECTED.[215]ALLIED ADVANCE TO THE HNBURG LEAN AMERIN MAJOR, PILOTG AN OBSERVATN BALLOON NEAR THE ONT, 1918IN SEPTEMBER THE ALLI ADVANCED TO THE HNBURG LE THE NORTH AND CENTRE. THE GERMANS NTUED TO FIGHT STRONG REAR-GUARD ACTNS AND LNCHED NUMERO UNTERATTACKS, BUT POSNS AND OUTPOSTS OF THE LE NTUED TO FALL, WH THE BEF ALONE TAKG 30,441 PRISONERS THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER. ON 24 SEPTEMBER AN ASSLT BY BOTH THE BRISH AND FRENCH ME WH 3 KILOMETR (2 MI) OF ST. QUENT. THE GERMANS HAD NOW RETREATED TO POSNS ALONG OR BEHD THE HNBURG LE. THAT SAME DAY, SUPREME ARMY COMMAND RMED THE LEARS BERL THAT ARMISTICE TALKS WERE EVABLE.[215]THE FAL ASSLT ON THE HNBURG LE BEGAN WH THE MSE-ARGONNE OFFENSIVE, LNCHED BY FRENCH AND AMERIN TROOPS ON 26 SEPTEMBER. THE FOLLOWG WEEK, -OPERATG FRENCH AND AMERIN UNS BROKE THROUGH CHAMPAGNE AT THE BATTLE OF BLANC MONT RIDGE, FORCG THE GERMANS OFF THE MANDG HEIGHTS, AND CLOSG TOWARDS THE BELGIAN ONTIER.[219] ON 8 OCTOBER THE LE WAS PIERCED AGA BY BRISH AND DOMN TROOPS AT THE BATTLE OF CAMBRAI.[220] THE GERMAN ARMY HAD TO SHORTEN S ONT AND E THE DUTCH ONTIER AS AN ANCHOR TO FIGHT REAR-GUARD ACTNS AS FELL BACK TOWARDS GERMANYWHEN BULGARIA SIGNED A SEPARATE ARMISTICE ON 29 SEPTEMBER, LUNDORFF, HAVG BEEN UNR GREAT STRS FOR MONTHS, SUFFERED SOMETHG SIAR TO A BREAKDOWN. IT WAS EVINT THAT GERMANY ULD NO LONGER MOUNT A SUCCSFUL FENCE. THE LLAPSE OF THE BALKANS MEANT THAT GERMANY WAS ABOUT TO LOSE S MA SUPPLI OF OIL AND FOOD. ITS RERV HAD BEEN ED UP, EVEN AS US TROOPS KEPT ARRIVG AT THE RATE OF 10,000 PER DAY.[221][222][223] THE AMERINS SUPPLIED MORE THAN 80% OF ALLIED OIL DURG THE WAR, AND THERE WAS NO SHORTAGE.[224]GERMAN REVOLUTN 1918–1919GERMAN REVOLUTN, KIEL, 1918MA ARTICLE: GERMAN REVOLUTN OF 1918–1919NEWS OF GERMANY'S IMPENDG ARY FEAT SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE GERMAN ARMED FORC. THE THREAT OF MUTY WAS RIFE. ADMIRAL REHARD SCHEER AND LUNDORFF CID TO LNCH A LAST ATTEMPT TO RTORE THE "VALOUR" OF THE GERMAN NAVYIN NORTHERN GERMANY, THE GERMAN REVOLUTN OF 1918–1919 BEGAN AT THE END OF OCTOBER 1918. UNS OF THE GERMAN NAVY REFED TO SET SAIL FOR A LAST, LARGE-SLE OPERATN A WAR THEY BELIEVED TO BE AS GOOD AS LOST, IATG THE UPRISG. THE SAILORS' REVOLT, WHICH THEN ENSUED THE NAVAL PORTS OF WILHELMSHAVEN AND KIEL, SPREAD ACROSS THE WHOLE UNTRY WH DAYS AND LED TO THE PROCLAMATN OF A REPUBLIC ON 9 NOVEMBER 1918, SHORTLY THEREAFTER TO THE ABDITN OF KAISER WILHELM II, AND TO GERMAN SURRENR.[225][226][227][223]NEW GERMAN ERNMENT SURRENRSWH THE ARY FALTERG AND WH WISPREAD LOSS OF NFINCE THE KAISER LEADG TO HIS ABDITN AND FLEEG OF THE UNTRY, GERMANY MOVED TOWARDS SURRENR. PRCE MAXIIAN OF BAN TOOK CHARGE OF A NEW ERNMENT ON 3 OCTOBER AS CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY TO NEGOTIATE WH THE ALLI. NEGOTIATNS WH PRINT WILSON BEGAN IMMEDIATELY, THE HOPE THAT HE WOULD OFFER BETTER TERMS THAN THE BRISH AND FRENCH. WILSON MAND A NSTUTNAL MONARCHY AND PARLIAMENTARY NTROL OVER THE GERMAN ARY.[228] THERE WAS NO RISTANCE WHEN THE SOCIAL DEMOCRAT PHILIPP SCHEIMANN ON 9 NOVEMBER CLARED GERMANY TO BE A REPUBLIC. THE KAISER, KGS AND OTHER HEREDARY LERS ALL WERE REMOVED OM POWER AND WILHELM FLED TO EXILE THE NETHERLANDS. IT WAS THE END OF IMPERIAL GERMANY, A NEW GERMANY HAD BEEN BORN AS THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC.[229]ARMISTIC AND PULATNSMA ARTICLE: ARMISTICE OF 11 NOVEMBER 1918ITALIAN TROOPS REACH TRENTO DURG THE BATTLE OF VTOR VEO, 1918. ITALY'S VICTORY MARKED THE END OF THE WAR ON THE ITALIAN FRONT AND SECURED THE DISSOLUTN OF THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRETHE LLAPSE OF THE CENTRAL POWERS ME SWIFTLY. BULGARIA WAS THE FIRST TO SIGN AN ARMISTICE, THE ARMISTICE OF SALONI ON 29 SEPTEMBER 1918.[230] GERMAN EMPEROR WILHELM II HIS TELEGRAM TO BULGARIAN TSAR FERDAND I SCRIBED SUATN: "DISGRACEFUL! 62,000 SERBS CID THE WAR!".[231][232] ON THE SAME DAY, THE GERMAN SUPREME ARMY COMMAND RMED KAISER WILHELM II AND THE IMPERIAL CHANCELLOR COUNT GE VON HERTLG, THAT THE ARY SUATN FACG GERMANY WAS HOPELS .[233]MEN OF US 64TH REGIMENT, 7TH INFANTRY DIVISN, CELEBRATE THE NEWS OF THE ARMISTICE, 11 NOVEMBER 1918ON 24 OCTOBER, THE ITALIANS BEGAN A PH THAT RAPIDLY REVERED TERRORY LOST AFTER THE BATTLE OF CAPORETTO. THIS CULMATED THE BATTLE OF VTOR VEO, WHICH MARKED THE END OF THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY AS AN EFFECTIVE FIGHTG FORCE. THE OFFENSIVE ALSO TRIGGERED THE DISTEGRATN OF THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE. DURG THE LAST WEEK OF OCTOBER, CLARATNS OF PENNCE WERE MA BUDAPT, PRAGUE, AND ZAGREB. ON 29 OCTOBER, THE IMPERIAL THORI ASKED ITALY FOR AN ARMISTICE, BUT THE ITALIANS NTUED ADVANCG, REACHG TRENTO, UDE, AND TRITE. ON 3 NOVEMBER, ATRIA-HUNGARY SENT A FLAG OF TCE TO ASK FOR AN ARMISTICE (ARMISTICE OF VILLA GITI). THE TERMS, ARRANGED BY TELEGRAPH WH THE ALLIED AUTHORI PARIS, WERE MUNITED TO THE ATRIAN MANR AND ACCEPTED. THE ARMISTICE WH ATRIA WAS SIGNED THE VILLA GITI, NEAR PADUA, ON 3 NOVEMBER. ATRIA AND HUNGARY SIGNED SEPARATE ARMISTIC FOLLOWG THE OVERTHROW OF THE HABSBURG MONARCHY. IN THE FOLLOWG DAYS, THE ITALIAN ARMY OCCUPIED INNSBCK AND ALL TYROL WH OVER 20,000 SOLDIERS.[234]ON 30 OCTOBER, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE PULATED, SIGNG THE ARMISTICE OF MUDROS.[230]ON 11 NOVEMBER, AT 5:00 AM, AN ARMISTICE WH GERMANY WAS SIGNED A RAILROAD RRIAGE AT COMPIèGNE. AT 11 AM ON 11 NOVEMBER 1918—"THE ELEVENTH HOUR OF THE ELEVENTH DAY OF THE ELEVENTH MONTH"—A CEASEFIRE ME TO EFFECT. DURG THE SIX HOURS BETWEEN THE SIGNG OF THE ARMISTICE AND S TAKG EFFECT, OPPOSG ARMI ON THE WTERN FRONT BEGAN TO WHDRAW OM THEIR POSNS, BUT FIGHTG NTUED ALONG MANY AREAS OF THE ONT, AS MANRS WANTED TO PTURE TERRORY BEFORE THE WAR END. THE OCCUPATN OF THE RHELAND TOOK PLACE FOLLOWG THE ARMISTICE. THE OCCUPYG ARMI NSISTED OF AMERIN, BELGIAN, BRISH AND FRENCH FORCFERDAND FOCH, SEND OM RIGHT, PICTURED OUTSI THE RRIAGE COMPIèGNE AFTER AGREEG TO THE ARMISTICE THAT END THE WAR THERE. THE RRIAGE WAS LATER CHOSEN BY NAZI GERMANY AS THE SYMBOLIC SETTG OF PéTA'S JUNE 1940 ARMISTICE.[235]IN NOVEMBER 1918, THE ALLI HAD AMPLE SUPPLI OF MEN AND MATERIEL TO VA GERMANY. YET AT THE TIME OF THE ARMISTICE, NO ALLIED FORCE HAD CROSSED THE GERMAN ONTIER, THE WTERN FRONT WAS STILL SOME 720 KILOMETR (450 MI) OM BERL, AND THE KAISER'S ARMI HAD RETREATED OM THE BATTLEFIELD GOOD ORR. THE FACTORS ENABLED HNBURG AND OTHER SENR GERMAN LEARS TO SPREAD THE STORY THAT THEIR ARMI HAD NOT REALLY BEEN FEATED. THIS RULTED THE STAB--THE-BACK LEGEND,[236][237] WHICH ATTRIBUTED GERMANY'S FEAT NOT TO S ABILY TO NTUE FIGHTG (EVEN THOUGH UP TO A LN SOLDIERS WERE SUFFERG OM THE 1918 FLU PANMIC AND UNF TO FIGHT), BUT TO THE PUBLIC'S FAILURE TO RPOND TO S "PATRTIC LLG" AND THE SUPPOSED TENTNAL SABOTAGE OF THE WAR EFFORT, PARTICULARLY BY JEWS, SOCIALISTS, AND BOLSHEVIKSTHE ALLI HAD MUCH MORE POTENTIAL WEALTH THEY ULD SPEND ON THE WAR. ONE TIMATE (G 1913 US DOLLARS) IS THAT THE ALLI SPENT $58 BILLN ON THE WAR AND THE CENTRAL POWERS ONLY $25 BILLN. AMONG THE ALLI, THE UK SPENT $21 BILLN AND THE US $17 BILLN; AMONG THE CENTRAL POWERS GERMANY SPENT $20 BILLN.[238]AFTERMATHMA ARTICLE: AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR IIN THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR, FOUR EMPIR DISAPPEARED: THE GERMAN, ATRO-HUNGARIAN, OTTOMAN, AND RSIAN. NUMERO NATNS REGAED THEIR FORMER PENNCE, AND NEW ON WERE CREATED. FOUR DYNASTI, TOGETHER WH THEIR ANCILLARY ARISTOCRACI, FELL AS A RULT OF THE WAR: THE ROMANOVS, THE HOHENZOLLERNS, THE HABSBURGS, AND THE OTTOMANS. BELGIUM AND SERBIA WERE BADLY DAMAGED, AS WAS FRANCE, WH 1.4 LN SOLDIERS AD,[239] NOT UNTG OTHER SUALTI. GERMANY AND RSIA WERE SIARLY AFFECTED.[1]FORMAL END OF THE WARTHE SIGNG OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILL THE HALL OF MIRRORS, VERSAILL, 28 JUNE 1919, BY SIR WILLIAM ORPENA FORMAL STATE OF WAR BETWEEN THE TWO SIS PERSISTED FOR ANOTHER SEVEN MONTHS, UNTIL THE SIGNG OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILL WH GERMANY ON 28 JUNE 1919. THE UNED STAT SENATE DID NOT RATIFY THE TREATY SPE PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR ,[240][241] AND DID NOT FORMALLY END S VOLVEMENT THE WAR UNTIL THE KNOX–PORTER ROLUTN WAS SIGNED ON 2 JULY 1921 BY PRINT WARREN G. HARDG.[242] FOR THE UNED KGDOM AND THE BRISH EMPIRE, THE STATE OF WAR CEASED UNR THE PROVISNS OF THE TERMATN OF THE PRENT WAR (DEFN) ACT 1918 WH RPECT TO:GERMANY ON 10 JANUARY 1920.[243]ATRIA ON 16 JULY 1920.[244]BULGARIA ON 9 AUGT 1920.[245]HUNGARY ON 26 JULY 1921.[246]TURKEY ON 6 AUGT 1924.[247]AFTER THE TREATY OF VERSAILL, TREATI WH ATRIA, HUNGARY, BULGARIA, AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WERE SIGNED. HOWEVER, THE NEGOTIATN OF THE TREATY WH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS FOLLOWED BY STRIFE, AND A FAL PEACE TREATY BETWEEN THE ALLIED POWERS AND THE UNTRY THAT WOULD SHORTLY BEE THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY WAS NOT SIGNED UNTIL 24 JULY 1923, AT LSANNESOME WAR MEMORIALS DATE THE END OF THE WAR AS BEG WHEN THE VERSAILL TREATY WAS SIGNED 1919, WHICH WAS WHEN MANY OF THE TROOPS SERVG ABROAD FALLY RETURNED HOME; BY NTRAST, MOST MEMORATNS OF THE WAR'S END NCENTRATE ON THE ARMISTICE OF 11 NOVEMBER 1918.[248] LEGALLY, THE FORMAL PEACE TREATI WERE NOT PLETE UNTIL THE LAST, THE TREATY OF LSANNE, WAS SIGNED. UNR S TERMS, THE ALLIED FORC LEFT CONSTANTOPLE ON 23 AUGT 1923PEACE TREATI AND NATNAL BOUNDARIDISSOLUTN OF ATRIA-HUNGARY AFTER WARAFTER THE WAR, THERE GREW A CERTA AMOUNT OF AMIC FOC ON THE OF WAR AND ON THE ELEMENTS THAT ULD MAKE PEACE FLOURISH. IN PART, THE LED TO THE STUTNALIZATN OF PEACE AND NFLICT STUDI, SECURY STUDI AND INTERNATNAL RELATNS (IR) GENERAL.[249] THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE IMPOSED A SERI OF PEACE TREATI ON THE CENTRAL POWERS OFFICIALLY ENDG THE WAR. THE 1919 TREATY OF VERSAILL ALT WH GERMANY AND, BUILDG ON WILSON'S 14TH POT, BROUGHT TO BEG THE LEAGUE OF NATNS ON 28 JUNE 1919.[250][251]THE CENTRAL POWERS HAD TO ACKNOWLEDGE RPONSIBILY FOR "ALL THE LOSS AND DAMAGE TO WHICH THE ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED GOVERNMENTS AND THEIR NATNALS HAVE BEEN SUBJECTED AS A NSEQUENCE OF THE WAR IMPOSED UPON THEM BY" THEIR AGGRSN. IN THE TREATY OF VERSAILL, THIS STATEMENT WAS ARTICLE 231. THIS ARTICLE BEME KNOWN AS THE WAR GUILT CLSE AS THE MAJORY OF GERMANS FELT HUIATED AND RENTFUL.[252] OVERALL THE GERMANS FELT THEY HAD BEEN UNJTLY ALT WH BY WHAT THEY LLED THE "DIKTAT OF VERSAILL". GERMAN HISTORIAN HAGEN SCHULZE SAID THE TREATY PLACED GERMANY "UNR LEGAL SANCTNS, PRIVED OF ARY POWER, ENOMILLY ED, AND POLILLY HUIATED."[253] BELGIAN HISTORIAN LRENCE VAN YPERSELE EMPHASIS THE CENTRAL ROLE PLAYED BY MEMORY OF THE WAR AND THE VERSAILL TREATY GERMAN POLICS THE 1920S AND 1930S:ACTIVE NIAL OF WAR GUILT GERMANY AND GERMAN RENTMENT AT BOTH REPARATNS AND NTUED ALLIED OCCUPATN OF THE RHELAND MA WISPREAD REVISN OF THE MEANG AND MEMORY OF THE WAR PROBLEMATIC. THE LEGEND OF THE "STAB THE BACK" AND THE WISH TO REVISE THE "VERSAILL DIKTAT", AND THE BELIEF AN TERNATNAL THREAT AIMED AT THE ELIMATN OF THE GERMAN NATN PERSISTED AT THE HEART OF GERMAN POLICS. EVEN A MAN OF PEACE SUCH AS [GTAV] STREMANN PUBLICLY REJECTED GERMAN GUILT. AS FOR THE NAZIS, THEY WAVED THE BANNERS OF DOMTIC TREASON AND TERNATNAL NSPIRACY AN ATTEMPT TO GALVANISE THE GERMAN NATN TO A SPIR OF REVENGE. LIKE A FASCIST ITALY, NAZI GERMANY SOUGHT TO REDIRECT THE MEMORY OF THE WAR TO THE BENEF OF S OWN POLICI.[254]MEANWHILE, NEW NATNS LIBERATED OM GERMAN LE VIEWED THE TREATY AS REGNN OF WRONGS MTED AGAST SMALL NATNS BY MUCH LARGER AGGRSIVE NEIGHBOURS.[255] THE PEACE CONFERENCE REQUIRED ALL THE FEATED POWERS TO PAY REPARATNS FOR ALL THE DAMAGE DONE TO CIVILIANS. HOWEVER, OWG TO ENOMIC DIFFICULTI AND GERMANY BEG THE ONLY FEATED POWER WH AN TACT ENOMY, THE BURN FELL LARGELY ON GERMANYATRIA-HUNGARY WAS PARTNED TO SEVERAL SUCCSOR STAT, CLUDG ATRIA, HUNGARY, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, AND YUGOSLAVIA, LARGELY BUT NOT ENTIRELY ALONG ETHNIC L. TRANSYLVANIA WAS SHIFTED OM HUNGARY TO GREATER ROMANIA. THE TAILS WERE NTAED THE TREATY OF SAT-GERMA AND THE TREATY OF TRIANON. AS A RULT OF THE TREATY OF TRIANON, 3.3 LN HUNGARIANS ME UNR FOREIGN LE. ALTHOUGH THE HUNGARIANS MA UP APPROXIMATELY 54% OF THE POPULATN OF THE PRE-WAR KGDOM OF HUNGARY (ACRDG TO THE 1910 CENS), ONLY 32% OF S TERRORY WAS LEFT TO HUNGARY. BETWEEN 1920 AND 1924, 354,000 HUNGARIANS FLED FORMER HUNGARIAN TERRORI ATTACHED TO ROMANIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, AND YUGOSLAVIA.[256]THE RSIAN EMPIRE, WHICH HAD WHDRAWN OM THE WAR 1917 AFTER THE OCTOBER REVOLUTN, LOST MUCH OF S WTERN ONTIER AS THE NEWLY PENNT NATNS OF ESTONIA, FLAND, LATVIA, LHUANIA, AND POLAND WERE RVED OM . ROMANIA TOOK NTROL OF BSARABIA APRIL 1918.[164]GREEK PRIME MISTER ELEFTHERS VENIZELOS SIGNG THE TREATY OF SèVRTHE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DISTEGRATED, WH MUCH OF S LEVANT TERRORY AWARD TO VAR ALLIED POWERS AS PROTECTORAT. THE TURKISH RE ANATOLIA WAS REANISED AS THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS TO BE PARTNED BY THE TREATY OF SèVR OF 1920. THIS TREATY WAS NEVER RATIFIED BY THE SULTAN AND WAS REJECTED BY THE TURKISH NATNAL MOVEMENT, LEADG TO THE VICTOR TURKISH WAR OF INPENNCE AND THE MUCH LS STRGENT 1923 TREATY OF LSANNENATNAL INTIFURTHER RMATN: SYK–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–PALTIAN NFLICT ARE PARTIALLY FOUND THE UNSTABLE POWER DYNAMICS OF THE MIDDLE EAST THAT RULTED OM WORLD WAR I.[268] BEFORE THE END OF THE WAR, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE HAD MATAED A MOST LEVEL OF PEACE AND STABILY THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE EAST.[269] WH THE FALL OF THE OTTOMAN ERNMENT, POWER VACUUMS VELOPED AND NFLICTG CLAIMS TO LAND AND NATNHOOD BEGAN TO EMERGE.[270] THE POLIL BOUNDARI DRAWN BY THE VICTORS OF WORLD WAR I WERE QUICKLY IMPOSED, SOMETIM AFTER ONLY CURSORY NSULTATN WH THE LOL POPULATN. THE NTUE TO BE PROBLEMATIC THE 21ST-CENTURY STGGL FOR NATNAL INTY.[271][272] WHILE THE DISSOLUTN OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AT THE END OF WORLD WAR I WAS PIVOTAL NTRIBUTG TO THE MORN POLIL SUATN OF THE MIDDLE EAST, CLUDG THE ARAB-ISRAELI NFLICT,[273][274][275] THE END OF OTTOMAN LE ALSO SPAWNED LSER-KNOWN DISPUT OVER WATER AND OTHER NATURAL ROURC.[276]THE PRTIGE OF GERMANY AND GERMAN THGS LAT AMERI REMAED HIGH AFTER THE WAR BUT DID NOT REVER TO S PRE-WAR LEVELS.[277][278] INED, CHILE THE WAR BOUGHT AN END TO A PERD OF TENSE SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL FLUENCE WRER EDUARDO LA BARRA SRNGLY LLED "THE GERMAN BEWCHMENT" (SPANISH: EL EMBJAMIENTO ALEMáN).[277]HEALTH EFFECTSTRANSPORTG OTTOMAN WOUND AT SIRKECIOF THE 60 LN EUROPEAN ARY PERSONNEL WHO WERE MOBILISED OM 1914 TO 1918, 8 LN WERE KILLED, 7 LN WERE PERMANENTLY DISABLED, AND 15 LN WERE SERLY JURED. GERMANY LOST 15.1% OF S ACTIVE MALE POPULATN, ATRIA-HUNGARY LOST 17.1%, AND FRANCE LOST 10.5%.[279] FRANCE MOBILISED 7.8 LN MEN, OF WHICH 1.4 LN DIED AND 3.2 LN WERE JURED.[280] IN GERMANY, CIVILIAN ATHS WERE 474,000 HIGHER THAN PEACETIME, DUE LARGE PART TO FOOD SHORTAG AND MALNUTRN THAT WEAKENED RISTANCE TO DISEASE.[281] BY THE END OF THE WAR, STARVATN ED BY FAME HAD KILLED APPROXIMATELY 100,000 PEOPLE LEBANON.[282] BETWEEN 5 AND 10 LN PEOPLE DIED THE RSIAN FAME OF 1921.[283] BY 1922, THERE WERE BETWEEN 4.5 LN AND 7 LN HOMELS CHILDREN RSIA AS A RULT OF NEARLY A OF VASTATN OM WORLD WAR I, THE RSIAN CIVIL WAR, AND THE SUBSEQUENT FAME OF 1920–1922.[284] NUMERO ANTI-SOVIET RSIANS FLED THE UNTRY AFTER THE REVOLUTN; BY THE 1930S, THE NORTHERN CHE CY OF HARB HAD 100,000 RSIANS.[285] THOANDS MORE EMIGRATED TO FRANCE, ENGLAND, AND THE UNED STATEMERGENCY ARY HOSPAL DURG THE SPANISH FLU PANMIC, WHICH KILLED ABOUT 675,000 PEOPLE THE UNED STAT ALONE, CAMP FUNSTON, KANSAS, 1918THE ATRALIAN PRIME MISTER, BILLY HUGH, WROTE TO THE BRISH PRIME MISTER, LLOYD GEE, "YOU HAVE ASSURED THAT YOU NNOT GET BETTER TERMS. I MUCH REGRET , AND HOPE EVEN NOW THAT SOME WAY MAY BE FOUND OF SECURG AGREEMENT FOR MANDG REPARATN MENSURATE WH THE TREMENDO SACRIFIC MA BY THE BRISH EMPIRE AND HER ALLI." ATRALIA RECEIVED £5,571,720 WAR REPARATNS, BUT THE DIRECT ST OF THE WAR TO ATRALIA HAD BEEN £376,993,052, AND, BY THE MID-1930S, REPATRIATN PENSNS, WAR GRATUI, TERT AND SKG FUND CHARG WERE £831,280,947.[286] OF ABOUT 416,000 ATRALIANS WHO SERVED, ABOUT 60,000 WERE KILLED AND ANOTHER 152,000 WERE WOUND.[1]DISEAS FLOURISHED THE CHAOTIC WARTIME NDNS. IN 1914 ALONE, LOE-BORNE EPIMIC TYPH KILLED 200,000 SERBIA.[287] FROM 1918 TO 1922, RSIA HAD ABOUT 25 LN FECTNS AND 3 LN ATHS OM EPIMIC TYPH.[288] IN 1923, 13 LN RSIANS NTRACTED MALARIA, A SHARP CREASE OM THE PRE-WAR YEARS.[289] IN ADDN, A MAJOR FLUENZA EPIMIC SPREAD AROUND THE WORLD. OVERALL, THE SPANISH FLU KILLED AT LEAST 17 LN TO 50 LN PEOPLE,[12][290][291] CLUDG AN TIMATED 2.64 LN EUROPEANS AND AS MANY AS 675,000 AMERINS.[14] MOREOVER, BETWEEN 1915 AND 1926, AN EPIMIC OF ENCEPHALIS LETHARGI SPREAD AROUND THE WORLD AFFECTG NEARLY FIVE LN PEOPLE.[292][293]THE SOCIAL DISPTN AND WISPREAD VLENCE OF THE RSIAN REVOLUTN OF 1917 AND THE ENSUG RSIAN CIVIL WAR SPARKED MORE THAN 2,000 POGROMS THE FORMER RSIAN EMPIRE, MOSTLY UKRAE.[294] AN TIMATED 60,000–200,000 CIVILIAN JEWS WERE KILLED THE ATROCI.[295]IN THE AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR I, GREECE FOUGHT AGAST TURKISH NATNALISTS LED BY MTAFA KEMAL, A WAR THAT EVENTUALLY RULTED A MASSIVE POPULATN EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE TWO UNTRI UNR THE TREATY OF LSANNE.[296] ACRDG TO VAR SOURC,[297] SEVERAL HUNDRED THOAND GREEKS DIED DURG THIS PERD, WHICH WAS TIED WH THE GREEK GENOCI.[298]TECHNOLOGYSEE ALSO: TECHNOLOGY DURG WORLD WAR IGROUND WARFARESEE ALSO: TANKS WORLD WAR ITANKS ON PARA LONDON AT THE END OF WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I BEGAN AS A CLASH OF 20TH-CENTURY TECHNOLOGY AND 19TH-CENTURY TACTICS, WH THE EVABLY LARGE ENSUG SUALTI. BY THE END OF 1917, HOWEVER, THE MAJOR ARMI, NOW NUMBERG LNS OF MEN, HAD MORNISED AND WERE MAKG E OF TELEPHONE, WIRELS MUNITN,[299] ARMOURED RS, TANKS,[300] AND AIRCRAFT. INFANTRY FORMATNS WERE REANISED, SO THAT 100-MAN PANI WERE NO LONGER THE MA UN OF MANOVRE; STEAD, SQUADS OF 10 OR SO MEN, UNR THE MAND OF A JUNR NCO, WERE FAVOUREDARTILLERY ALSO UNRWENT A REVOLUTN. IN 1914, NNONS WERE POSNED THE ONT LE AND FIRED DIRECTLY AT THEIR TARGETS. BY 1917, DIRECT FIRE WH GUNS (AS WELL AS MORTARS AND EVEN MACHE GUNS) WAS MONPLACE, G NEW TECHNIQU FOR SPOTTG AND RANGG, NOTABLY, AIRCRAFT AND THE OFTEN OVERLOOKED FIELD TELEPHONE.[301] COUNTER-BATTERY MISSNS BEME MONPLACE, ALSO, AND SOUND TECTN WAS ED TO LOTE ENEMY BATTERIA RSIAN ARMOURED R, 1919GERMANY WAS FAR AHEAD OF THE ALLI G HEAVY DIRECT FIRE. THE GERMAN ARMY EMPLOYED 150 MM (6 ) AND 210 MM (8 ) HOWZERS 1914, WHEN TYPIL FRENCH AND BRISH GUNS WERE ONLY 75 MM (3 ) AND 105 MM (4 ). THE BRISH HAD A 6-CH (152 MM) HOWZER, BUT WAS SO HEAVY HAD TO BE HLED TO THE FIELD PIEC AND ASSEMBLED. THE GERMANS ALSO FIELD ATRIAN 305 MM (12 ) AND 420 MM (17 ) GUNS AND, EVEN AT THE BEGNG OF THE WAR, HAD VENTORI OF VAR LIBR OF MENWERFER, WHICH WERE IALLY SUED FOR TRENCH WARFARE.[302][303]38-CM "LANGE MAX" OF KOEKELARE (LGENBOOM), BIGGT GUN THE WORLD 1917ON 27 JUNE 1917 THE GERMANS ED THE BIGGT GUN THE WORLD, BATTERIE POMMERN, NICKNAMED "LANGE MAX". THIS GUN OM KPP WAS ABLE TO SHOOT 750 KG SHELLS OM KOEKELARE TO DUNKIRK, A DISTANCE OF ABOUT 50 KM (31 MI)MUCH OF THE BAT VOLVED TRENCH WARFARE, WHICH HUNDREDS OFTEN DIED FOR EACH METRE GAED. MANY OF THE ADLIT BATTL HISTORY OCCURRED DURG WORLD WAR I. SUCH BATTL CLU YPR, THE MARNE, CAMBRAI, THE SOMME, VERDUN, AND GALLIPOLI. THE GERMANS EMPLOYED THE HABER PROCS OF NROGEN FIXATN TO PROVI THEIR FORC WH A NSTANT SUPPLY OF GUNPOWR SPE THE BRISH NAVAL BLOCKA.[304] ARTILLERY WAS RPONSIBLE FOR THE LARGT NUMBER OF SUALTI[305] AND NSUMED VAST QUANTI OF EXPLOSIV. THE LARGE NUMBER OF HEAD WOUNDS ED BY EXPLODG SHELLS AND AGMENTATN FORCED THE BATANT NATNS TO VELOP THE MORN STEEL HELMET, LED BY THE FRENCH, WHO TRODUCED THE ADRIAN HELMET 1915. IT WAS QUICKLY FOLLOWED BY THE BRODIE HELMET, WORN BY BRISH IMPERIAL AND US TROOPS, AND 1916 BY THE DISTCTIVE GERMAN STAHLHELM, A SIGN, WH IMPROVEMENTS, STILL E TODAYGAS! GAS! QUICK, BOYS! – AN ECSTASY OF FUMBLGFTG THE CLUMSY HELMETS JT TIME;BUT SOMEONE STILL WAS YELLG OUT AND STUMBLGAND FLOUND'RG LIKE A MAN FIRE OR LIME ...DIM, THROUGH THE MISTY PAN AND THICK GREEN LIGHTAS UNR A GREEN SEA, I SAW HIM DROWNG— WILED OWEN, DULCE ET DEM T, 1917[306]A CANADIAN SOLDIER WH MTARD GAS BURNS, C. 1917–1918THE WISPREAD E OF CHEMIL WARFARE WAS A DISTGUISHG FEATURE OF THE NFLICT. GAS ED CLUD CHLORE, MTARD GAS AND PHOSGENE. RELATIVELY FEW WAR SUALTI WERE ED BY GAS,[307] AS EFFECTIVE UNTERMEASUR TO GAS ATTACKS WERE QUICKLY CREATED, SUCH AS GAS MASKS. THE E OF CHEMIL WARFARE AND SMALL-SLE STRATEGIC BOMBG (AS OPPOSED TO TACTIL BOMBG) WERE BOTH OUTLAWED BY THE HAGUE CONVENTNS OF 1899 AND 1907, AND BOTH PROVED TO BE OF LIMED EFFECTIVENS,[308] THOUGH THEY PTURED THE PUBLIC IMAGATN.[309]THE MOST POWERFUL LAND-BASED WEAPONS WERE RAILWAY GUNS, WEIGHG DOZENS OF TONS APIECE.[310] THE GERMAN VERSN WERE NICKNAMED BIG BERTHAS, EVEN THOUGH THE NAMAKE WAS NOT A RAILWAY GUN. GERMANY VELOPED THE PARIS GUN, ABLE TO BOMBARD PARIS OM OVER 100 KILOMETR (62 MI), THOUGH SHELLS WERE RELATIVELY LIGHT AT 94 KILOGRAMS (210 LB)BRISH VICKERS MACHE GUN, 1917TRENCH, MACHE GUNS, AIR RENNAISSANCE, BARBED WIRE, AND MORN ARTILLERY WH AGMENTATN SHELLS HELPED BRG THE BATTLE L OF WORLD WAR I TO A STALEMATE. THE BRISH AND THE FRENCH SOUGHT A SOLUTN WH THE CREATN OF THE TANK AND MECHANISED WARFARE. THE BRISH FIRST TANKS WERE ED DURG THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME ON 15 SEPTEMBER 1916. MECHANIL RELIABILY WAS AN ISSUE, BUT THE EXPERIMENT PROVED S WORTH. WH A YEAR, THE BRISH WERE FIELDG TANKS BY THE HUNDREDS, AND THEY SHOWED THEIR POTENTIAL DURG THE BATTLE OF CAMBRAI NOVEMBER 1917, BY BREAKG THE HNBURG LE, WHILE BED ARMS TEAMS PTURED 8,000 ENEMY SOLDIERS AND 100 GUNS. MEANWHILE, THE FRENCH TRODUCED THE FIRST TANKS WH A ROTATG TURRET, THE RENLT FT, WHICH BEME A CISIVE TOOL OF THE VICTORY. THE NFLICT ALSO SAW THE TRODUCTN OF LIGHT TOMATIC WEAPONS AND SUBMACHE GUNS, SUCH AS THE LEWIS GUN, THE BROWNG AUTOMATIC RIFLE, AND THE BERGMANN MP18ANOTHER NEW WEAPON, THE FLAMETHROWER, WAS FIRST ED BY THE GERMAN ARMY AND LATER ADOPTED BY OTHER FORC. ALTHOUGH NOT OF HIGH TACTIL VALUE, THE FLAMETHROWER WAS A POWERFUL, MORALISG WEAPON THAT ED TERROR ON THE BATTLEFIELDTRENCH RAILWAYS EVOLVED TO SUPPLY THE ENORMO QUANTI OF FOOD, WATER, AND AMMUNN REQUIRED TO SUPPORT LARGE NUMBERS OF SOLDIERS AREAS WHERE NVENTNAL TRANSPORTATN SYSTEMS HAD BEEN STROYED. INTERNAL BTN ENG AND IMPROVED TRACTN SYSTEMS FOR TOMOBIL AND TCKS/LORRI EVENTUALLY RENRED TRENCH RAILWAYS OBSOLETEAREAS TAKEN MAJOR ATTACKSATTACK AREAS ON THE WTERN FRONT, NEHER SI MA IMPRSIVE GAS THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF THE WAR WH ATTACKS AT VERDUN, THE SOMME, PASSCHENDAELE, AND CAMBRAI—THE EXCEPTN WAS NIVELLE'S OFFENSIVE WHICH THE GERMAN FENCE GAVE GROUND WHILE MLG THE ATTACKERS SO BADLY THAT THERE WERE MUTI THE FRENCH ARMY. IN 1918 THE GERMANS SMASHED THROUGH THE FENCE L THREE GREAT ATTACKS: MICHAEL, ON THE LYS, AND ON THE AISNE, WHICH DISPLAYED THE POWER OF THEIR NEW TACTICS. THE ALLI STCK BACK AT SOISSONS, WHICH SHOWED THE GERMANS THAT THEY MT RETURN TO THE FENSIVE, AND AT AMIENS; TANKS PLAYED A PROMENT ROLE BOTH THE ASSLTS, AS THEY HAD THE YEAR BEFORE AT CAMBRAITHE AREAS THE EAST WERE LARGER. THE GERMANS DID WELL AT THE FIRST MASURIAN LAK DRIVG THE VARS OM EAST PSSIA, AND AT RIGA, WHICH LED THE RSIANS TO SUE FOR PEACE. THE ATRO-HUNGARIANS AND GERMANS JOED FOR A GREAT SUCCS AT GORLICE–TARNóW, WHICH DROVE THE RSIANS OUT OF POLAND. IN A SERI OF ATTACKS ALONG WH THE BULGARIANS, THEY OCCUPIED SERBIA, ALBANIA, MONTENEGRO AND MOST OF ROMANIA. THE ALLI SUCCS ME LATER PALTE, THE BEGNG OF THE END FOR THE OTTOMANS, MACEDONIA, WHICH DROVE THE BULGARIANS OUT OF THE WAR, AND AT VTOR VEO, THE FAL BLOW FOR THE ATRO-HUNGARIANS. THE AREA OCCUPIED THE EAST BY THE CENTRAL POWERS ON 11 NOVEMBER 1918 WAS 1,042,600 KM2 (402,600 SQ MI)NAVALTHE MOLTKE-CLASS OTTOMAN BATTLECISER YAVûZ SULTâN SELîMGERMANY PLOYED U-BOATS (SUBMAR) AFTER THE WAR BEGAN. ALTERNATG BETWEEN RTRICTED AND UNRTRICTED SUBMARE WARFARE THE ATLANTIC, THE KAISERLICHE MARE EMPLOYED THEM TO PRIVE THE BRISH ISL OF VAL SUPPLI. THE ATHS OF BRISH MERCHANT SAILORS AND THE SEEMG VULNERABILY OF U-BOATS LED TO THE VELOPMENT OF PTH CHARG (1916), HYDROPHON (PASSIVE SONAR, 1917), BLIMPS, HUNTER-KILLER SUBMAR (HMS R-1, 1917), FORWARD-THROWG ANTI-SUBMARE WEAPONS, AND DIPPG HYDROPHON (THE LATTER TWO BOTH ABANDONED 1918).[130] TO EXTEND THEIR OPERATNS, THE GERMANS PROPOSED SUPPLY SUBMAR (1916). MOST OF THE WOULD BE FOTTEN THE TERWAR PERD UNTIL WORLD WAR II REVIVED THE NEED.[311]AVIATNMA ARTICLE: AVIATN WORLD WAR IRAF SOPWH CAMEL. IN APRIL 1917, THE AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF A BRISH PILOT ON THE WTERN FRONT WAS 93 FLYG HOURS.[312]FIXED-WG AIRCRAFT WERE FIRST ED ARILY BY THE ITALIANS LIBYA ON 23 OCTOBER 1911 DURG THE ITALO-TURKISH WAR FOR RENNAISSANCE, SOON FOLLOWED BY THE DROPPG OF GRENAS AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY THE NEXT YEAR. BY 1914, THEIR ARY UTILY WAS OBV. THEY WERE IALLY ED FOR RENNAISSANCE AND GROUND ATTACK. TO SHOOT DOWN ENEMY PLAN, ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS AND FIGHTER AIRCRAFT WERE VELOPED. STRATEGIC BOMBERS WERE CREATED, PRCIPALLY BY THE GERMANS AND BRISH, THOUGH THE FORMER ED ZEPPELS AS WELL.[313] TOWARDS THE END OF THE NFLICT, AIRCRAFT RRIERS WERE ED FOR THE FIRST TIME, WH HMS FUR LNCHG SOPWH CAMELS A RAID TO STROY THE ZEPPEL HANGARS AT TøNR 1918.[314]LUFTSTREKRäFTE FOKKER DR.I BEG SPECTED BY MANED VON RICHTHOFEN, ALSO KNOWN AS THE RED BARON, ONE OF MOST FAMO PILOTS THE WAR.[315]MANNED OBSERVATN BALLOONS, FLOATG HIGH ABOVE THE TRENCH, WERE ED AS STATNARY RENNAISSANCE PLATFORMS, REPORTG ENEMY MOVEMENTS AND DIRECTG ARTILLERY. BALLOONS MONLY HAD A CREW OF TWO, EQUIPPED WH PARACHUT,[316] SO THAT IF THERE WAS AN ENEMY AIR ATTACK THE CREW ULD PARACHUTE TO SAFETY. AT THE TIME, PARACHUT WERE TOO HEAVY TO BE ED BY PILOTS OF AIRCRAFT (WH THEIR MARGAL POWER OUTPUT), AND SMALLER VERSNS WERE NOT VELOPED UNTIL THE END OF THE WAR; THEY WERE ALSO OPPOSED BY THE BRISH LEARSHIP, WHO FEARED THEY MIGHT PROMOTE WARDICE.[317]REGNISED FOR THEIR VALUE AS OBSERVATN PLATFORMS, BALLOONS WERE IMPORTANT TARGETS FOR ENEMY AIRCRAFT. TO FEND THEM AGAST AIR ATTACK, THEY WERE HEAVILY PROTECTED BY ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS AND PATROLLED BY IENDLY AIRCRAFT; TO ATTACK THEM, UNUAL WEAPONS SUCH AS AIR-TO-AIR ROCKETS WERE TRIED. TH, THE RENNAISSANCE VALUE OF BLIMPS AND BALLOONS NTRIBUTED TO THE VELOPMENT OF AIR-TO-AIR BAT BETWEEN ALL TYP OF AIRCRAFT, AND TO THE TRENCH STALEMATE, BEE WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO MOVE LARGE NUMBERS OF TROOPS UNTECTED. THE GERMANS NDUCTED AIR RAIDS ON ENGLAND DURG 1915 AND 1916 WH AIRSHIPS, HOPG TO DAMAGE BRISH MORALE AND E AIRCRAFT TO BE DIVERTED OM THE ONT L, AND ED THE RULTG PANIC LED TO THE DIVERSN OF SEVERAL SQUADRONS OF FIGHTERS OM FRANCE.[313][317]WAR CRIMBARALONG CINTSMA ARTICLE: BARALONG CINTSHMS BARALONGON 19 AUGT 1915, THE GERMAN SUBMARE U-27 WAS SUNK BY THE BRISH Q-SHIP HMS BARALONG. ALL GERMAN SURVIVORS WERE SUMMARILY EXECUTED BY BARALONG'S CREW ON THE ORRS OF LITENANT GODEY HERBERT, THE PTA OF THE SHIP. THE SHOOTG WAS REPORTED TO THE MEDIA BY AMERIN CIZENS WHO WERE ON BOARD THE NISIA, A BRISH EIGHTER LOAD WH WAR SUPPLI, WHICH WAS STOPPED BY U-27 JT MUT BEFORE THE CINT.[318]ON 24 SEPTEMBER, BARALONG STROYED U-41, WHICH WAS THE PROCS OF SKG THE RGO SHIP URBO. ACRDG TO KARL GOETZ, THE SUBMARE'S MANR, BARALONG NTUED TO FLY THE US FLAG AFTER FIRG ON U-41 AND THEN RAMMED THE LIFEBOAT—RRYG THE GERMAN SURVIVORS, SKG .[319]TORPEDOG OF HMHS LLANDOVERY CASTLESEE ALSO: UNRTRICTED SUBMARE WARFARETHE CANADIAN HOSPAL SHIP HMHS LLANDOVERY CASTLE WAS TORPEDOED BY THE GERMAN SUBMARE SM U-86 ON 27 JUNE 1918 VLATN OF TERNATNAL LAW. ONLY 24 OF THE 258 MEDIL PERSONNEL, PATIENTS, AND CREW SURVIVED. SURVIVORS REPORTED THAT THE U-BOAT SURFACED AND RAN DOWN THE LIFEBOATS, MACHE-GUNNG SURVIVORS THE WATER. THE U-BOAT PTA, HELMUT PATZIG, WAS CHARGED WH WAR CRIM GERMANY FOLLOWG THE WAR, BUT PED PROSECUTN BY GOG TO THE FREE CY OF DANZIG, BEYOND THE JURISDICTN OF GERMAN URTS.[320]BLOCKA OF GERMANYMA ARTICLE: BLOCKA OF GERMANYAFTER THE WAR, THE GERMAN ERNMENT CLAIMED THAT APPROXIMATELY 763,000 GERMAN CIVILIANS DIED OM STARVATN AND DISEASE DURG THE WAR BEE OF THE ALLIED BLOCKA.[321][322] AN AMIC STUDY DONE 1928 PUT THE ATH TOLL AT 424,000.[323] GERMANY PROTTED THAT THE ALLI HAD ED STARVATN AS A WEAPON OF WAR.[324] SALLY MARKS ARGUED THAT THE GERMAN ACUNTS OF A HUNGER BLOCKA ARE A "MYTH," AS GERMANY DID NOT FACE THE STARVATN LEVEL OF BELGIUM AND THE REGNS OF POLAND AND NORTHERN FRANCE THAT OCCUPIED.[325] ACRDG TO THE BRISH JUDGE AND LEGAL PHILOSOPHER PATRICK DEVL, "THE WAR ORRS GIVEN BY THE ADMIRALTY ON 26 AUGT [1914] WERE CLEAR ENOUGH. ALL FOOD NSIGNED TO GERMANY THROUGH NTRAL PORTS WAS TO BE PTURED AND ALL FOOD NSIGNED TO ROTTERDAM WAS TO BE PRUMED NSIGNED TO GERMANY." ACRDG TO DEVL, THIS WAS A SER BREACH OF INTERNATNAL LAW, EQUIVALENT TO GERMAN MELAYG.[326]CHEMIL WEAPONS WARFAREMA ARTICLE: CHEMIL WEAPONS WORLD WAR IFRENCH SOLDIERS MAKG A GAS AND FLAME ATTACK ON GERMAN TRENCH FLANRSTHE GERMAN ARMY WAS THE FIRST TO SUCCSFULLY PLOY CHEMIL WEAPONS DURG THE SEND BATTLE OF YPR (22 APRIL – 25 MAY 1915), AFTER GERMAN SCIENTISTS WORKG UNR THE DIRECTN OF FRZ HABER AT THE KAISER WILHELM INSTUTE VELOPED A METHOD TO WEAPONIZE CHLORE.[J][327] THE E OF CHEMIL WEAPONS WAS SANCTNED BY THE GERMAN HIGH COMMAND AN EFFORT TO FORCE ALLIED SOLDIERS OUT OF THEIR ENTRENCHED POSNS, PLEMENTG RATHER THAN SUPPLANTG MORE LETHAL NVENTNAL WEAPONS.[327] IN TIME, CHEMIL WEAPONS WERE PLOYED BY ALL MAJOR BELLIGERENTS THROUGHOUT THE WAR, FLICTG APPROXIMATELY 1.3 LN SUALTI, BUT RELATIVELY FEW FATALI: ABOUT 90,000 TOTAL.[327] FOR EXAMPLE, THERE WERE AN TIMATED 186,000 BRISH CHEMIL WEAPONS SUALTI DURG THE WAR (80% OF WHICH WERE THE RULT OF EXPOSURE TO THE VINT SULFUR MTARD, TRODUCED TO THE BATTLEFIELD BY THE GERMANS JULY 1917, WHICH BURNS THE SK AT ANY POT OF NTACT AND FLICTS MORE SEVERE LUNG DAMAGE THAN CHLORE OR PHOSGENE),[327] AND UP TO ONE-THIRD OF AMERIN SUALTI WERE ED BY THEM. THE RSIAN ARMY REPORTEDLY SUFFERED ROUGHLY 500,000 CHEMIL WEAPON SUALTI WORLD WAR I.[328] THE E OF CHEMIL WEAPONS WARFARE WAS DIRECT VLATN OF THE 1899 HAGUE DECLARATN CONCERNG ASPHYXIATG GAS AND THE 1907 HAGUE CONVENTN ON LAND WARFARE, WHICH PROHIBED THEIR E.[329][330]ITALIAN ARDI TROOPS G GAS-MASKS TO PROTECT THEMSELV OM ENEMY'S CHEMIL WEAPONSTHE EFFECT OF POISON GAS WAS NOT LIMED TO BATANTS. CIVILIANS WERE AT RISK OM THE GAS AS WDS BLEW THE POISON GAS THROUGH THEIR TOWNS, AND THEY RARELY RECEIVED WARNGS OR ALERTS OF POTENTIAL DANGER. IN ADDN TO ABSENT WARNG SYSTEMS, CIVILIANS OFTEN DID NOT HAVE ACCS TO EFFECTIVE GAS MASKS. AN TIMATED 100,000–260,000 CIVILIAN SUALTI WERE ED BY CHEMIL WEAPONS DURG THE NFLICT AND TENS OF THOANDS MORE (ALONG WH ARY PERSONNEL) DIED OM SRRG OF THE LUNGS, SK DAMAGE, AND CEREBRAL DAMAGE THE YEARS AFTER THE NFLICT END. MANY MANRS ON BOTH SIS KNEW SUCH WEAPONS WOULD E MAJOR HARM TO CIVILIANS BUT NOHELS NTUED TO E THEM. BRISH FIELD MARSHAL SIR DOUGLAS HAIG WROTE HIS DIARY, "MY OFFICERS AND I WERE AWARE THAT SUCH WEAPONS WOULD E HARM TO WOMEN AND CHILDREN LIVG NEARBY TOWNS, AS STRONG WDS WERE MON THE BATTLEONT. HOWEVER, BEE THE WEAPON WAS TO BE DIRECTED AGAST THE ENEMY, NONE OF WERE OVERLY NCERNED AT ALL."[331][332][333][334]THE WAR DAMAGED CHEMISTRY'S PRTIGE EUROPEAN SOCIETI, PARTICULAR THE GERMAN VARIETY.[335]GENOCI AND ETHNIC CLEANSGOTTOMAN EMPIRESEE ALSO: ARMENIAN GENOCI, ASSYRIAN GENOCI, GREEK GENOCI, AND GENOCI NIALARMENIANS KILLED DURG THE ARMENIAN GENOCI. IMAGE TAKEN OM AMBASSADOR MENTH'S STORY, WRTEN BY HENRY MENTH, SR. AND PUBLISHED 1918.[336]ATRO-HUNGARIAN SOLDIERS EXECUTG MEN AND WOMEN SERBIA, 1916[337]THE ETHNIC CLEANSG OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE'S ARMENIAN POPULATN, CLUDG MASS PORTATNS AND EXECUTNS, DURG THE FAL YEARS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IS NSIRED GENOCI.[338] THE OTTOMANS RRIED OUT ANISED AND SYSTEMATIC MASSACR OF THE ARMENIAN POPULATN AT THE BEGNG OF THE WAR AND MANIPULATED ACTS OF ARMENIAN RISTANCE BY PORTRAYG THEM AS REBELLNS TO JTIFY FURTHER EXTERMATN.[339] IN EARLY 1915, A NUMBER OF ARMENIANS VOLUNTEERED TO JO THE RSIAN FORC AND THE OTTOMAN ERNMENT ED THIS AS A PRETEXT TO ISSUE THE TEHCIR LAW (LAW ON DEPORTATN), WHICH THORISED THE PORTATN OF ARMENIANS OM THE EMPIRE'S EASTERN PROVC TO SYRIA BETWEEN 1915 AND 1918. THE ARMENIANS WERE TENTNALLY MARCHED TO ATH AND A NUMBER WERE ATTACKED BY OTTOMAN BRIGANDS.[340] WHILE AN EXACT NUMBER OF ATHS IS UNKNOWN, THE INTERNATNAL ASSOCIATN OF GENOCI SCHOLARS TIMAT 1.5 LN.[338][341] THE ERNMENT OF TURKEY HAS NSISTENTLY NIED THE GENOCI, ARGUG THAT THOSE WHO DIED WERE VICTIMS OF TER-ETHNIC FIGHTG, FAME, OR DISEASE DURG WORLD WAR I; THE CLAIMS ARE REJECTED BY MOST HISTORIANS.[342]OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS WERE SIARLY ATTACKED BY THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURG THIS PERD, CLUDG ASSYRIANS AND GREEKS, AND SOME SCHOLARS NSIR THOSE EVENTS TO BE PART OF THE SAME POLICY OF EXTERMATN.[343][344][345] AT LEAST 250,000 ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS, ABOUT HALF OF THE POPULATN, AND 350,000–750,000 ANATOLIAN AND PONTIC GREEKS WERE KILLED BETWEEN 1915 AND 1922.[346]RSIAN EMPIREMA ARTICLE: ANTI-JEWISH POGROMS THE RSIAN EMPIRESEE ALSO: URKUNMANY POGROMS ACPANIED THE RSIAN REVOLUTN OF 1917 AND THE ENSUG RSIAN CIVIL WAR. 60,000–200,000 CIVILIAN JEWS WERE KILLED THE ATROCI THROUGHOUT THE FORMER RSIAN EMPIRE (MOSTLY WH THE PALE OF SETTLEMENT PRENT-DAY UKRAE).[347] THERE WERE AN TIMATED 7–12 LN SUALTI DURG THE RSIAN CIVIL WAR, MOSTLY CIVILIANS.[348]RAPE OF BELGIUMMA ARTICLE: RAPE OF BELGIUMTHE GERMAN VARS TREATED ANY RISTANCE—SUCH AS SABOTAGG RAIL L—AS ILLEGAL AND IMMORAL, AND SHOT THE OFFENRS AND BURNED BUILDGS RETALIATN. IN ADDN, THEY TEND TO SPECT THAT MOST CIVILIANS WERE POTENTIAL ANCS-TIRRS (GUERRILLAS) AND, ACRDGLY, TOOK AND SOMETIM KILLED HOSTAG OM AMONG THE CIVILIAN POPULATN. THE GERMAN ARMY EXECUTED OVER 6,500 FRENCH AND BELGIAN CIVILIANS BETWEEN AUGT AND NOVEMBER 1914, UALLY NEAR-RANDOM LARGE-SLE SHOOTGS OF CIVILIANS ORRED BY JUNR GERMAN OFFICERS. THE GERMAN ARMY STROYED 15,000–20,000 BUILDGS—MOST FAMOLY THE UNIVERSY LIBRARY AT LOUVA—AND GENERATED A WAVE OF REFUGE OF OVER A LN PEOPLE. OVER HALF THE GERMAN REGIMENTS BELGIUM WERE VOLVED MAJOR CINTS.[349] THOANDS OF WORKERS WERE SHIPPED TO GERMANY TO WORK FACTORI. BRISH PROPAGANDA DRAMATISG THE RAPE OF BELGIUM ATTRACTED MUCH ATTENTN THE UNED STAT, WHILE BERL SAID WAS BOTH LAWFUL AND NECSARY BEE OF THE THREAT OF ANC-TIRRS LIKE THOSE FRANCE 1870.[350] THE BRISH AND FRENCH MAGNIFIED THE REPORTS AND DISSEMATED THEM AT HOME AND THE UNED STAT, WHERE THEY PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE DISSOLVG SUPPORT FOR GERMANY.[351][352]SOLDIERS' EXPERIENCMA ARTICL: LIST OF LAST SURVIVG WORLD WAR I VETERANS BY UNTRY, WORLD WAR I SUALTI, COMMONWEALTH WAR GRAV COMMISSN, AND AMERIN BATTLE MONUMENTS COMMISSNTHE BRISH SOLDIERS OF THE WAR WERE IALLY VOLUNTEERS BUT CREASGLY WERE NSCRIPTED TO SERVICE. SURVIVG VETERANS, RETURNG HOME, OFTEN FOUND THEY ULD DISCS THEIR EXPERIENC ONLY AMONGST THEMSELV. GROUPG TOGETHER, THEY FORMED "VETERANS' ASSOCIATNS" OR "LEGNS". A SMALL NUMBER OF PERSONAL ACUNTS OF AMERIN VETERANS HAVE BEEN LLECTED BY THE LIBRARY OF CONGRS VETERANS HISTORY PROJECT.[353]PRISONERS OF WARMA ARTICLE: WORLD WAR I PRISONERS OF WAR GERMANYGERMAN PRISONERS A FRENCH PRISON MP DURG THE LATER PART OF THE WARABOUT EIGHT LN MEN SURRENRED AND WERE HELD POW MPS DURG THE WAR. ALL NATNS PLEDGED TO FOLLOW THE HAGUE CONVENTNS ON FAIR TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR, AND THE SURVIVAL RATE FOR POWS WAS GENERALLY MUCH HIGHER THAN THAT OF BATANTS AT THE ONT.[354] INDIVIDUAL SURRENRS WERE UNMON; LARGE UNS UALLY SURRENRED EN MASSE. AT THE SIEGE OF MBGE ABOUT 40,000 FRENCH SOLDIERS SURRENRED, AT THE BATTLE OF GALICIA RSIANS TOOK ABOUT 100,000 TO 120,000 ATRIAN PTIV, AT THE BSILOV OFFENSIVE ABOUT 325,000 TO 417,000 GERMANS AND ATRIANS SURRENRED TO RSIANS, AND AT THE BATTLE OF TANNENBERG, 92,000 RSIANS SURRENRED. WHEN THE BIEGED GARRISON OF KNAS SURRENRED 1915, SOME 20,000 RSIANS BEME PRISONERS, AT THE BATTLE NEAR PRZASNYSZ (FEBARY–MARCH 1915) 14,000 GERMANS SURRENRED TO RSIANS, AND AT THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE ABOUT 12,000 GERMANS SURRENRED TO THE ALLI. 25–31% OF RSIAN LOSS (AS A PROPORTN OF THOSE PTURED, WOUND, OR KILLED) WERE TO PRISONER STAT; FOR ATRIA-HUNGARY 32%, FOR ITALY 26%, FOR FRANCE 12%, FOR GERMANY 9%; FOR BRA 7%. PRISONERS OM THE ALLIED ARMI TOTALLED ABOUT 1.4 LN (NOT CLUDG RSIA, WHICH LOST 2.5–3.5 LN MEN AS PRISONERS). FROM THE CENTRAL POWERS ABOUT 3.3 LN MEN BEME PRISONERS; MOST OF THEM SURRENRED TO RSIANS.[355] GERMANY HELD 2.5 LN PRISONERS; RSIA HELD 2.2–2.9 LN; WHILE BRA AND FRANCE HELD ABOUT 720,000. MOST WERE PTURED JT BEFORE THE ARMISTICE. THE UNED STAT HELD 48,000. THE MOST DANGERO MOMENT WAS THE ACT OF SURRENR WHEN HELPLS SOLDIERS WERE SOMETIM GUNNED DOWN.[356][357] ONCE PRISONERS REACHED A MP, NDNS WERE, GENERAL, SATISFACTORY (AND MUCH BETTER THAN WORLD WAR II), THANKS PART TO THE EFFORTS OF THE INTERNATNAL RED CROSS AND SPECTNS BY NTRAL NATNS. HOWEVER, NDNS WERE TERRIBLE RSIA: STARVATN WAS MON FOR PRISONERS AND CIVILIANS ALIKE; ABOUT 15–20% OF THE PRISONERS RSIA DIED, AND CENTRAL POWERS IMPRISONMENT 8% OF RSIANS.[358] IN GERMANY, FOOD WAS SRCE, BUT ONLY 5% DIED.[359][360][361]BRISH PRISONERS GUARD BY OTTOMAN FORC AFTER THE FIRST BATTLE OF GAZA 1917THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE OFTEN TREATED POWS POORLY.[362] SOME 11,800 BRISH EMPIRE SOLDIERS, MOST OF THEM INDIANS, BEME PRISONERS AFTER THE SIEGE OF KUT MOPOTAMIA APRIL 1916; 4,250 DIED PTIVY.[363] ALTHOUGH MANY WERE A POOR NDN WHEN PTURED, OTTOMAN OFFICERS FORCED THEM TO MARCH 1,100 KILOMETR (684 MI) TO ANATOLIA. A SURVIVOR SAID: "WE WERE DRIVEN ALONG LIKE BEASTS; TO DROP OUT WAS TO DIE."[364] THE SURVIVORS WERE THEN FORCED TO BUILD A RAILWAY THROUGH THE TS MOUNTASIN RSIA, WHEN THE PRISONERS OM THE CZECH LEGN OF THE ATRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY WERE RELEASED 1917, THEY RE-ARMED THEMSELV AND BRIEFLY BEME A ARY AND DIPLOMATIC FORCE DURG THE RSIAN CIVIL WARWHILE THE ALLIED PRISONERS OF THE CENTRAL POWERS WERE QUICKLY SENT HOME AT THE END OF ACTIVE HOSTILI, THE SAME TREATMENT WAS NOT GRANTED TO CENTRAL POWER PRISONERS OF THE ALLI AND RSIA, MANY OF WHOM SERVED AS FORCED LABOUR, E.G., FRANCE UNTIL 1920. THEY WERE RELEASED ONLY AFTER MANY APPROACH BY THE RED CROSS TO THE ALLIED SUPREME COUNCIL.[365] GERMAN PRISONERS WERE STILL BEG HELD RSIA AS LATE AS 1924.[366]MILARY ATTACHéS AND WAR RRPONNTSMA ARTICLE: MILARY ATTACHéS AND WAR RRPONNTS THE FIRST WORLD WARMILARY AND CIVILIAN OBSERVERS OM EVERY MAJOR POWER CLOSELY FOLLOWED THE URSE OF THE WAR. MANY WERE ABLE TO REPORT ON EVENTS OM A PERSPECTIVE SOMEWHAT AK TO MORN "EMBEDD" POSNS WH THE OPPOSG LAND AND NAVAL FORCSUPPORT FOR THE WARPOSTER URGG WOMEN TO JO THE BRISH WAR EFFORT, PUBLISHED BY THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATNBERMUDA VOLUNTEER RIFLE CORPS FIRST CONTGENT BERMUDA, WTER 1914–1915, BEFORE JOG 1 LLNSHIRE REGIMENT FRANCE JUNE, 1916. THE DOZEN REMAG AFTER GUEURT ON 25 SEPTEMBER 1916, MERGED WH A SEND CONTGENT. THE TWO NTGENTS SUFFERED 75% SUALTIA PANY OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS BATTALN PRR TO THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS BATTALNS WERE PALS BATTALNS RAISED AS PART OF KCHENER'S ARMY, ORIGALLY MA UP EXCLIVELY OF FORMER PUBLIC SCHOOLBOYSIN THE BALKANS, YUGOSLAV NATNALISTS SUCH AS THE LEAR, ANTE TMBIć, STRONGLY SUPPORTED THE WAR, SIRG THE EEDOM OF YUGOSLAVS OM ATRIA-HUNGARY AND OTHER FOREIGN POWERS AND THE CREATN OF AN PENNT YUGOSLAVIA. THE YUGOSLAV COMMTEE, LED BY TMBIć, WAS FORMED PARIS ON 30 APRIL 1915 BUT SHORTLY MOVED S OFFICE TO LONDON.[367] IN APRIL 1918, THE ROME CONGRS OF OPPRSED NATNALI MET, CLUDG CZECHOSLOVAK, ITALIAN, POLISH, TRANSYLVANIAN, AND YUGOSLAV REPRENTATIV WHO URGED THE ALLI TO SUPPORT NATNAL SELF-TERMATN FOR THE PEOPL RIDG WH ATRIA-HUNGARY.[368]IN THE MIDDLE EAST, ARAB NATNALISM SOARED OTTOMAN TERRORI RPONSE TO THE RISE OF TURKISH NATNALISM DURG THE WAR, WH ARAB NATNALIST LEARS ADVOTG THE CREATN OF A PAN-ARAB STATE. IN 1916, THE ARAB REVOLT BEGAN OTTOMAN-NTROLLED TERRORI OF THE MIDDLE EAST AN EFFORT TO ACHIEVE PENNCE.[369]IN EAST AI, IYASU V OF ETHPIA WAS SUPPORTG THE DERVISH STATE WHO WERE AT WAR WH THE BRISH THE SOMALILAND CAMPAIGN.[370] VON SYBURG, THE GERMAN ENVOY ADDIS ABABA, SAID, "NOW THE TIME HAS E FOR ETHPIA TO REGA THE AST OF THE RED SEA DRIVG THE ITALIANS HOME, TO RTORE THE EMPIRE TO S ANCIENT SIZE." THE ETHPIAN EMPIRE WAS ON THE VERGE OF ENTERG WORLD WAR I ON THE SI OF THE CENTRAL POWERS BEFORE IYASU'S OVERTHROW AT THE BATTLE OF SEGALE DUE TO ALLIED PRSURE ON THE ETHPIAN ARISTOCRACY.[371] IYASU WAS ACCED OF NVERTG TO ISLAM.[372] ACRDG TO ETHPIAN HISTORIAN BAH ZEW, THE EVINCE ED TO PROVE IYASU'S NVERSN WAS A DOCTORED PHOTO OF IYASU WEARG A TURBAN PROVID BY THE ALLI.[373] SOME HISTORIANS CLAIM THE BRISH SPY T. E. LAWRENCE FED THE IYASU PHOTO.[374]A NUMBER OF SOCIALIST PARTI IALLY SUPPORTED THE WAR WHEN BEGAN AUGT 1914.[368] BUT EUROPEAN SOCIALISTS SPL ON NATNAL L, WH THE NCEPT OF CLASS NFLICT HELD BY RADIL SOCIALISTS SUCH AS MARXISTS AND SYNDILISTS BEG OVERBORNE BY THEIR PATRTIC SUPPORT FOR THE WAR.[375] ONCE THE WAR BEGAN, ATRIAN, BRISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, AND RSIAN SOCIALISTS FOLLOWED THE RISG NATNALIST CURRENT BY SUPPORTG THEIR UNTRI' TERVENTN THE WAR.[376]ITALIAN NATNALISM WAS STIRRED BY THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR AND WAS IALLY STRONGLY SUPPORTED BY A VARIETY OF POLIL FACTNS. ONE OF THE MOST PROMENT AND POPULAR ITALIAN NATNALIST SUPPORTERS OF THE WAR WAS GABRIELE D'ANNUNZ, WHO PROMOTED ITALIAN IRRENTISM AND HELPED SWAY THE ITALIAN PUBLIC TO SUPPORT TERVENTN THE WAR.[377] THE ITALIAN LIBERAL PARTY, UNR THE LEARSHIP OF PAOLO BOSELLI, PROMOTED TERVENTN THE WAR ON THE SI OF THE ALLI AND ED THE DANTE ALIGHIERI SOCIETY TO PROMOTE ITALIAN NATNALISM.[378] ITALIAN SOCIALISTS WERE DIVID ON WHETHER TO SUPPORT THE WAR OR OPPOSE ; SOME WERE ANT SUPPORTERS OF THE WAR, CLUDG BENO MSOLI AND LEONIDA BISSOLATI.[379] HOWEVER, THE ITALIAN SOCIALIST PARTY CID TO OPPOSE THE WAR AFTER ANTI-ARIST PROTTORS WERE KILLED, RULTG A GENERAL STRIKE LLED RED WEEK.[380] THE ITALIAN SOCIALIST PARTY PURGED SELF OF PRO-WAR NATNALIST MEMBERS, CLUDG MSOLI.[380] MSOLI, A SYNDILIST WHO SUPPORTED THE WAR ON GROUNDS OF IRRENTIST CLAIMS ON ITALIAN-POPULATED REGNS OF ATRIA-HUNGARY, FORMED THE PRO-TERVENTNIST IL POPOLO D'ITALIA AND THE FASCI RIVOLUZNAR D'AZNE INTERNAZNALISTA ("REVOLUTNARY FASCI FOR INTERNATNAL ACTN") OCTOBER 1914 THAT LATER VELOPED TO THE FASCI DI COMBATTIMENTO 1919, THE ORIG OF FASCISM.[381] MSOLI'S NATNALISM ENABLED HIM TO RAISE FUNDS OM ANSALDO (AN ARMAMENTS FIRM) AND OTHER PANI TO CREATE IL POPOLO D'ITALIA TO NVCE SOCIALISTS AND REVOLUTNARI TO SUPPORT THE WAR.[382]OPPOSN TO THE WARMA ARTICL: OPPOSN TO WORLD WAR I AND FRENCH ARMY MUTISACKVILLE STREET (NOW O'CONNELL STREET) AFTER THE 1916 EASTER RISG DUBLONCE WAR WAS CLARED, MANY SOCIALISTS AND TRA UNNS BACKED THEIR ERNMENTS. AMONG THE EXCEPTNS WERE THE BOLSHEVIKS, THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERI, THE ITALIAN SOCIALIST PARTY, AND PEOPLE LIKE KARL LIEBKNECHT, ROSA LUXEMBURG, AND THEIR FOLLOWERS GERMANYBENEDICT XV, ELECTED TO THE PAPACY LS THAN THREE MONTHS TO WORLD WAR I, MA THE WAR AND S NSEQUENC THE MA FOC OF HIS EARLY PONTIFITE. IN STARK NTRAST TO HIS PRECSOR,[383] FIVE DAYS AFTER HIS ELECTN HE SPOKE OF HIS TERMATN TO DO WHAT HE ULD TO BRG PEACE. HIS FIRST ENCYCLIL, AD BEATISSIMI APOSTOLOM, GIVEN 1 NOVEMBER 1914, WAS NCERNED WH THIS SUBJECT. BENEDICT XV FOUND HIS ABILI AND UNIQUE POSN AS A RELIG EMISSARY OF PEACE IGNORED BY THE BELLIGERENT POWERS. THE 1915 TREATY OF LONDON BETWEEN ITALY AND THE TRIPLE ENTENTE CLUD SECRET PROVISNS WHEREBY THE ALLI AGREED WH ITALY TO IGNORE PAPAL PEACE MOV TOWARDS THE CENTRAL POWERS. CONSEQUENTLY, THE PUBLITN OF BENEDICT'S PROPOSED SEVEN-POT PEACE NOTE OF AUGT 1917 WAS ROUNDLY IGNORED BY ALL PARTI EXCEPT ATRIA-HUNGARY.[384]THE DERTER, 1916: ANTI-WAR RTOON PICTG J FACG A FIRG SQUAD WH SOLDIERS OM FIVE EUROPEAN UNTRIIN BRA 1914, THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OFFICERS' TRAG CORPS ANNUAL MP WAS HELD AT TIDWORTH PENNGS, NEAR SALISBURY PLA. HEAD OF THE BRISH ARMY, LORD KCHENER, WAS TO REVIEW THE TS, BUT THE IMMENCE OF THE WAR PREVENTED HIM. GENERAL HORACE SMH-DORRIEN WAS SENT STEAD. HE SURPRISED THE TWO-OR-THREE THOAND TS BY CLARG ( THE WORDS OF DONALD CHRISTOPHER SMH, A BERMUDIAN T WHO WAS PRENT)THAT WAR SHOULD BE AVOID AT ALMOST ANY ST, THAT WAR WOULD SOLVE NOTHG, THAT THE WHOLE OF EUROPE AND MORE BIS WOULD BE RCED TO , AND THAT THE LOSS OF LIFE WOULD BE SO LARGE THAT WHOLE POPULATNS WOULD BE CIMATED. IN OUR IGNORANCE I, AND MANY OF , FELT ALMOST ASHAMED OF A BRISH GENERAL WHO UTTERED SUCH PRSG AND UNPATRTIC SENTIMENTS, BUT DURG THE NEXT FOUR YEARS, THOSE OF WHO SURVIVED THE HOLOT—PROBABLY NOT MORE THAN ONE-QUARTER OF —LEARNED HOW RIGHT THE GENERAL'S PROGNOSIS WAS AND HOW URAGEO HE HAD BEEN TO UTTER .[385]VOICG THE SENTIMENTS DID NOT HR SMH-DORRIEN'S REER, OR PREVENT HIM OM DOG HIS DUTY WORLD WAR I TO THE BT OF HIS ABILIPOSSIBLE EXECUTN AT VERDUN AT THE TIME OF THE MUTI 1917. THE ORIGAL FRENCH TEXT ACPANYG THIS PHOTOGRAPH NOT, HOWEVER, THAT THE UNIFORMS ARE THOSE OF 1914/15 AND THAT THE EXECUTN MAY BE THAT OF A SPY AT THE BEGNG OF THE WARMANY UNTRI JAILED THOSE WHO SPOKE OUT AGAST THE NFLICT. THE CLUD EUGENE DEBS THE UNED STAT AND BERTRAND RSELL BRA. IN THE US, THE ESPNAGE ACT OF 1917 AND SEDN ACT OF 1918 MA A FERAL CRIME TO OPPOSE ARY RECMENT OR MAKE ANY STATEMENTS EMED "DISLOYAL". PUBLITNS AT ALL CRIL OF THE ERNMENT WERE REMOVED OM CIRCULATN BY POSTAL CENSORS,[199] AND MANY SERVED LONG PRISON SENTENC FOR STATEMENTS OF FACT EMED UNPATRTICA NUMBER OF NATNALISTS OPPOSED TERVENTN, PARTICULARLY WH STAT THAT THE NATNALISTS WERE HOSTILE TO. ALTHOUGH THE VAST MAJORY OF IRISH PEOPLE NSENTED TO PARTICIPATE THE WAR 1914 AND 1915, A MORY OF ADVANCED IRISH NATNALISTS STNCHLY OPPOSED TAKG PART.[386] THE WAR BEGAN AMID THE HOME RULE CRISIS IRELAND THAT HAD RURFACED 1912, AND BY JULY 1914 THERE WAS A SER POSSIBILY OF AN OUTBREAK OF CIVIL WAR IRELAND. IRISH NATNALISTS AND MARXISTS ATTEMPTED TO PURSUE IRISH PENNCE, CULMATG THE EASTER RISG OF 1916, WH GERMANY SENDG 20,000 RIFL TO IRELAND TO STIR UNRT BRA.[387] THE UK ERNMENT PLACED IRELAND UNR MARTIAL LAW RPONSE TO THE EASTER RISG, THOUGH ONCE THE IMMEDIATE THREAT OF REVOLUTN HAD DISSIPATED, THE THORI DID TRY TO MAKE NCSNS TO NATNALIST FEELG.[388] HOWEVER, OPPOSN TO VOLVEMENT THE WAR CREASED IRELAND, RULTG THE CONSCRIPTN CRISIS OF 1918OTHER OPPOSN ME OM NSCIENT OBJECTORS—SOME SOCIALIST, SOME RELIG—WHO REFED TO FIGHT. IN BRA, 16,000 PEOPLE ASKED FOR NSCIENT OBJECTOR STAT.[389] SOME OF THEM, MOST NOTABLY PROMENT PEACE ACTIVIST STEPHEN HENRY HOBHOE, REFED BOTH ARY AND ALTERNATIVE SERVICE.[390] MANY SUFFERED YEARS OF PRISON, CLUDG SOLARY NFEMENT AND BREAD AND WATER DIETS. EVEN AFTER THE WAR, BRA MANY JOB ADVERTISEMENTS WERE MARKED "NO NSCIENT OBJECTORS NEED APPLY".[THIS QUOTE NEEDS A CATN]BOLSHEVIK LEARS LEN AND TROTSKY PROMISED "PEACE, LAND AND BREAD" TO THE IMPOVERISHED MASSTHE CENTRAL ASIAN REVOLT STARTED THE SUMMER OF 1916, WHEN THE RSIAN EMPIRE ERNMENT END S EXEMPTN OF MLIMS OM ARY SERVICE.[391]IN 1917, A SERI OF FRENCH ARMY MUTI LED TO DOZENS OF SOLDIERS BEG EXECUTED AND MANY MORE IMPRISONEDON 1–4 MAY 1917, ABOUT 100,000 WORKERS AND SOLDIERS OF PETROGRAD, AND AFTER THEM, THE WORKERS AND SOLDIERS OF OTHER RSIAN CI, LED BY THE BOLSHEVIKS, MONSTRATED UNR BANNERS READG "DOWN WH THE WAR!" AND "ALL POWER TO THE SOVIETS!" THE MASS MONSTRATNS RULTED A CRISIS FOR THE RSIAN PROVISNAL GOVERNMENT.[392] IN MILAN, MAY 1917, BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTNARI ANISED AND ENGAGED RTG LLG FOR AN END TO THE WAR, AND MANAGED TO CLOSE DOWN FACTORI AND STOP PUBLIC TRANSPORTATN.[393] THE ITALIAN ARMY WAS FORCED TO ENTER MILAN WH TANKS AND MACHE GUNS TO FACE BOLSHEVIKS AND ANARCHISTS, WHO FOUGHT VLENTLY UNTIL 23 MAY WHEN THE ARMY GAED NTROL OF THE CY. ALMOST 50 PEOPLE (CLUDG THREE ITALIAN SOLDIERS) WERE KILLED AND OVER 800 PEOPLE ARRTED.[393]IN SEPTEMBER 1917, RSIAN SOLDIERS FRANCE BEGAN QUTNG WHY THEY WERE FIGHTG FOR THE FRENCH AT ALL AND MUTIED.[394] IN RSIA, OPPOSN TO THE WAR LED TO SOLDIERS ALSO TABLISHG THEIR OWN REVOLUTNARY MTE, WHICH HELPED FOMENT THE OCTOBER REVOLUTN OF 1917, WH THE LL GOG UP FOR "BREAD, LAND, AND PEACE". THE DECREE ON PEACE, WRTEN BY VLADIMIR LEN, WAS PASSED ON 8 NOVEMBER 1917, FOLLOWG THE SUCCS OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTN.[395] THE BOLSHEVIKS AGREED TO A PEACE TREATY WH GERMANY, THE PEACE OF BRT-LOVSK, SPE S HARSH NDNS. THE GERMAN REVOLUTN OF 1918–1919 LED TO THE ABDITN OF THE KAISER AND GERMAN SURRENRCONSCRIPTNYOUNG MEN REGISTERG FOR NSCRIPTN, NEW YORK CY, 5 JUNE 1917CONSCRIPTN WAS MON MOST EUROPEAN UNTRI. HOWEVER, WAS NTROVERSIAL ENGLISH-SPEAKG UNTRI. IT WAS PECIALLY UNPOPULAR AMONG MORY ETHNIC GROUPS—PECIALLY THE IRISH CATHOLICS IRELAND AND ATRALIA,[396] AND THE FRENCH CATHOLICS CANADACANADAMA ARTICLE: CONSCRIPTN CRISIS OF 1917IN CANADA, THE ISSUE PRODUCED A MAJOR POLIL CRISIS THAT PERMANENTLY ALIENATED THE FRANPHON. IT OPENED A POLIL GAP BETWEEN FRENCH CANADIANS, WHO BELIEVED THEIR TE LOYALTY WAS TO CANADA AND NOT TO THE BRISH EMPIRE, AND MEMBERS OF THE ANGLOPHONE MAJORY, WHO SAW THE WAR AS A DUTY TO THEIR BRISH HERAGE.[397]ATRALIAMA ARTICLE: CONSCRIPTN ATRALIAMILARY RECMENT MELBOURNE, ATRALIA, 1914ATRALIA HAD A FORM OF NSCRIPTN AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR, AS PULSORY ARY TRAG HAD BEEN TRODUCED 1911. HOWEVER, THE DEFENCE ACT 1903 PROVID THAT UNEXEMPTED MAL ULD BE LLED UPON ONLY FOR HOME FENCE DURG TIM OF WAR, NOT OVERSEAS SERVICE. PRIME MISTER BILLY HUGH WISHED TO AMEND THE LEGISLATN TO REQUIRE NSCRIPTS TO SERVE OVERSEAS, AND HELD TWO NON-BDG REFERENDUMS – ONE 1916 AND ONE 1917 – ORR TO SECURE PUBLIC SUPPORT.[398] BOTH WERE FEATED BY NARROW MARGS, WH FARMERS, THE LABOUR MOVEMENT, THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, AND IRISH-ATRALIANS BG TO MPAIGN FOR THE "NO" VOTE.[399] THE ISSUE OF NSCRIPTN ED THE 1916 ATRALIAN LABOR PARTY SPL. HUGH AND HIS SUPPORTERS WERE EXPELLED OM THE PARTY, FORMG THE NATNAL LABOR PARTY AND THEN THE NATNALIST PARTY. DPE THE REFERENDUM RULTS, THE NATNALISTS WON A LANDSLI VICTORY AT THE 1917 FERAL ELECTN.[398]BRAMA ARTICLE: CONSCRIPTN THE UNED KGDOMSEE ALSO: RECMENT TO THE BRISH ARMY DURG THE FIRST WORLD WARBRISH VOLUNTEER RECS LONDON, AUGT 1914IN BRA, NSCRIPTN RULTED THE LLG UP OF NEARLY EVERY PHYSILLY F MAN BRA—SIX OF TEN LN ELIGIBLE. OF THE, ABOUT 750,000 LOST THEIR LIV. MOST ATHS WERE THOSE OF YOUNG UNMARRIED MEN; HOWEVER, 160,000 WIV LOST HBANDS AND 300,000 CHILDREN LOST FATHERS.[400] CONSCRIPTN DURG THE FIRST WORLD WAR BEGAN WHEN THE BRISH ERNMENT PASSED THE MILARY SERVICE ACT 1916. THE ACT SPECIFIED THAT SGLE MEN AGED 18 TO 40 YEARS OLD WERE LIABLE TO BE LLED UP FOR ARY SERVICE UNLS THEY WERE WIDOWED WH CHILDREN OR MISTERS OF A RELIGN. THERE WAS A SYSTEM OF MILARY SERVICE TRIBUNALS TO ADJUDITE UPON CLAIMS FOR EXEMPTN UPON THE GROUNDS OF PERFORMG CIVILIAN WORK OF NATNAL IMPORTANCE, DOMTIC HARDSHIP, HEALTH, AND NSCIENT OBJECTN. THE LAW WENT THROUGH SEVERAL CHANG BEFORE THE WAR END. MARRIED MEN WERE EXEMPT THE ORIGAL ACT, ALTHOUGH THIS WAS CHANGED JUNE 1916. THE AGE LIM WAS ALSO EVENTUALLY RAISED TO 51 YEARS OLD. REGNN OF WORK OF NATNAL IMPORTANCE ALSO DIMISHED, AND THE LAST YEAR OF THE WAR, THERE WAS SOME SUPPORT FOR THE NSCRIPTN OF CLERGY.[401] CONSCRIPTN LASTED UNTIL MID-1919. DUE TO THE POLIL SUATN IRELAND, NSCRIPTN WAS NEVER APPLIED THERE; ONLY ENGLAND, STLAND AND WALUNED STATMA ARTICLE: CONSCRIPTN THE UNED STAT § WORLD WAR IIN THE UNED STAT, NSCRIPTN BEGAN 1917 AND WAS GENERALLY WELL RECEIVED, WH A FEW POCKETS OF OPPOSN ISOLATED RAL AREAS.[402] THE ADMISTRATN CID TO RELY PRIMARILY ON NSCRIPTN, RATHER THAN VOLUNTARY ENLISTMENT, TO RAISE ARY MANPOWER FOR WHEN ONLY 73,000 VOLUNTEERS ENLISTED OUT OF THE IAL 1 LN TARGET THE FIRST SIX WEEKS OF THE WAR.[403] IN 1917 10 LN MEN WERE REGISTERED. THIS WAS EMED TO BE AQUATE, SO AGE RANG WERE CREASED AND EXEMPTNS RCED, AND SO BY THE END OF 1918 THIS CREASED TO 24 LN MEN THAT WERE REGISTERED WH NEARLY 3 LN DUCTED TO THE ARY SERVIC. THE DRAFT WAS UNIVERSAL AND CLUD BLACKS ON THE SAME TERMS AS WH, ALTHOUGH THEY SERVED DIFFERENT UNS. IN ALL 367,710 BLACK AMERINS WERE DRAFTED (13% OF THE TOTAL), PARED TO 2,442,586 WHE (87%)FORMS OF RISTANCE RANGED OM PEACEFUL PROTT TO VLENT MONSTRATNS AND OM HUMBLE LETTER-WRG MPAIGNS ASKG FOR MERCY TO RADIL NEWSPAPERS MANDG REFORM. THE MOST MON TACTICS WERE DODGG AND SERTN, AND MANY MUNI SHELTERED AND FEND THEIR DRAFT DODGERS AS POLIL HERO. MANY SOCIALISTS WERE JAILED FOR "OBSTCTG THE RECMENT OR ENLISTMENT SERVICE". THE MOST FAMO WAS EUGENE DEBS, HEAD OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERI, WHO RAN FOR PRINT 1920 OM HIS PRISON CELL. IN 1917 A NUMBER OF RADILS AND ANARCHISTS CHALLENGED THE NEW DRAFT LAW FERAL URT, ARGUG THAT WAS A DIRECT VLATN OF THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT'S PROHIBN AGAST SLAVERY AND VOLUNTARY SERVU. THE SUPREME COURT UNANIMOLY UPHELD THE NSTUTNALY OF THE DRAFT ACT THE SELECTIVE DRAFT LAW CAS ON 7 JANUARY 1918ATRIA-HUNGARYLIKE ALL THE ARMI OF MALAND EUROPE, ATRIA-HUNGARY RELIED ON NSCRIPTN TO FILL S RANKS. OFFICER RECMENT, HOWEVER, WAS VOLUNTARY. THE EFFECT OF THIS AT THE START OF THE WAR WAS THAT WELL OVER A QUARTER OF THE RANK AND FILE WERE SLAVS, WHILE MORE THAN 75% OF THE OFFICERS WERE ETHNIC GERMANS. THIS WAS MUCH RENTED. THE ARMY HAS BEEN SCRIBED AS BEG "N ON LONIAL L" AND THE SLAV SOLDIERS AS "DISAFFECTED". TH NSCRIPTN NTRIBUTED GREATLY TO ATRIA'S DISASTRO PERFORMANCE ON THE BATTLEFIELD.[404]DIPLOMACYMA ARTICLE: DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF WORLD WAR I1917 POLIL RTOON ABOUT THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM. THE MSAGE WAS TERCEPTED BY THE BRISH; S PUBLITN ED OUTRAGE AND NTRIBUTED TO THE U.S. ENTRY TO WORLD WAR ITHE NON-ARY DIPLOMATIC AND PROPAGANDA TERACTNS AMONG THE NATNS WERE SIGNED TO BUILD SUPPORT FOR THE E OR TO UNRME SUPPORT FOR THE ENEMY. FOR THE MOST PART, WARTIME DIPLOMACY FOCED ON FIVE ISSU: PROPAGANDA MPAIGNS; FG AND REFG THE WAR GOALS, WHICH BEME HARSHER AS THE WAR WENT ON; LURG NTRAL NATNS (ITALY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE, BULGARIA, ROMANIA) TO THE ALN BY OFFERG SLIC OF ENEMY TERRORY; AND ENURAGEMENT BY THE ALLI OF NATNALISTIC MORY MOVEMENTS SI THE CENTRAL POWERS, PECIALLY AMONG CZECHS, POL, AND ARABS. IN ADDN, THERE WERE MULTIPLE PEACE PROPOSALS G OM NTRALS, OR ONE SI OR THE OTHER; NONE OF THEM PROGRSED VERY FAR.[405][406][407]LEGACY AND MEMORY... "STRANGE, IEND," I SAID, "HERE IS NO E TO MOURN.""NONE," SAID THE OTHER, "SAVE THE UNDONE YEARS"...— WILED OWEN, STRANGE MEETG, 1918[306]THE FIRST TENTATIVE EFFORTS TO PREHEND THE MEANG AND NSEQUENC OF MORN WARFARE BEGAN DURG THE IAL PHAS OF THE WAR, AND THIS PROCS NTUED THROUGHOUT AND AFTER THE END OF HOSTILI, AND IS STILL UNRWAY, MORE THAN A CENTURY LATER. AS LATE AS 2007, SIGNS WARNG VISORS TO KEEP OFF CERTA PATHS AT BATTLEFIELD S LIKE VERDUN AND SOMME REMAED PLACE AS UNEXPLOD ORDNANCE NTUED TO POSE A DANGER TO FARMERS LIVG NEAR FORMER BATTLEGROUNDS. IN FRANCE AND BELGIUM LOLS WHO DISVER CH OF UNEXPLOD MUNNS ARE ASSISTED BY WEAPONS DISPOSAL UNS. IN SOME PLAC, PLANT LIFE HAS STILL NOT RETURNED TO NORMAL.[408]HISTORGRAPHYTEACHG WORLD WAR I HAS PRENTED SPECIAL CHALLENG. WHEN PARED WH WORLD WAR II, THE FIRST WORLD WAR IS OFTEN THOUGHT TO BE "A WRONG WAR FOUGHT FOR THE WRONG REASONS". IT LACKS THE METANARRATIVE OF GOOD VERS EVIL THAT CHARACTERIZ THE SEND WORLD WAR. LACKG REGNIZABLE HERO AND VILLAS, IS OFTEN TGHT THEMATILLY, VOKG TROP LIKE THE WASTEFULNS OF WAR, THE FOLLY OF GENERALS AND THE NOCENCE OF SOLDIERS. THE PLEXY OF THE NFLICT IS MOSTLY OBSCURED BY THE OVERSIMPLIFITNS.[408]HISTORIAN HEATHER JON ARGU THAT THE HISTORGRAPHY HAS BEEN REVIGORATED BY THE CULTURAL TURN RECENT YEARS. SCHOLARS HAVE RAISED ENTIRELY NEW QUTNS REGARDG ARY OCCUPATN, RADILISATN OF POLICS, RACE, AND THE MALE BODY. FURTHERMORE, NEW REARCH HAS REVISED OUR UNRSTANDG OF FIVE MAJOR TOPICS THAT HISTORIANS HAVE LONG BATED: WHY THE WAR BEGAN, WHY THE ALLI WON, WHETHER GENERALS WERE RPONSIBLE FOR HIGH SUALTY RAT, HOW THE SOLDIERS ENDURED THE HORRORS OF TRENCH WARFARE, AND TO WHAT EXTENT THE CIVILIAN HOMEONT ACCEPTED AND ENDORSED THE WAR EFFORT.[409][410]MEMORIALSMA ARTICLE: WORLD WAR I MEMORIALSTHE ITALIAN REDIPUGLIA WAR MEMORIAL, WHICH NTAS THE REMAS OF 100,187 SOLDIERSMEMORIALS WERE ERECTED THOANDS OF VILLAG AND TOWNS. CLOSE TO BATTLEFIELDS, THOSE BURIED IMPROVISED BURIAL GROUNDS WERE GRADUALLY MOVED TO FORMAL GRAVEYARDS UNR THE RE OF ANISATNS SUCH AS THE COMMONWEALTH WAR GRAV COMMISSN, THE AMERIN BATTLE MONUMENTS COMMISSN, THE GERMAN WAR GRAV COMMISSN, AND LE SOUVENIR ANçAIS. MANY OF THE GRAVEYARDS ALSO HAVE CENTRAL MONUMENTS TO THE MISSG OR UNINTIFIED AD, SUCH AS THE MEN GATE MEMORIAL AND THE THIEPVAL MEMORIAL TO THE MISSG OF THE SOMMETHE FRENCH ARY CEMETERY AT THE DOUMONT OSSUARY, WHICH NTAS THE REMAS OF MORE THAN 130,000 UNKNOWN SOLDIERSIN 1915 JOHN MCCRAE, A CANADIAN ARMY DOCTOR, WROTE THE POEM IN FLANRS FIELDS AS A SALUTE TO THOSE WHO PERISHED THE GREAT WAR. PUBLISHED PUNCH ON 8 DECEMBER 1915, IS STILL RECED TODAY, PECIALLY ON REMEMBRANCE DAY AND MEMORIAL DAY.[411][412]A TYPIL VILLAGE WAR MEMORIAL TO SOLDIERS KILLED WORLD WAR INATNAL WORLD WAR I MM AND MEMORIAL KANSAS CY, MISSOURI, IS A MEMORIAL DITED TO ALL AMERINS WHO SERVED WORLD WAR I. THE LIBERTY MEMORIAL WAS DITED ON 1 NOVEMBER 1921, WHEN THE SUPREME ALLIED MANRS SPOKE TO A CROWD OF MORE THAN 100,000 PEOPLE.[413]THE UK GOVERNMENT HAS BUDGETED SUBSTANTIAL ROURC TO THE MEMORATN OF THE WAR DURG THE PERD 2014 TO 2018. THE LEAD BODY IS THE IMPERIAL WAR MM.[414] ON 3 AUGT 2014, FRENCH PRINT FRANçOIS HOLLAN AND GERMAN PRINT JOACHIM GCK TOGETHER MARKED THE CENTENARY OF GERMANY'S CLARATN OF WAR ON FRANCE BY LAYG THE FIRST STONE OF A MEMORIAL VIEIL ARMAND, KNOWN GERMAN AS HARTMANNSWILLERKOPF, FOR FRENCH AND GERMAN SOLDIERS KILLED THE WAR.[415] DURG THE ARMISTICE CENTENARY MEMORATNS, FRENCH PRINT EMMANUEL MACRON AND GERMAN CHANCELLOR ANGELA MERKEL VISED THE SE OF THE SIGNG OF THE ARMISTICE OF COMPIèGNE AND UNVEILED A PLAQUE TO RENCILIATN.[416]CULTURAL MEMORYFURTHER RMATN: WORLD WAR I POPULAR CULTUREGLOBE INTHE EXAMPL AND PERSPECTIVE THIS SECTN AL PRIMARILY WH THE UNED KGDOM AND DO NOT REPRENT A WORLDWI VIEW OF THE SUBJECT. YOU MAY IMPROVE THIS SECTN, DISCS THE ISSUE ON THE TALK PAGE, OR CREATE A NEW SECTN, AS APPROPRIATE. (JUNE 2017) (LEARN HOW AND WHEN TO REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE MSAGE)LEFT: JOHN MCCRAE, THOR OF IN FLANRS FIELDSRIGHT: SIEGIED SASSOONWORLD WAR I HAD A LASTG IMPACT ON SOCIAL MEMORY. IT WAS SEEN BY MANY BRA AS SIGNALLG THE END OF AN ERA OF STABILY STRETCHG BACK TO THE VICTORIAN PERD, AND ACROSS EUROPE MANY REGARD AS A WATERSHED.[417] HISTORIAN SAMUEL HYN EXPLAED:A GENERATN OF NOCENT YOUNG MEN, THEIR HEADS FULL OF HIGH ABSTRACTNS LIKE HONOUR, GLORY AND ENGLAND, WENT OFF TO WAR TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR MOCRACY. THEY WERE SLGHTERED STUPID BATTL PLANNED BY STUPID GENERALS. THOSE WHO SURVIVED WERE SHOCKED, DISILLNED AND EMBTERED BY THEIR WAR EXPERIENC, AND SAW THAT THEIR REAL ENEMI WERE NOT THE GERMANS, BUT THE OLD MEN AT HOME WHO HAD LIED TO THEM. THEY REJECTED THE VALU OF THE SOCIETY THAT HAD SENT THEM TO WAR, AND DOG SO SEPARATED THEIR OWN GENERATN OM THE PAST AND OM THEIR CULTURAL HERANCE.[418]THIS HAS BEE THE MOST MON PERCEPTN OF WORLD WAR I, PERPETUATED BY THE ART, CEMA, POEMS, AND STORI PUBLISHED SUBSEQUENTLY. FILMS SUCH AS ALL QUIET ON THE WTERN FRONT, PATHS OF GLORY AND KG & COUNTRY HAVE PERPETUATED THE IA, WHILE WAR-TIME FILMS CLUDG CAMRAS, POPPI OF FLANRS, AND SHOULR ARMS DITE THAT THE MOST NTEMPORARY VIEWS OF THE WAR WERE OVERALL FAR MORE POSIVE.[419] LIKEWISE, THE ART OF PL NASH, JOHN NASH, CHRISTOPHER NEVSON, AND HENRY TONKS BRA PATED A NEGATIVE VIEW OF THE NFLICT KEEPG WH THE GROWG PERCEPTN, WHILE POPULAR WAR-TIME ARTISTS SUCH AS MUIRHEAD BONE PATED MORE SERENE AND PLEASANT TERPRETATNS SUBSEQUENTLY REJECTED AS ACCURATE.[418] SEVERAL HISTORIANS LIKE JOHN TERRAE, NIALL FERGON AND GARY SHEFFIELD HAVE CHALLENGED THE TERPRETATNS AS PARTIAL AND POLEMIL VIEWS:THE BELIEFS DID NOT BEE WILY SHARED BEE THEY OFFERED THE ONLY ACCURATE TERPRETATN OF WARTIME EVENTS. IN EVERY RPECT, THE WAR WAS MUCH MORE PLITED THAN THEY SUGGT. IN RECENT YEARS, HISTORIANS HAVE ARGUED PERSUASIVELY AGAST ALMOST EVERY POPULAR CLICHé OF WORLD WAR I. IT HAS BEEN POTED OUT THAT, ALTHOUGH THE LOSS WERE VASTATG, THEIR GREATT IMPACT WAS SOCIALLY AND GEOGRAPHILLY LIMED. THE MANY EMOTNS OTHER THAN HORROR EXPERIENCED BY SOLDIERS AND OUT OF THE ONT LE, CLUDG RASHIP, BOREDOM, AND EVEN ENJOYMENT, HAVE BEEN REGNISED. THE WAR IS NOT NOW SEEN AS A 'FIGHT ABOUT NOTHG', BUT AS A WAR OF IALS, A STGGLE BETWEEN AGGRSIVE ARISM AND MORE OR LS LIBERAL MOCRACY. IT HAS BEEN ACKNOWLEDGED THAT BRISH GENERALS WERE OFTEN PABLE MEN FACG DIFFICULT CHALLENG AND THAT WAS UNR THEIR MAND THAT THE BRISH ARMY PLAYED A MAJOR PART THE FEAT OF THE GERMANS 1918: A GREAT FOTTEN VICTORY.[419]THOUGH THE VIEWS HAVE BEEN DISUNTED AS "MYTHS",[418][420] THEY ARE MON. THEY HAVE DYNAMILLY CHANGED ACRDG TO NTEMPORARY FLUENC, REFLECTG THE 1950S PERCEPTNS OF THE WAR AS "AIMLS" FOLLOWG THE NTRASTG SEND WORLD WAR AND EMPHASISG NFLICT WH THE RANKS DURG TIM OF CLASS NFLICT THE 1960S. THE MAJORY OF ADDNS TO THE NTRARY ARE OFTEN REJECTED.[419]SOCIAL TRMAA 1919 BOOK FOR VETERANS, OM THE US WAR DEPARTMENTTHE SOCIAL TRMA ED BY UNPRECENTED RAT OF SUALTI MANIFTED SELF DIFFERENT WAYS, WHICH HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF SUBSEQUENT HISTORIL BATE.[421] OVER 8 LN EUROPEANS DIED THE WAR. MILLNS SUFFERED PERMANENT DISABILI. THE WAR GAVE BIRTH TO FASCISM AND BOLSHEVISM AND STROYED THE DYNASTI THAT HAD LED THE OTTOMAN, HABSBURG, RSIAN AND GERMAN EMPIR.[408]THE OPTIMISM OF LA BELLE éPOQUE WAS STROYED, AND THOSE WHO HAD FOUGHT THE WAR WERE REFERRED TO AS THE LOST GENERATN.[422] FOR YEARS AFTERWARDS, PEOPLE MOURNED THE AD, THE MISSG, AND THE MANY DISABLED.[423] MANY SOLDIERS RETURNED WH SEVERE TRMA, SUFFERG OM SHELL SHOCK (ALSO LLED NRASTHENIA, A NDN RELATED TO POSTTRMATIC STRS DISORR).[424] MANY MORE RETURNED HOME WH FEW AFTER-EFFECTS; HOWEVER, THEIR SILENCE ABOUT THE WAR NTRIBUTED TO THE NFLICT'S GROWG MYTHOLOGIL STAT. THOUGH MANY PARTICIPANTS DID NOT SHARE THE EXPERIENC OF BAT OR SPEND ANY SIGNIFINT TIME AT THE ONT, OR HAD POSIVE MEMORI OF THEIR SERVICE, THE IMAG OF SUFFERG AND TRMA BEME THE WILY SHARED PERCEPTN. SUCH HISTORIANS AS DAN TODMAN, PL FSELL, AND SAMUEL HEYNS HAVE ALL PUBLISHED WORKS SCE THE 1990S ARGUG THAT THE MON PERCEPTNS OF THE WAR ARE FACTUALLY RRECT.[421]DISNTENT GERMANY AND ATRIATHE RISE OF NAZISM AND FASCISM CLUD A REVIVAL OF THE NATNALIST SPIR AND A REJECTN OF MANY POST-WAR CHANG. SIARLY, THE POPULARY OF THE STAB--THE-BACK LEGEND (GERMAN: DOLCHSTOßLEGEN) WAS A TTAMENT TO THE PSYCHOLOGIL STATE OF FEATED GERMANY AND WAS A REJECTN OF RPONSIBILY FOR THE NFLICT. THIS NSPIRACY THEORY OF BETRAYAL BEME MON, AND THE GERMAN POPULACE ME TO SEE THEMSELV AS VICTIMS. THE WISPREAD ACCEPTANCE OF THE "STAB--THE-BACK" THEORY LEGIMISED THE WEIMAR ERNMENT AND STABILISED THE SYSTEM, OPENG TO EXTREM OF RIGHT AND LEFT. THE SAME OCCURRED ATRIA WHICH UNTERFACTUALLY NSIRED HIMSELF NOT BEG RPONSIBLE FOR THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR AND CLAIMED NOT TO HAVE SUFFERED A ARY FEAT.[425]COMMUNIST AND FASCIST MOVEMENTS AROUND EUROPE DREW STRENGTH OM THIS THEORY AND ENJOYED A NEW LEVEL OF POPULARY. THE FEELGS WERE MOST PRONOUNCED AREAS DIRECTLY OR HARSHLY AFFECTED BY THE WAR. ADOLF HLER WAS ABLE TO GA POPULARY BY G GERMAN DISNTENT WH THE STILL NTROVERSIAL TREATY OF VERSAILL.[426] WORLD WAR II WAS PART A NTUATN OF THE POWER STGGLE NEVER FULLY ROLVED BY WORLD WAR I. FURTHERMORE, WAS MON FOR GERMANS THE 1930S TO JTIFY ACTS OF AGGRSN DUE TO PERCEIVED JTIC IMPOSED BY THE VICTORS OF WORLD WAR I.[236][427][428] AMERIN HISTORIAN WILLIAM RUBSTE WROTE THAT:THE 'AGE OF TOTALARIANISM' CLUD NEARLY ALL THE FAMO EXAMPL OF GENOCI MORN HISTORY, HEAD BY THE JEWISH HOLOT, BUT ALSO PRISG THE MASS MURRS AND PURG OF THE COMMUNIST WORLD, OTHER MASS KILLGS RRIED OUT BY NAZI GERMANY AND S ALLI, AND ALSO THE ARMENIAN GENOCI OF 1915. ALL THE SLGHTERS, IS ARGUED HERE, HAD A MON ORIG, THE LLAPSE OF THE ELE STCTURE AND NORMAL MOS OF ERNMENT OF MUCH OF CENTRAL, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE AS A RULT OF WORLD WAR I, WHOUT WHICH SURELY NEHER COMMUNISM NOR FASCISM WOULD HAVE EXISTED EXCEPT THE MDS OF UNKNOWN AGATORS AND CRACKPOTS.[429]ENOMIC EFFECTSSEE ALSO: ENOMIC HISTORY OF WORLD WAR IPOSTER SHOWG WOMEN WORKERS, 1915ONE OF THE MOST DRAMATIC EFFECTS OF THE WAR WAS THE EXPANSN OF ERNMENTAL POWERS AND RPONSIBILI BRA, FRANCE, THE UNED STAT, AND THE DOMNS OF THE BRISH EMPIRE. TO HARNS ALL THE POWER OF THEIR SOCIETI, ERNMENTS CREATED NEW MISTRI AND POWERS. NEW TAX WERE LEVIED AND LAWS ENACTED, ALL SIGNED TO BOLSTER THE WAR EFFORT; MANY HAVE LASTED TO THE PRENT. SIARLY, THE WAR STRAED THE ABILI OF SOME FORMERLY LARGE AND BURECRATISED ERNMENTS, SUCH AS ATRIA-HUNGARY AND GERMANYGROSS DOMTIC PRODUCT (GDP) CREASED FOR THREE ALLI (BRA, ITALY, AND THE UNED STAT), BUT CREASED FRANCE AND RSIA, NTRAL NETHERLANDS, AND THE THREE MA CENTRAL POWERS. THE SHRKAGE GDP ATRIA, RSIA, FRANCE, AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RANGED BETWEEN 30% AND 40%. IN ATRIA, FOR EXAMPLE, MOST PIGS WERE SLGHTERED, SO AT WAR'S END THERE WAS NO MEATIN ALL NATNS, THE ERNMENT'S SHARE OF GDP CREASED, SURPASSG 50% BOTH GERMANY AND FRANCE AND NEARLY REACHG THAT LEVEL BRA. TO PAY FOR PURCHAS THE UNED STAT, BRA SHED S EXTENSIVE VTMENTS AMERIN RAILROADS AND THEN BEGAN BORROWG HEAVILY OM WALL STREET. PRINT WILSON WAS ON THE VERGE OF CUTTG OFF THE LOANS LATE 1916 BUT ALLOWED A GREAT CREASE US ERNMENT LENDG TO THE ALLI. AFTER 1919, THE US MAND REPAYMENT OF THE LOANS. THE REPAYMENTS WERE, PART, FUND BY GERMAN REPARATNS THAT, TURN, WERE SUPPORTED BY AMERIN LOANS TO GERMANY. THIS CIRCULAR SYSTEM LLAPSED 1931 AND SOME LOANS WERE NEVER REPAID. BRA STILL OWED THE UNED STAT $4.4 BILLN[K] OF WORLD WAR I BT 1934, THE LAST STALMENT WAS FALLY PAID 2015.[430]MACRO- AND MICRO-ENOMIC NSEQUENC VOLVED OM THE WAR. FAI WERE ALTERED BY THE PARTURE OF MANY MEN. WH THE ATH OR ABSENCE OF THE PRIMARY WAGE EARNER, WOMEN WERE FORCED TO THE WORKFORCE UNPRECENTED NUMBERS. AT THE SAME TIME, DTRY NEED TO REPLACE THE LOST LABOURERS SENT TO WAR. THIS AID THE STGGLE FOR VOTG RIGHTS FOR WOMEN.[431]WORLD WAR I FURTHER POUND THE GENR IMBALANCE, ADDG TO THE PHENOMENON OF SURPL WOMEN. THE ATHS OF NEARLY ONE LN MEN DURG THE WAR BRA CREASED THE GENR GAP BY ALMOST A LN: OM 670,000 TO 1,700,000. THE NUMBER OF UNMARRIED WOMEN SEEKG ENOMIC MEANS GREW DRAMATILLY. IN ADDN, MOBILISATN AND ENOMIC CLE FOLLOWG THE WAR ED HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT. THE WAR CREASED FEMALE EMPLOYMENT; HOWEVER, THE RETURN OF MOBILISED MEN DISPLACED MANY OM THE WORKFORCE, AS DID THE CLOSURE OF MANY OF THE WARTIME FACTORIIN BRA, RATNG WAS FALLY IMPOSED EARLY 1918, LIMED TO MEAT, SUGAR, AND FATS (BUTTER AND MARGARE), BUT NOT BREAD. THE NEW SYSTEM WORKED SMOOTHLY. FROM 1914 TO 1918, TRA UNN MEMBERSHIP DOUBLED, OM A LTLE OVER FOUR LN TO A LTLE OVER EIGHT LNBRA TURNED TO HER LONI FOR HELP OBTAG SENTIAL WAR MATERIALS WHOSE SUPPLY OM TRADNAL SOURC HAD BEE DIFFICULT. GEOLOGISTS SUCH AS ALBERT ERNT KSON WERE LLED ON TO FD NEW ROURC OF PREC MERALS THE AIN LONI. KSON DISVERED IMPORTANT NEW POSS OF MANGANE, ED MUNNS PRODUCTN, THE GOLD COAST.[432]ARTICLE 231 OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILL (THE SO-LLED "WAR GUILT" CLSE) STATED GERMANY ACCEPTED RPONSIBILY FOR "ALL THE LOSS AND DAMAGE TO WHICH THE ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED GOVERNMENTS AND THEIR NATNALS HAVE BEEN SUBJECTED AS A NSEQUENCE OF THE WAR IMPOSED UPON THEM BY THE AGGRSN OF GERMANY AND HER ALLI."[433] IT WAS WORD AS SUCH TO LAY A LEGAL BASIS FOR REPARATNS, AND A SIAR CLSE WAS SERTED THE TREATI WH ATRIA AND HUNGARY. HOWEVER, NEHER OF THEM TERPRETED AS AN ADMISSN OF WAR GUILT."[434] IN 1921, THE TOTAL REPARATN SUM WAS PLACED AT 132 BILLN GOLD MARKS. HOWEVER, "ALLIED EXPERTS KNEW THAT GERMANY ULD NOT PAY" THIS SUM. THE TOTAL SUM WAS DIVID TO THREE TEGORI, WH THE THIRD BEG "LIBERATELY SIGNED TO BE CHIMERIL" AND S "PRIMARY FUNCTN WAS TO MISLEAD PUBLIC OPN ... TO BELIEVG THE "TOTAL SUM WAS BEG MATAED."[435] TH, 50 BILLN GOLD MARKS (12.5 BILLN DOLLARS) "REPRENTED THE ACTUAL ALLIED ASSSMENT OF GERMAN PACY TO PAY" AND "THEREFORE ... REPRENTED THE TOTAL GERMAN REPARATNS" FIGURE THAT HAD TO BE PAID.[435]THIS FIGURE ULD BE PAID SH OR -KD (AL, TIMBER, CHEMIL DY, ETC.). IN ADDN, SOME OF THE TERRORY LOST—VIA THE TREATY OF VERSAILL—WAS CREDED TOWARDS THE REPARATN FIGURE AS WERE OTHER ACTS SUCH AS HELPG TO RTORE THE LIBRARY OF LOUVA.[436] BY 1929, THE GREAT DEPRSN ARRIVED, G POLIL CHAOS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.[437] IN 1932 THE PAYMENT OF REPARATNS WAS SPEND BY THE TERNATNAL MUNY, BY WHICH POT GERMANY HAD PAID ONLY THE EQUIVALENT OF 20.598 BILLN GOLD MARKS REPARATNS.[438] WH THE RISE OF ADOLF HLER, ALL BONDS AND LOANS THAT HAD BEEN ISSUED AND TAKEN OUT DURG THE 1920S AND EARLY 1930S WERE NCELLED. DAVID ANLMAN NOT "REFG TO PAY DON'T MAKE AN AGREEMENT NULL AND VOID. THE BONDS, THE AGREEMENT, STILL EXIST." TH, FOLLOWG THE SEND WORLD WAR, AT THE LONDON CONFERENCE 1953, GERMANY AGREED TO RUME PAYMENT ON THE MONEY BORROWED. ON 3 OCTOBER 2010, GERMANY MA THE FAL PAYMENT ON THE BONDS.[L]THE WAR NTRIBUTED TO THE EVOLUTN OF THE WRISTWATCH OM WOMEN'S JEWELLERY TO A PRACTIL EVERYDAY EM, REPLACG THE POCKETWATCH, WHICH REQUIR A EE HAND TO OPERATE.[443] MILARY FUNDG OF ADVANCEMENTS RAD NTRIBUTED TO THE POST-WAR POPULARY OF THE MEDIUM.[443]SEE ALSOIN WORLD WAR I PORTAL WAR PORTALLISTS OF WORLD WAR I TOPICSOUTLE OF WORLD WAR IFOOTNOTRSIAN REPUBLIC DURG 1917. THE BOLSHEVIK ERNMENT SIGNED THE SEPARATE PEACE WH THE CENTRAL POWERS SHORTLY AFTER THEIR ARMED SEIZURE OF POWER OF NOVEMBER THAT YEARTHE UNED STAT DID NOT RATIFY ANY OF THE TREATI AGREED TO AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCEBULGARIA JOED THE CENTRAL POWERS ON 14 OCTOBER 1915THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AGREED TO A SECRET ALLIANCE WH GERMANY ON 2 AUGT 1914. IT JOED THE WAR ON THE SI OF THE CENTRAL POWERS ON 29 OCTOBER 1914THE UNED STAT CLARED WAR ON ATRIA-HUNGARY ON 7 DECEMBER 1917ATRIA WAS NSIRED ONE OF THE SUCCSOR STAT TO ATRIA-HUNGARYTHE UNED STAT CLARED WAR ON GERMANY ON 6 APRIL 1917HUNGARY WAS NSIRED ONE OF THE SUCCSOR STAT TO ATRIA-HUNGARYALTHOUGH THE TREATY OF SèVR WAS TEND TO END THE WAR BETWEEN THE ALLIED POWERS AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, THE ALLIED POWERS AND THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY, THE SUCCSOR STATE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AGREED TO THE TREATY OF LSANNEA GERMAN ATTEMPT TO E CHEMIL WEAPONS ON THE RSIAN ONT JANUARY 1915 FAILED TO E SUALTI109 THIS NTEXT – SEE LONG AND SHORT SLWORLD WAR I OFFICIALLY END WHEN GERMANY PAID OFF THE FAL AMOUNT OF REPARATNS IMPOSED ON BY THE ALLI.[439][440][441][442]REFERENCTUCKER & ROBERTS 2005, P. 273"BRISH ARMY STATISTICS OF THE GREAT WAR". RETRIEVED 13 DECEMBER 2011FIGUR ARE FOR THE BRISH EMPIREFIGUR ARE FOR METROPOLAN FRANCE AND S LONIMOUGEL, NADèGE. "WORLD WAR I SUALTI" (PDF). CENTRE ROPéEN ROBERT SCHUMANNASH (1976). DARKT HOURS. ROWMAN & LTLEFIELD. ISBN 978-1590775264"THE WAR TO END ALL WARS". BBC NEWS. 10 NOVEMBER 1998KEEGAN 1998, P. 8BA & BROWN 2003, PP. 167–168WILLMOTT 2003, P. 307"WORLD WAR I – KILLED, WOUND, AND MISSG". ENCYCLOPæDIA BRANNI. RETRIEVED 23 MARCH 2021. THE SUALTI SUFFERED BY THE PARTICIPANTS WORLD WAR I DWARFED THOSE OF PREV WARS: SOME 8,500,000 SOLDIERS DIED AS A RULT OF WOUNDS AND/OR DISEASE. ... IT HAS BEEN TIMATED THAT THE NUMBER OF CIVILIAN ATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE WAR WAS HIGHER THAN THE ARY SUALTI, OR AROUND 13,000,000. THE CIVILIAN ATHS WERE LARGELY ED BY STARVATN, EXPOSURE, DISEASE, ARY ENUNTERS, AND MASSACRSPREWENBERG, P.; ET AL. (1 DECEMBER 2018). "REASSSG THE GLOBAL MORTALY BURN OF THE 1918 INFLUENZA PANMIC". AMERIN JOURNAL OF EPIMLOGY. 187 (12): 2561–2567. DOI:10.1093/AJE/KWY191. PMC 7314216. PMID 30202996WILLIAMS, RACHEL (2014). DUAL THREAT: THE SPANISH INFLUENZA AND WORLD WAR I. UNIVERSY OF TENNSEE THIS: TRACE: TENNSEE REARCH AND CREATIVE EXCHANGE. PP. 4–10. RETRIEVED 10 SEPTEMBER 2018ANSART, SéVERE; PELAT, CALE; BOELLE, PIERRE‐YV; CARRAT, FABRICE; FLAHLT, ANTOE; VALLERON, ALA‐JACQU (MAY 2009). "MORTALY BURN OF THE 1918–1919 FLUENZA PANMIC EUROPE". INFLUENZA AND OTHER RPIRATORY VIS. WILEY. 3 (3): 99–106. DOI:10.1111/J.1750-2659.2009.00080.X. PMC 4634693. PMID 19453486TAYLOR 1998, PP. 80–93DJOKIć 2003, P. 24CHARL SEYMOUR (1916). THE DIPLOMATIC BACKGROUND OF THE WAR. YALE UNIVERSY PRS. PP. 35, 147LIEVEN, DOMIC (2016). TOWARDS THE FLAME: EMPIRE, WAR AND THE END OF TSARIST RSIA. PENGU. P. 326. ISBN 978-0-14-139974-4MARTEL, GORDON (2014). THE MONTH THAT CHANGED THE WORLD: JULY 1914 AND WWI (KDLE ED.). OUP. 6286"LE PRéSINT LA RéPUBLIQUE, R. [RAYMOND] PORé ET AL., 'A LA NATN FRANçAISE'" (PDF). JOURNAL OFFICIEL LA RéPUBLIQUE FRANçAISE: 7053–7054. 2 AUGT 1914. RETRIEVED 26 AUGT 2018ZUBER, TERENCE (2011). INVENTG THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN: GERMAN WAR PLANNG 1871–1914 (2014 ED.). OUP. PP. 46–49. ISBN 978-0-19-871805-5"NOTE GIVEN 2 AUGT 1914, AT 19 HOURS, BY M. BELOW SALKE [KLS VON BELOW-SALKE], MISTER OF GERMANY, TO M. DAVIGNON, MISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS". DOCUMENTS DIPLOMATIQU 1914: LA GUERRE EUROPéENNE DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS 1914: THE EUROPEAN WAR (PDF). MISTèRE S AFFAIR ÉTRANGèR (MISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS). 1914. P. 201. RETRIEVED 26 AUGT 2018COFFMAN, EDWARD M. (1998). THE WAR TO END ALL WARS: THE AMERIN MILARY EXPERIENCE WORLD WAR ISHEFFIELD, GARY (2002). FOTTEN VICTORY. REVIEW. P. 251. ISBN 978-0-7472-7157-4GERWATH, ROBERT (2016). THE VANQUISHED: WHY THE FIRST WORLD WAR FAILED TO END, 1917–1923 (KDLE ED.). PENGU. 3323–3342. ISBN 978-0-14-197637-2SHAPIRO & EPSTE 2006, P. 329"WERE THEY ALWAYS LLED WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II?". ASK HISTORY. RETRIEVED 24 OCTOBER 2013BRAYBON 2004, P. 8"GREAT, ADJ., ADV., AND N". OXFORD ENGLISH DICTNARY"THE WAR TO END ALL WARS". BBC NEWS. 10 NOVEMBER 1998. 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ISBN 978-0-674-34466-2ZIEGER, ROBERT H. (2001). AMERI'S GREAT WAR: WORLD WAR I AND THE AMERIN EXPERIENCE. LANHAM, MARYLAND: ROWMAN & LTLEFIELD. P. 50. ISBN 978-0-8476-9645-1PRIMARY SOURCCOLLS, ROSS F., ED. (2008). WORLD WAR I: PRIMARY DOCUMENTS ON EVENTS OM 1914 TO 1919. GREENWOOD PRSHAMMOND'S FRONTIER ATLAS OF THE WORLD WAR. C. S. HAMMOND & COMPANY. 1916. CONTAG LARGE SLE MAPS OF ALL THE BATTLE FRONTS OF EUROPE AND ASIA, TOGETHER WH A MILARY MAP OF THE UNED STATADDNAL READGAMERIN BATTLE MONUMENTS COMMISSN (1938). AMERIN ARMI AND BATTLEFIELDS EUROPE: A HISTORY, GUI, AND REFERENCE BOOK. US GOVERNMENT PRTG OFFICE. OCLC 59803706BALAKIAN, PETER (2003). THE BURNG TIGRIS: THE ARMENIAN GENOCI AND AMERI'S RPONSE. NEW YORK: HARPERCOLLS. ISBN 978-0-06-019840-4. OCLC 56822108BALL, ALAN M. (1996). AND NOW MY SOUL IS HARNED: ABANDONED CHILDREN SOVIET RSIA, 1918–1930. BERKELEY: UNIVERSY OF CALIFORNIA PRS. ISBN 978-0-520-20694-6., REVIEWED HEGARTY, THOMAS J. (MARCH–JUNE 1998). "AND NOW MY SOUL IS HARNED: ABANDONED CHILDREN SOVIET RSIA, 1918–1930". CANADIAN SLAVONIC PAPERS. ARCHIVED OM THE ORIGAL ON 9 MAY 2013. (VIA )BOND, BRIAN (1968). "THE FIRST WORLD WAR". IN C.L. MOWAT (ED.). THE NEW CAMBRIDGE MORN HISTORY: VOL. XII: THE SHIFTG BALANCE OF WORLD FORC 1898–1945 (2ND ED.). PP. 171–208DUFFY, MICHAEL (2006). SOMME. FIRST WORLD ISBN 978-0-297-84689-5. RETRIEVED 25 FEBARY 2007ENCYCLOPæDIA BRANNI (12TH ED.). 1922, PRIS THE 11TH EDN PL THREE NEW VOLUM 30-31-32 THAT VER EVENTS SCE 1911 WH THOROUGH VERAGE OF THE WAR AS WELL AS EVERY UNTRY AND LONYVOLUME XXX: ABBE TO ENGLISH HISTORY. 1922 – VIA GOOGLE BOOKSSNS OF EACH PAGE OF VOL 30-31-32FORTCUE, GRANVILLE ROLAND (28 OCTOBER 1915). "LONDON GLOOM OVER GALLIPOLI; CAPTA FORTCUE BOOK AND ASHMEAD-BARTLETT LECTURE DECLARE CAMPAIGN LOST". THE NEW YORK TIMHIRSCHFELD, GERHARD; ET AL., EDS. (2012). BRILL'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE FIRST WORLD WARJENKS, BURRIS A. (2009). FACG THE HNBURG LE. BIBLBAZAAR. ISBN 978-1-110-81238-7GOLDRICK, JAM (1995). "10. THE BATTLHIP FLEET: THE TT OF WAR, 1895–1919". IN HILL, J. R. (ED.). THE OXFORD ILLTRATED HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY. NEW YORK: OXFORD UNIVERSY PRS. PP. 299–318. ISBN 978-0-19-211675-8LARSEN, DANIEL (2014). "INTELLIGENCE THE FIRST WORLD WAR: THE STATE OF THE FIELD". INTELLIGENCE AND NATNAL SECURY. 29 (2): 282–302. DOI:10.1080/02684527.2012.727070. S2CID 154714213LYONS, MICHAEL J. (1999). WORLD WAR I: A SHORT HISTORY (2ND ED.). PRENTICE HALL. ISBN 978-0-13-020551-3MELTZER, ALLAN H. (2003). A HISTORY OF THE FERAL RERVE – VOLUME 1: 1913–1951. CHIGO: UNIVERSY OF CHIGO PRS. PP. 65–90. ISBN 978-0-226-52000-1MOON, JOHN ELLIS VAN COURTLAND (JULY 1996). "UNED STAT CHEMIL WARFARE POLICY WORLD WAR II: A CAPTIVE OF COALN POLICY?". THE JOURNAL OF MILARY HISTORY. 60 (3): 495–511. DOI:10.2307/2944522. JSTOR 2944522PAGE, THOMAS NELSON. "CHAPTER XI: ITALY'S ATTIU THE BEGNG OF THE WAR". ITALY AND THE WORLD WAR. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSY. C "CF. ARTICL SIGNED XXX LA REVUE DX MONS, 1 AND 15 MARCH 1920"PRR, ROB (1999). THE FIRST WORLD WAR. LONDON: CASSELL. ISBN 978-0-304-35256-2REPGTON, CHARL à COURT (1920). THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914–1918. 2. LONDON: CONSTABLE. ISBN 978-1-113-19764-1SISEMORE, JAM D. (2003). THE RSO-JAPANE WAR, LSONS NOT LEARNED (MMAS THIS). US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE. ARCHIVED OM THE ORIGAL ON 4 MARCH 2009. RETRIEVED 1 MARCH 2021SYMONDS, CRAIG L. (2016). THE U.S. NAVY: A CONCISE HISTORY. NEW YORK: OXFORD UNIVERSY PRS. PP. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-19-939494-4TAYLOR, ALAN JOHN PERCIVALE (1963). THE FIRST WORLD WAR: AN ILLTRATED HISTORY. HAMISH HATON. ISBN 978-0-399-50260-6. OCLC 2054370WILG, WILLIAM JOHN (1931). TRANSPORTG THE A.E.F. WTERN EUROPE, 1917–1919. NEW YORK: COLUMBIA UNIVERSY PRS. OCLC 1161730WEGARD, TIMOTHY. "HERE AT VIMY: A RETROSPECTIVE – THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE". CANADIAN MILARY JOURNAL. 8 (2)HISTORGRAPHY AND MEMORYCORNELISSEN, CHRISTOPH, AND ARNDT WERICH, EDS. WRG THE GREAT WAR – THE HISTORGRAPHY OF WORLD WAR I OM 1918 TO THE PRENT (2020) ONLE EEDEAK, JOHN (2014). "THE GREAT WAR AND THE FOTTEN REALM: THE HABSBURG MONARCHY AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR". JOURNAL OF MORN HISTORY. 86 (2): 336–380. DOI:10.1086/675880. S2CID 143481172IRIYE, AKIRA (2014). "THE HISTORGRAPHIC IMPACT OF THE GREAT WAR". DIPLOMATIC HISTORY. 38 (4): 751–762. DOI:10.1093/DH/DHU035JON, HEATHER (2013). "AS THE CENTENARY APPROACH: THE REGENERATN OF FIRST WORLD WAR HISTORGRAPHY". HISTORIL JOURNAL. 56 (3): 857–878. DOI:10.1017/S0018246X13000216JON, HEATHER (2014). "GOODBYE TO ALL THAT?: MEMORY AND MEANG THE MEMORATN OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR". JUNCTURE. 20 (4): 287–291. DOI:10.1111/J.2050-5876.2014.00767.XKCHEN, JAM E.; MILLER, ALISA; ROWE, LRA, EDS. (2011). OTHER COMBATANTS, OTHER FRONTS: COMPETG HISTORI OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR. EXCERPTKRAMER, ALAN (2014). "RECENT HISTORGRAPHY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR – PART I". JOURNAL OF MORN EUROPEAN HISTORY. 12 (1): 5–27. DOI:10.17104/1611-8944_2014_1_5. S2CID 202927667KRAMER, ALAN (2014). "RECENT HISTORGRAPHY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR (PART II)". JOURNAL OF MORN EUROPEAN HISTORY. 12 (2): 155–174. DOI:10.17104/1611-8944_2014_2_155. S2CID 146860980MULLIGAN, WILLIAM (2014). "THE TRIAL CONTU: NEW DIRECTNS THE STUDY OF THE ORIGS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR". ENGLISH HISTORIL REVIEW. 129 (538): 639–666. DOI:10.1093/EHR/C139REYNOLDS, DAVID (2014). THE LONG SHADOW: THE LEGACI OF THE GREAT WAR THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. EXCERPT AND TEXT SEARCHSANBORN, JOSHUA (2013). "RSIAN HISTORGRAPHY ON THE ORIGS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR SCE THE FISCHER CONTROVERSY". JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. 48 (2): 350–362. DOI:10.1177/0022009412472716. S2CID 159618260SHARP, HEATHER (2014). "REPRENTG ATRALIA'S INVOLVEMENT THE FIRST WORLD WAR: DISCREPANCI BETWEEN PUBLIC DISURS AND SCHOOL HISTORY TEXTBOOKS OM 1916 TO 1936". JOURNAL OF EDUTNAL MEDIA, MEMORY, AND SOCIETY. 6 (1): 1–23. DOI:10.3167/JEMMS.2014.060101TROUT, STEPHEN (2013). ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF MEMORY: THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AMERIN REMEMBRANCE, 1919–1941TURAN, ÖMER (2014). ""TURKISH HISTORGRAPHY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR". MIDDLE EAST". CRIQUE. 23 (2): 241–257. DOI:10.1080/19436149.2014.905079. S2CID 144673625WTER, JAY, ED. (2014). THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSY PRS, (2 VOL.)EXTERNAL LKSLISTEN TO THIS ARTICLE(3 PARTS, 59 MUT)MENU0:00MENU0:00MENU0:00SPOKEN WIKIPEDIA INTHE D FIL WERE CREATED OM A REVISN OF THIS ARTICLE DATED 24 JUNE 2006, AND DO NOT REFLECT SUBSEQUENT EDS(AUD HELP · MORE SPOKEN ARTICL)WORLD WAR IAT WIKIPEDIA'S SISTER PROJECTSDEFNS OM WIKTNARYMEDIA OM WIKIMEDIA COMMONSNEWS OM WIKEWSQUOTATNS OM WIKIQUOTETEXTS OM WIKISOURCETEXTBOOKS OM WIKIBOOKSTRAVEL GUI OM WIKIVOYAGEROURC OM WIKIVERSYRERDS ON THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR I OM THE UK PARLIAMENTARY COLLECTNSTHE HERAGE OF THE GREAT WAR / FIRST WORLD WAR. GRAPHIC LOR PHOTOS, PICTUR AND MICA MULTIMEDIA HISTORY OF WORLD WAR IEUROPEAN NEWSPAPERS OM THE START OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE END OF THE WARWWI FILMS ON THE EUROPEAN FILM GATEWAYTHE BRISH PATHé WW1 FILM ARCHIVEWORLD WAR I BRISH PRS PHOTOGRAPH LLECTN – A SAMPLG OF IMAG DISTRIBUTED BY THE BRISH ERNMENT DURG THE WAR TO DIPLOMATS OVERSEAS, OM THE UBC LIBRARY DIGAL COLLECTNSPERSONAL ACUNTS OF AMERIN WORLD WAR I VETERANS, VETERANS HISTORY PROJECT, LIBRARY OF CONGRSANIMATED MAPS"EUROPE PLUNG TO WAR" ARCHIVED 4 JUNE 2020 AT THE WAYBACK MACHEEUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR ARCHIVED 4 JUNE 2020 AT THE WAYBACK MACHELIBRARY GUISNATNAL LIBRARY OF NEW ZEALANDSTATE LIBRARY OF NEW SOUTH WALUS LIBRARY OF CONGRSINDIANA UNIVERSY BLOOMGTONNEW YORK UNIVERSYUNIVERSY OF ALBERTACALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY, CALIFORNIA HISTORY ROOM. COLLECTN: CALIFORNIA. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. CALIFORNIA WAR HISTORY COMMTEE. RERDS OF CALIFORNIANS WHO SERVED WORLD WAR I, 1918–1922VTEBALKAN WARSVTEWORLD WAR IVTEHISTORY OF WORLD WAR I BY REGN AND UNTRYAUTHORY NTROL ED THIS AT WIKIDATABNF: CB11939093G (DATA)GND: 4079163-4HDS: 008926LCCN: SH85148236MA: 2911105763NARA: 10646525NDL: 00570522NKC: PH126327TDVİA: BIRCI-DUNYA-SAVASICATEGORI: WORLD WAR IWORLD WARSGLOBAL NFLICTSRSO-TURKISH WARSWARS VOLVG ARMENIAWARS VOLVG ATRALIAWARS VOLVG AZERBAIJANWARS VOLVG BELGIUMWARS VOLVG BRAZILWARS VOLVG BRISH INDIAWARS VOLVG BULGARIAWARS VOLVG CANADAWARS VOLVG COSTA RIWARS VOLVG CUBAWARS VOLVG FRANCEWARS VOLVG GERMANYWARS VOLVG GREECEWARS VOLVG GUATEMALAWARS VOLVG HAIWARS VOLVG HONDURASWARS VOLVG IRELANDWARS VOLVG ITALYWARS VOLVG JAPANWARS VOLVG KOREAWARS VOLVG LIBERIAWARS VOLVG MALTAWARS VOLVG MONTENEGROWARS VOLVG NEPALWARS VOLVG NEW ZEALANDWARS VOLVG NIRAGUAWARS VOLVG PANAMAWARS VOLVG PORTUGALWARS VOLVG RHOSIAWARS VOLVG ROMANIAWARS VOLVG RSIAWARS VOLVG SERBIAWARS VOLVG SOUTH AIWARS VOLVG SRI LANKAWARS VOLVG SUDANWARS VOLVG TAIWANWARS VOLVG THAILANDWARS VOLVG THE HABSBURG MONARCHYWARS VOLVG THE OTTOMAN EMPIREWARS VOLVG THE REPUBLIC OF CHAWARS VOLVG THE STAT AND PEOPL OF OCEANIAWARS VOLVG THE UNED KGDOMWARS VOLVG THE UNED STAT[OUTRO]SWAG FAG MY BAGEMBEDCANCELHOW TO FORMAT LYRICS:TYPE OUT ALL LYRICS, EVEN REPEATG SONG PARTS LIKE THE CHOSLYRICS SHOULD BE BROKEN DOWN TO DIVIDUAL LUSE SECTN HEARS ABOVE DIFFERENT SONG PARTS LIKE [VERSE], [CHOS], ETC.USE ALICS (LYRIC) AND BOLD (LYRIC) TO DISTGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT VOLISTS THE SAME SONG PARTIF YOU DON’T UNRSTAND A LYRIC, E [?]TO LEARN MORE, CHECK OUT OUR TRANSCRIPTN GUI OR VIS OUR TRANSCRIBERS FOMABOUTTHIS SONG B IS UNREVIEWEDGENI ANNOTATN1 NTRIBUTORTHIS SONG WAS GAS $NIPER AND TKBC HAVE CRAZY CHEMISTRY.EXPAND SHAREASK A QUTN ABOUT THIS SONGASK A QUTN *‌WHO PRODUCED “MY BROTHER IS GAY !” BY LIL $NIPER HORIZONTAL?WHEN DID LIL $NIPER HORIZONTAL RELEASE “MY BROTHER IS GAY !”?WHO WROTE “MY BROTHER IS GAY !” BY LIL $NIPER HORIZONTAL?CREDSPRODUCED BYTHEKIDBEFORECALIWRTEN BYTHEKIDBEFORECALIRELEASE DATEJANUARY 4, 2023TAGSRAPEXPAND COMMENTSADD A MENTSIGN UP AND DROP KNOWLEDGE ?GENI IS THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF MIC KNOWLEDGE, CREATED BY SCHOLARS LIKE YOU WHO SHARE FACTS AND SIGHT ABOUT THE SONGS AND ARTISTS THEY LOVE.SIGN UPGENI IS THE WORLD’S BIGGT LLECTN OF SONG LYRICS AND MIL KNOWLEDGE

Browse for How Am I Homiphobic My B Is Gay lyrics. Get one of the browsed How Am I Homiphobic My B Is Gay lyrics and watch the vio." name="scriptn * my b is gay lyrics *

Translatns of "My Boyiend Is Gay". [Verse]Bch, I'm fuckg gay, I don't even know, how to be straightYeah I'll never ever changeI'm gonna be gay 'til they put me my graveI don't give a fuck if you thk that is strangeYeah, I'm oked up, n't be wh meBch, I'm chill' at the table wh Bob Dylan (yeah)Don't even re, we exclive New YorkI got ho on my penis, but I a't fna fuck'Cse I'm gay, ayy, I a't fna fuck no psyI'm fna fuck some buttholFna leave 'em poopy, wet ghy (ghy)I don't really give a fuck (ayy)I'm fuck' gay, ayyI eat a dick like a goddamn sandwich at Chick-Fil-A (ayy)Fuck Chick-Fil-A[Outro]Yeah, bch I'm gayYeah, yeah, I'm fuck' gayFaggotI don't know why this beat is this short but, whateverI gus that's , sorry guys1864How to Format Lyrics:Type out all lyrics, even repeatg song parts like the chosLyrics should be broken down to dividual lUse sectn hears above different song parts like [Verse], [Chos], alics (lyric) and bold (lyric) to distguish between different volists the same song partIf you don’t unrstand a lyric, e [? Artist: Gay Greg.

Album: Out My Way (Bch I'm Gay!

Cos bch I'm gay (so gayyyyy). Proud i'm gay. If your gay.

"MY BROTHER IS GAY" LYRICS

The Vandals "My Brother Is Gay": Christmas 1994 Not like the year before We didn't want to know Buried our heads the snow Lookg... * my b is gay lyrics *

Straight boys, Gay boys h on me. Straight boys, Gay boys..

Lookg back was obv to everyoneBut then aga he's not jt anyoneWe ed to lgh and ll him namSome thgs I wish I uld changeSnow fellHe was burng up siTired of livg a lieHe jt had to sayWe learned my brother was gayIt me on silent nightMother's face went wheShe said "I have to s"Father had a fI'm learng to al wh My brother is brother is ggg... Lookg back was obv to everyoneBut then aga he's not jt anyoneWe ed to lgh and ll him namSome thgs I wish I uld changeChristmas 1994, n't take back to the storeLike a shirt that don't fI'm learng to al wh I'm learng to al wh My brother is gayMy brother is gayI gus 's OKMy brother is gayHow to Format Lyrics:Type out all lyrics, even repeatg song parts like the chosLyrics should be broken down to dividual lUse sectn hears above different song parts like [Verse], [Chos], alics (lyric) and bold (lyric) to distguish between different volists the same song partIf you don’t unrstand a lyric, e [?

Don't let me get my zoneDon't let me get my zoneDon't let me get my zoneDon't let me get my zoneThe stars is the buildgThey hands is to the ceilgI know I'm bout to kill How you know, I got that feelgYou are now watchg the throneDon't let me to my zoneDon't let me to my zoneI'm fely my zone[Verse 1]He hella gay yuh[Chos 2]World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, was a global war origatg Europe that lasted om 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. "My Brother Is Gay".

J. PEE - I'M NOT GAY LYRICS

We learned my brother was gay.

GAY GREG - OUT MY WAY (BITCH I'M GAY!) LYRICS

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HOW CAN I BE HOMOPHOBIC MY B IS GAY LYRICS

HOW CAN I BE HOMOPHOBIC MY B IS GAY LYRICS – CENTRAL CEE

HOW CAN I BE HOMOPHOBIC MY BCH IS GAY LYRICS — [ CENTRAL CEE ]

HOW CAN I BE HOMOPHOBIC MY B IS GAY LYRICS – CENTRAL CEE