The world’s most important gay anizatn: Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC) - Entertament & Black Gay Liftyle

*BEAR-MAGAZINE.COM* THE GAY MEN'S HEALTH CRISIS

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bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><figure data-ttid="IameEmbed" class="IameEmbedWrapper-sc-dRedg cjyRVU iame-embed"><div data-ttid="IameEmbedContaer" class="IameEmbedContaer-hptgUZ fXVBaX"><div class="IameEmbedAspectRatWrapper-hFVJps BKpgQ"><iame class="IameEmbedContent-cMdiev csnuAY IameEmbedContent lazyload" height="90" width="100%" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-orig allow-popups" tle="Embedd Frame" data-src=" allowfullscreen="" allow="toplay *; encrypted-media *; clipboard-wre; toplay; fullscreen; picture--picture"></iame></div></div></figure><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">One day June, 1990, at the height of the <em class="small">AIDS</em> epimic, I sat the dorium of San Francis’s Mosne Center and watched as hundreds of activists pelted Louis W. Sullivan, the Secretary of Health and Human Servic, wh ndoms. Sullivan had been attemptg to liver the closg addrs at the 6th Internatnal <em class="small">AIDS</em> Conference. The protters, om the <em class="small">AIDS</em> Coaln to Unleash Power, or <em class="small">ACT UP</em>, were there to stop him. Shouts of “shame, shame, shame” were acpanied by whistl and air horns. Like many people who were the dience that day—I was there as a Washgton <em>Post</em> reporter—I remember everythg about the speech except what Sullivan said. Which was exactly what <em class="small">ACT UP</em> wanted. The group had been formed to force a negligent ernment to take <em class="small">AIDS</em> serly. Not every feral official me unr attack that day. Jt an hour earlier, Anthony S. Fci, the untry’s chief <em class="small">AIDS</em> scientist, had received a standg ovatn after he sentially endorsed the protters’ agenda, warng his lleagu that they “nnot and should not dismiss activists merely on the basis of the fact that they are not traed scientists.”</p><p class="paywall">It was a triumphant moment for <em class="small">ACT UP</em>, which had bee known for s outrageo stunts. Behd what seemed like radil uny, however, the anizatn had already begun to spl to two distct mps. One believed that the bt way to advance the e was to ntue to prott—loudly. The other did not reject public actns but didn’t foc on them; was known as the Science Club, and had formed a kd of amy wh <em class="small">ACT UP</em>.</p><p class="paywall">In “Let the Rerd Show: A Polil History of <em class="small">ACT UP</em> New York, 1987-1993” (Farrar, Strs & Giroux), Sarah Schulman, a novelist, journalist, and activist, chronicl the early years of a vigoroly opposnal group that was self riven by disrd and factnalism. Any history of a movement prents an argument about s inty—about which ternal tennci most fahfully reprent s missn and which betray . Schulman has strong views on this subject. On one pot, though, there n be ltle disagreement. When <em class="small">ACT UP</em> began, s founrs uld not have gused how high the group would soar; they would have been even more surprised by the particular nflicts that brought down to earth.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">By the time <em class="small">ACT UP</em> was born, 1987, tens of thoands of Amerins—mostly gay men—had died of <em class="small">AIDS</em>, and more were dyg every day, even as the ernment remaed largely different. Early that March, Larry Kramer, the wrer and activist who had helped found the Gay Men’s Health Crisis, livered a speech at New York’s Lbian and Gay Communy Servic Center, on Wt Thirteenth Street. “O.K., I want this half of the room to stand up,’’ he later relled sayg. “I looked around at those kids and I said to the people standg up, ‘You are all gog to be ad five years. Every one of you fuckers.’ I was livid. I said, ‘How about dog somethg about ? Why jt le up for the ttle rs?’ ”</p><p class="paywall">The <em class="small">AIDS</em> Coaln to Unleash Power was formed two days later. Its members met at the Center on Monday nights. They me to plan actns and to socialize but also to get answers. More than anythg, was a safe place for people who had nowhere else to turn. They were, Schulman wr, “a spised group of people, wh no rights, facg a termal disease for which there were no treatments. Abandoned by their fai, ernment, and society.” The New York membership expand om an ial hardre dre of several dozen to several thoand, cludg many people who were neher fected wh H.I.V. nor at much risk of beg so. Although plenty of other ci started their own chapters, <em class="small">ACT UP NY</em> was always at the center of the movement.</p><p class="paywall"><em class="small">ACT UP</em> members lived by a creed set out by Ann Northrop, one of the anizatn’s more media-savvy lears: “Actns are always, always, always planned to be dramatic enough to pture public attentn.’’ The activists livered. They wrapped the home of the North Carola senator Jse Helms a giant yellow ndom; vad St. Patrick’s Cathedral durg Mass; laid siege to the Food and Dg Admistratn (“Hey, hey, F.D.A., how many people have you killed today?”); and dumped the ash of ras who had died of <em class="small">AIDS</em> on the Whe Hoe lawn. The and many other high-profile terventns raised awarens about <em class="small">AIDS</em>. But the group’s most important acplishments were not as easily ptured headl. Bee so many people wh <em class="small">AIDS</em> were forced to live on the streets, <em class="small">ACT UP</em> members found a philanthropy that evolved to Hog Works, which directed rourc (cludg money raised by a cha of thrift shops) toward <em class="small">AIDS</em> servic and homelsns. <em class="small">ACT UP</em> helped tablish the first succsful needle-exchange programs New York Cy. It also took on surance practic like the excln of sgle men who lived predomantly gay neighborhoods.</p><p class="paywall">Nothg the anizatn did had a more lastg impact, however, than the work of the Science Club, whose members served on <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s Treatment and Data Commtee. They would ngregate each week at the East Village apartment of Mark Harrgton, who, though he had no formal scientific trag, eventually won a MacArthur “geni” grant for his work on <em class="small">AIDS</em>. Harrgton, a wiry man wh reddish-blond hair, seemed both nstantly motn and unually liberate. As Schulman reunts, the gathergs his apartment were like a “doctor’s weekly rounds,” where atten discsed a particular problem and “assigned themselv immunology and virology textbooks.’’</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-1 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">Harrgton was hardly averse to public monstratns: he helped anize <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s “Seize Control of the F.D.A.” prott, 1988, and s “Storm the N.I.H.” event, 1990. But he believed that anger had to be allied wh expertise. He and other members of the Science Club me to know the arne l and the imperable burecracy of the F.D.A. better than most of the officials who worked there. They prepared a tailed asssment of N.I.H.-sponsored clil trials, and argued that people facg almost certa ath should have accs to experimental dgs that had been shown to be reasonably safe, even if they had not yet monstrated efficy. By 1990, the F.D.A. had adopted this approach (known as the “parallel track”), which would make selected dgs available to H.I.V.-posive patients. The slogan “Dgs Into Bodi” moved om plards to policy: <em class="small">ACT UP</em> had forced a fundamental change the way clil trials are nducted the Uned Stat. Today, dg ndidat for life-threateng ndns are equently put on a parallel track for “expand accs.”</p><p class="paywall">Eventually, what Schulman refers to as <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s perd of “distrs and speratn,’’ the Science Club broke away om the anizatn, and, led by Harrgton, formed the Treatment Actn Group, to foc on acceleratg the pace of rearch. Although the <em class="small">TAG</em> fectn volved fewer than two dozen people, was a paful divorce, wh unexpected repercsns. <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s ferocy ncealed a genue agily. The group fearlsly hurled self agast the medil burecracy, the Catholic Church, even the Whe Hoe; what proved much harr to weather was s own crisis of inty.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Although “Let the Rerd Show” bills self as a history, Schulman matas that “a chronologil history would be impossible and accurate.” She do hope to offer ntemporary activists “general prcipl and takeaway ias,” but her book is bt approached as a sort of modified oral history, a curated archive of nearly two hundred terviews nducted over the urse of two s. One n open this seven-hundred-page book at random and fd somethg tertg to read: a mi-bgraphy, firsthand rellectns of major events, ntent perspectiv on the goals of different groups wh <em class="small">ACT UP</em>. (The terviews—which Schulman did along wh the filmmaker Jim Hubbard—are available onle, as the <em class="small">ACT UP</em> Oral History Project.) Schulman draws, too, on her five years as an <em class="small">ACT UP</em> member, but largely chews other people’s rearch, and the book provis snt terstial narrative; some rears may stggle to put the passag to ntext. Still, her labors will provi an valuable rource for the social history of the movement that remas to be wrten.</p><div class="Contaer-bkChBi byNLHx"></div><p class="paywall">That’s not to say that the book lacks a this. Schulman is tent on wing our unrstandg of what meant to be part of <em class="small">ACT UP</em>. Instead of a loss n largely by a small hort of whe men, she argu, was more of a loose nferatn of affy groups. Although <em class="small">ACT UP</em> is often remembered for s extreme measur, never mted an act of vlence (spe endurg many). When we thk of <em class="small">ACT UP</em>, Schulman wants to thk of the fight for universal health re, racial jtice, and radil mocracy—and to regnize that “a few mted activists, when foced on beg effective, n acplish a lot.”</p><div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--article-mid-ntent" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--article-mid-ntent nsumer-marketg-un__slot---ntent"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><p class="paywall">Early the epimic, people wh <em class="small">AIDS</em> were routely scribed the prs as “victims.’’ (In the neteen-eighti, I was as guilty of this s as other reporters.) Schulman dispels that portra of passivy. She spoke at length to a number of <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s lears, at least those who survived to this century. But her most spirg terviews were wh rank-and-file members like Aner Canlar, who was born Puerto Ri and graduated om the Bronx High School of Science. In 1976, as a teen-ager, Canlar was ridg the No. 6 tra when he had a “revelatn” that he was not bisexual but gay. “Beg a practil person,” Schulman tells , he searched the phone book and found somethg lled the Gay Swchboard. Canlar dialled the number and asked if there was a group for teen-agers. There was, and he attend one meetg, then another, and for the next five years he led a gay youth group.</p><p class="paywall">Vo Rso, another <em class="small">ACT UP</em> stalwart, is bt known for “The Celluloid Closet,” his 1981 book about homosexualy and homophobia film. In 1988, Rso livered a spellbdg speech, Albany, lled “Why We Fight.” (You n, and should, watch on YouTube.) As Rso told a crowd, he had <em class="small">AIDS</em>, but that wasn’t what was killg him:</p><blockquote class="BlockquoteEmbedWrapper-sc-SdiGL jPeLne paywall blockquote-embed"><div class="BlockquoteEmbedContent-RbGs gmbtPx blockquote-embed__ntent"><p>If I’m dyg om anythg, I am dyg om homophobia. If I am dyg om anythg, I am dyg om racism. If I’m dyg om anythg, ’s om difference and red tape, bee the are the thgs that are preventg an end to this crisis. If I’m dyg om anythg, I’m dyg om Jse Helms. If I’m dyg om anythg, I’m dyg om the Print of the Uned Stat. And, pecially, if I’m dyg om anythg, I’m dyg om the sensatnalism of newspapers and magaz and televisn shows, which are terted me as a human-tert story—only as long as I’m willg to be a helpls victim, but not if I’m fightg for my life.</p></div></blockquote><p class="paywall">The polics of <em class="small">AIDS</em>—“gay-related immune ficiency,” or <em class="small">GRID</em>, was an early signatn, as if a medil ndn might have a sexual orientatn—was evably a nontatn wh homophobia. In March, 1986, William F. Buckley, Jr., wrote, a syndited lumn, “Everyone tected wh <em class="small">AIDS</em> should be tattooed the upper forearm, to protect mon-needle ers, and on the buttocks, to prevent the victimizatn of other homosexuals.” That same year, by a vote of 5–4, the Supreme Court upheld a Geia sodomy statute, a se volvg two men havg sex a private home. Several years to a harrowg epimic, gay Amerins were told that an act of nsensual sex uld not only fect them wh a fatal disease; uld also, at the will of a state, send them to prison. The fears of ternment were not easily dismissed as hysteria.</p><p class="paywall">In a sectn of the book tled “When an Image Leads a Movement,” Schulman shows how such threats led to what beme <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s most arrtg symbol. Around the time of Buckley’s tattoo lumn, an art director named Avram Fkelste read somethg the newspaper about the silence of a muny beg afeng. He and some iends had been tossg around ias for a poster. As Fkelste told Schulman, one day he said, “What about <em>Gay Silence Is Deafeng</em>?” A lleague rpond, “What about <em>Silence Is Death</em>?” Another person said, “Oh, no, should be <em>Silence Equals Death</em>.” Another offered, “We should e an equal sign.” Fkelste relled, “It was lerally that fast. It was four ments.”</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><asi class="PersistentAsiWrapper-VGrR daRVRt persistent-asi" style="posn:absolute;top:to;height:to" data-ttid="PersistentAsiWrapper"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="z3jsnd"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></asi></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="awvw"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">They also discsed the graphics that would acpany the slogan. “We talked about the rabow flag,” Fkelste said, but “ was too iendly and, I’m not gog to lie, jt too ugly.” They hated the pk triangle, too, for s suggtn of victimhood, “but seemed like might have the most chance of beg clear enough to the lbian and gay muny, more clear than the other imag we were discsg that were abstract, and graphic enough to be trigug, tertg, pellg to people outsi of the muny who didn’t know what was.”</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-2 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">The group cid to turn the pk triangle upsi down, “thereby permanently nnectg the <em class="small">AIDS</em> crisis visually to the legacy of the Holot,” Schulman wr. Durg the late eighti, untls T-shirts bore the logo, and “Silence = Death” stickers uld be found on what seemed like every newspaper box or wall New York Cy. In a blkered era, signage was signifint, and merchandise mattered.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">“Let the Rerd Show” argu that <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s succs arose om s genue diversy, and s tly mocratic approach to makg cisns. The book highlights the ntributns of women, many of whom me out of the reproductive-rights movement of the seventi. Some, like Maxe Wolfe, who was a psychology profsor and a central figure <em class="small">ACT UP</em>, had a long history of femist and lbian activism.</p><p class="paywall">And many of <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s mpaigns were created for the particular benef of women. In the late eighti and the early neti, beme mon to hear the <em class="small">ACT UP</em> slogan “Women don’t get <em class="small">AIDS</em>; they jt die om .” That was bee the origal list of the ndns that the C.D.C. ed to fe <em class="small">AIDS</em>—a fn wh implitns for what surers would ver and who might receive disabily payments—did not clu chronic fectns that were specific to women. This kd of neglect should hardly e as a shock. Women have rarely been given equal nsiratn or reprentatn medil rearch. (The map of the human genome—the foundatnal blueprt of morn blogil rearch—was ially based largely on the geic sequence of an anonymo man om Buffalo.)</p><p class="paywall">Yet there were reasons for <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s prevailg image. A 1989 survey of the New York chapter showed that more than three-quarters of participants were younger than thirty-five and that eighty per cent were whe gay men. Many were well ted, even well-off. Larry Kramer, who died last year at the age of eighty-four, certaly f that bill. Rellg his early attempts to enlist help om public officials, he told Schulman, “You learn very fast that you’re a faggot, and don’t make any difference that you went to Yale and were assistant to prints of a uple of film pani, and that you had money.” The early <em class="small">ACT UP</em> firebrands never fot that Ronald Reagan hadn’t so much as uttered the word “<em class="small">AIDS</em>” public until September, 1985, jt a uple of weeks before killed his iend Rock Hudson.</p><p class="paywall">Kramer ma clear that the unexpected pa of spurned entlement helped fuel the movement. “We were mostly whe and privileged, and there was a lot of flak agast the <em>muny</em> bee of that,” he told Schulman. As one would expect, this acunt don’t s well wh her.</p><p class="paywall">“<em class="small">ACT UP</em> was predomantly whe and male,” she acknowledg. “But s history has been whened ways that obstct the plexy.” Kramer, she thks, “never really unrstood the wi range of people who were <em class="small">ACT UP</em>, where we were g om, and what we were dog.” She is angered by the attentn that has been lavished on him. “It is remarkable how many people high plac, of all ag, multiple spac, thk that Larry was ‘the lear of <em class="small">ACT UP</em>.’ ” In fact, as she nces, Kramer never pretend to be the lear of <em class="small">ACT UP</em>. He was s sharpt spear, though, and spears are need tim of war.</p><figure class="AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed"><div class="AssetEmbedAssetContaer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-ntaer"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kKwZhx rponsive-asset AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset"><div data-attr-viewport-monor="" class="RponsiveCartoonWrapper-iTMMjI eXTYsS rponsive-rtoon AssetEmbedRponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__rponsive-asset viewport-monor-anchor"><a class="external-lk rponsive-rtoon__image-lk" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLk","outgogURL":"" href=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa RponsiveCartoonImage-hzNqyc ikeCcH rponsive-rtoon__image rponsive-image"><noscript><img alt="Dog thgs about punishg his challengers after wng at Wmster." class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src=" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w, 960w, 1280w, 1600w" siz="100vw"/></noscript></picture></a><div class="CaptnWrapper-jSZdqE iTuhkZ ptn RponsiveCartoonCred-bKlQqO faLAFb rponsive-rtoon__cred"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptnCred-ejegDm iUEiRd iicloT bmQtfn ptn__cred">Cartoon by Joe Dator</span></div><div class="RponsiveCartoonCTA-eiqqMB iDCQRs"><div class="RponsiveCartoonCTAWrapper-CYIqa iTbFtf"><div class="RponsiveCartoonLkButtonWrapper-hqDAJK eSEhbj"><button aria-label="Copy lk to rtoon" class="BaseButton-bLlsy ButtonWrapper-xCepQ bqVKKv YsOBB button button--primary-pair RponsiveCartoonInButton-hBCBMq lpsjql" data-event-click="{"element":"Button"}" data-ttid="Button" type="button"><span class="ButtonLabel-cjAuJN bBWXSg button__label">Copy lk to rtoon</span><div class="ButtonInWrapper-gFdzAL bPDyTT button__in-ntaer"><svg class="in in-pylk" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="><tle>Copy lk to rtoon</tle><g clip-path="url(#clip0_3732_178637)"><path fill-le="evenodd" clip-le="evenodd" 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16.0365 19.5523 16.0365 19C16.0365 18.4477 16.4842 18 17.0365 18C17.5888 18 18.0365 18.4477 18.0365 19ZM19.0365 19C19.0365 20.1046 18.1411 21 17.0365 21C15.932 21 15.0365 20.1046 15.0365 19C15.0365 17.8954 15.932 17 17.0365 17C18.1411 17 19.0365 17.8954 19.0365 19Z" fill="black"></path></g><fs><clipPath id="clip0_3732_178638"><rect width="24" height="24" fill="whe"></rect></clipPath><clipPath id="clip1_3732_178638"><rect width="24" height="24" fill="whe"></rect></clipPath></fs></svg></div></button></div></div></div></span></div></figure><p class="paywall">Schulman’s trouble wh Kramer reflects a eper fissure wh the anizatn. <em class="small">ACT UP</em> certaly ntaed affy groups, cludg the Majory Actn Commtee, for people of lor, and the Women’s Cc. But did members who were whe and male have an advantage swayg a burecracy that was also overwhelmgly whe and male? That’s what Kramer implied, and, though Schulman don’t dispute the pot, she thks that the group’s te power lay a ncerted display of strength through diversy.</p><p class="paywall"><em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s biggt problem, her opn, was to be found not the movement but media pictns of that played largely to a straight and whe middle-class dience. She assails David France, whom she acc of g her rearch to “nefar ends” his powerful documentary “How to Survive a Plague.” It won mastream approval, she thks, precisely bee promot a “heroic whe male dividual mol” of activism, ntrast wh the “diverse grassroots movements” revealed the ls celebrated documentary “Uned Anger,” which she produced wh s director, Jim Hubbard.</p><p class="paywall">Schulman’s dictment of how <em class="small">AIDS</em> and <em class="small">AIDS</em> activism have been portrayed extends to the Osr-wng film “Philalphia.” It errs, she says, bee picts a gay man wh <em class="small">AIDS</em> (Tom Hanks) beg helped by a homophobic straight lawyer (Denzel Washgton) who over his prejudice, rather than by the man’s own muny. More surprisgly, she lambast the Pulzer Prize-wng play “Angels Ameri,” which me to Broadway 1993 and was, she matas, yet another work “that ma straight people to the hero of the crisis.” Tony Khner’s dramatic diptych “is strangely disnnected om the realy of people wh <em class="small">AIDS</em>, relyg on the nventnal trope of a wardly gay person who abandons his lover.” It’s a cur terpretatn, requirg the erasure of Jefey Wright’s role as Belize, a gay nurse and the play’s centerg sensibily. (The performance won Wright a Tony.)</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-3 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">That’s not the only erasure Schulman’s book. For her, settg the rerd straight means emphasizg <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s broad vista of aln polics. Yet of the nearly two hundred terviews that she draws upon for the book, only a few are wh Black people. The voic of important activists of lor who didn’t survive the plague are absent, owg to her reluctance to e archiv other than her own. Even a chapter scribg the plight of H.I.V.-posive Haians terned Guantánamo, all her terview subjects are whe. Early the book, she says that her subjects spoke wh her openly bee, as New Yorkers, “they were ed to tellg their thoughts and feelgs to a middle-aged Jewish woman.” In the ntext of her argument, the shrk joke, wh s ste and class prupposns, cuts a ltle close to the bone.</p></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-ntent-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidntent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--mid-ntent should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-ntent" data-no-id="tnk5gx"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxa bjczjj grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa bDyAMU body body__ntaer article__body" data-journey-hook="client-ntent" data-ttid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__ner-ntaer"><p class="paywall">“<em class="small">ACT UP</em> is a racist anizatn,” the late Keh Cylar, a proment member of the group, told <em>Sp</em> 1990. He wasn’t nmng <em class="small">ACT UP</em>; he was sayg that racism was an evable feature a mostly whe anizatn, and required vigilance. The soclogist (and <em class="small">ACT UP</em> veteran) Deborah B. Gould, subtly probg the group’s racial polics, has wrten about a “srcy mentaly” fuelled by speratn. When people of lor raised issu of particular ncern to them, they routely met the rejor “What do this have to do wh <em class="small">AIDS</em>?” or were told, “We don’t have time.” But Schulman hurri past such nversatns, more ncerned wh sctizg the group’s media image than s plited realy.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">In the end, what Schulman lls <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s “tragic spl” was precipated more by dissensn over rearch than by disagreements over race. Any list of the most important medil trials of morn tim would have to clu the <em class="small">AIDS</em> Clil Trials Group Protol 076 study, which was lnched 1991. That study was signed to terme whether the antiretroviral AZT, admistered durg advanced pregnancy, would prevent H.I.V. transmissn om mother to fant. And led to a cisive rift between those <em class="small">ACT UP</em>, like Harrgton, who argued for the study’s cril importance and those, like Maxe Wolfe, who wanted stopped at all sts.</p><p class="paywall">AZT was the first antiretroviral that received F.D.A. thorizatn to treat H.I.V. For a while, would brg down a patient’s viral load, but H.I.V. is a fast-mutatg vis, and the dg, when ed on s own, as a “monotherapy,” typilly lost efficy wh months. For a woman about to give birth, however, a temporary drop viral load uld be enough to rce the risk of transmissn. At the time of the study, between a quarter and a third of fants livered to women wh H.I.V. were born fected, and most died. Would the therapy help?</p><p class="paywall">The A.C.T.G. 076 study—which enrolled nearly five hundred pregnant women—monstrated that a brief regimen of AZT admistered to a mother before and durg livery, along wh a small dose for the newborn, creased the peratal transmissn rate by nearly seventy per cent.</p><p class="paywall">That trial, and others that followed, helped doctors throughout the world prevent the aths of lns of children, particularly sub-Saharan Ai, where fectn rat were exceptnally high. Still, AZT was a poison that had to be ed wisely, and the trial raised thorny ethil qutns. Was fair to give poor women dgs that uld e ristance later and, theory, hr subsequent treatment? Or did the immediate threat to all the children who might be born wh H.I.V. take precence? Was ethil to e a placebo group? Many women <em class="small">ACT UP</em> wanted to shut the trial down, or substantially alter . The Science Club fought forcefully for the trial. (So did many Black women, who knew that uld be particularly helpful to hard-h muni of lor.)</p><p class="paywall">Wolfe, who brought Schulman to the group, and who emerg as a major opponent of Harrgton and his approach, nsired the trial too dangero. She has never swerved om her nvictn that was immoral. “I regret that we uldn’t stop 076,’’ she told Schulman. “To this day, I thk was a big mistake.” Schulman—who uncrilly prents Wolfe’s false assertn that the risk of viral transmissn to fants was “mcule”—nmns the trials as privilegg the “imaged future” over the prent; unborn babi over their mothers. She impli that some of the mothers later died bee they were “renred ristant to some subsequent class of new meditns.”</p><p class="paywall">Yet, sce trial subjects almost variably received a higher “standard of re” than would have been available to them otherwise, participatn uld save <em>their</em> liv, not jt the liv of their offsprg. And Schulman’s ncern that the mothers wouldn’t benef om new class of medice has long sce been laid to rt. Newer antivirals—notably protease hibors, which won F.D.A. approval a year after the trial rults were published—beme part of an updated standard of re. The regimens proved wily effective for people who had prevly taken AZT.</p><p class="paywall">It’s nearly impossible to asss the value of a medil trial whout at least explorg the nsequenc of not rryg out. I travelled to Ai to wre about this issue nearly twenty years ago. I uld hardly fd an Ain physician or rearcher who didn’t nsir the A.C.T.G. 076 study to be of immense value. I found none who thought should have been stopped. Whe femists like Schulman and Wolfe, who unrstandably saw the study through the lens of reproductive polics—and the way anti-abortn advot have elevated the welfare of a fet over that of s mother—failed to grasp what the trials meant to vulnerable muni around the world. Almost three s later, Schulman ref to acknowledge that, on a eply ntent issue, the Science Club was right.</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall">Inevably, personali as well as prcipl played a role <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s subsequent spl. As Schulman observ, Maxe Wolfe and Mark Harrgton serve a great al of cred for the group’s succs; the two were equally rponsible, she ntends, for what she lls s “self-feat.” Although Wolfe is at pas to distance herself om the antagonism that arose toward the Science Club, people wh that group had their own perspective. The timable Garance Franke-Ruta, who joed <em class="small">ACT UP</em> as a teen-ager, and followed Harrgton to the Treatment Actn Group, spoke bluntly to Schulman: Wolfe, she said, “was awful to me.”</p><p class="paywall">The grievance that Wolfe and her alli had wh the Science Club went beyond the battle over a sgle dg trial. They were ncerned that the Club’s members had creasgly pursued the “si strategy”—workg wh pharmactil rearchers, N.I.H. admistrators, and other public officials. This meant that, as Wolfe put , they “were meetg wh the very people who we were fightg agast.” Her alli discsed a moratorium on lettg anyone <em class="small">ACT UP</em> meet wh ernment officials, and the prospect epened the sense wh the Science Club that <em class="small">ACT UP</em> no longer valued s agenda. Although <em class="small">ACT UP</em> didn’t llapse after the schism, was badly damaged, and never revered s centraly. When the si-outsi strategy was largely rced to an outsi strategy, the anizatn beme far ls nsequential.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monor="le-recirc" class="le-recirc-wrapper le-recirc-observer-target-4 viewport-monor-anchor"></div><p class="paywall">In retrospect, one n ask whether <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s victori on the rearch ont phed the F.D.A. too far. The dgs-to-bodi approach to fast-trackg—the e of “surrogate endpots” (like T-cell unts or viral load), for example, rather than clil benefs actual people—n be valuable, pecially for patients who are facg ath and have no good alternativ. This approach at least offers sperate patients a chance, while allowg scientists to gather meangful data. But, today, a number of dgs, for everythg om asthma to perdontis, have won approval before benefs human patients were tablished, and crics argue that dg approval is too often based solely on benefs shown bmarkers rather than bodi. “Right to try” legislatn, meanwhile, enabl the sale of dg ndidat whout even volvg the F.D.A. When rtrictns are weakened, experimental dgs—many of which end up provg els or worse—bee harr to distguish om effective medice.</p><p class="paywall">Today, Franke-Ruta is a journalist, and she spoke to Schulman about the wir implitns of some of <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s succs. “I don’t thk that we realized at the time that this was part of the broar guttg of the FDA that we’ve seen sce; that there was a lot of polil agendas that we jt happened to be sync,” she said. After Print Donald Tmp touted the promise of hydroxychloroque as a treatment for <em class="small">COVID-19</em>, the F.D.A. issued an emergency-e thorizatn for the dg, which was shown to be els for the purpose. (The agency whdrew the thorizatn three months later.) “Sometim seems like ’s gone too far the other directn,” Franke-Ruta went on. “But there’s a really strong pharmactil lobby agast the FDA as well that I don’t thk we were aware of.”</p><p class="has-dropp has-dropp__lead-standard-headg paywall"><em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s legacy is hardly rtricted to the realm of rearch. “The movement for Black liv would look very different if s thought lears—many of whom are self-intified Black queer people—hadn’t been able to draw on the example of <em class="small">ACT UP</em>,” the legal scholar Kendall Thomas, who joed the group 1987, has observed. “Black activists and their alli now unrstand that the stggle for Black eedom has to make nnectns across many different nstuenci and ncerns that ed to be seen as different and disnnected.” At the same time, Schulman implicly reprimands many ntemporary social-jtice movements and their emphasis on allyship and “acplic” (who mt take directn om a margalized muny) over alns of shared terts and valu. She plaly nsirs ll-out culture a distractn. <em class="small">ACT UP</em> members who were women or people of lor, she says, directed rourc to projects that were specifilly of ncern to them. They “did not stop the drive toward actn to rrect or ntrol language or to ll out bias,” she adds potedly. “The language and behavr of racist and sexist <em class="small">ACT UP</em>ers was not the foc.”</p><p class="paywall">There are lsons <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s failur, of urse, as well as s succs. If the group were the richly alnal grassroots anizatn that Schulman scrib, how uld the parture of two dozen people—Harrgton’s <em class="small">TAG</em> team—have railed ? Her stutnal analysis is rather cryptic. The way <em class="small">ACT UP</em> alt wh the differenc among s members “was to practice a kd of radil mocracy,” she says. “Subvertg this range of difference and tryg to channel through open and hidn mov was ultimately s downfall.”</p><p class="paywall">One notably disaffected voice “Let the Rerd Show” is that of Charl Kg, who (wh his partner, Keh Cylar) helped start Hog Works. Kg told Schulman that <em class="small">ACT UP</em> was, at s heart, “gay men and their alli fightg for their liv.” By the mid- to late neti, the mographics of ath were changg: “It was now a Black disease, not their disease.”</p><p class="paywall">Schulman promptly dismiss Kg’s unsettlg crique: “Te to the <em class="small">ACT UP</em> tradn of alienatn, Charl was fg ‘<em class="small">ACT UP</em>’ by the people he disagreed wh, not by himself and his alli.” Her sistence on <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s diversy is important and rrect. Still, the group’s most famo image—the verted pk triangle of the “Silence = Death” logo—didn’t jt lk <em class="small">AIDS</em> and the Holot; was also an assertn of a gay inty, as not cintal but tegral.</p><p class="paywall">Kg suggts that an easg of speratn wh the gay muny may have ed <em class="small">ACT UP</em>’s undog. As long as the re dre felt that they were fightg for their own liv, <em class="small">ACT UP</em> uld acmodate vigoro ternal disagreement, even as the group secured advanc for women, people of lor, and the homels. After medil advanc meant that, for most H.I.V.-posive Amerins, the fectn was no longer a ath sentence but a chronic ndn, the forc of agmentatn uld no longer be managed.</p><p class="paywall"><em class="small">ACT UP</em> was always argumentative, though, and “Let the Rerd Show” remas fahful to that spir. If Schulman’s rerd-keepg sometim projects her own ials and aspiratns, she never fails to make one tth eloquently clear: “how btal bat wh the <em class="small">AIDS</em> muny uld be, how high the emotnal and leral stak were, how sperate people were, how ltle anyone else was listeng, and how tly stctive the pa and tratn uld bee.” ♦</p><le-embed name="" attrs="[object Object]" childTyp="" hasProducts="false" ntentType="llout:"><hr class="paywall"/><h2 class="paywall">New Yorker Favor</h2><ul class="paywall"><li>The <a href=">day the dosrs died</a>.</li><li>What if you uld <a href=">do all over</a>?</li><li>A spense novelist leav a <a href=">trail of ceptns</a>.</li><li>The <a href=">art of dyg</a>.</li><li>Can <a href=">readg make you happier</a>?</li><li>A simple gui to <a href=">tote-bag etiquette</a>.</li><li>Sign up for our daily <a href=">newsletter</a> to receive the bt stori om <em>The New Yorker</em>.</li></ul></le-embed></div></div></div><div class="GridItem-buujkM fVLMby grid--em grid-layout__asi"><div class="StickyBoxWrapper-jfYB jxBcTH sticky-box"><div class="StickyBoxPrimary-dzWDWL cdhYoN sticky-box__primary"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrssQ ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail" data-no-id="95vixo"></div></div><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--display-rail" role="prentatn" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--display-rail"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></div><div class="StickyBoxPlaceholr-grPmrg dxAvXx"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 PaywallInleBarrierWhWrapperGrid-fyrGfS kLQIUk grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="body body__le-barrier article__body"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div class="ntaer--body-ner"><asi class="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper-iBnuqk lfXXa-D" data-ttid="PaywallInleBarrierWrapper"><div class="ConsumerMarketgUnThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut nsumer-marketg-un nsumer-marketg-un--paywall-le-barrier" role="prentatn" aria-live="pole" aria-hidn="te"><div class="nsumer-marketg-un__slot nsumer-marketg-un__slot--paywall-le-barrier"></div><div class="journey-un"></div></div></asi></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 ContentWrapperGrid-fvkmBv brYtrA grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="body body__ntaer"><div class="ntaer ntaer--body"><div class="ntaer--body-ner"></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><div class="ContentFooterWrapper-jVNdRG dTJkpP ArticlePageContentFooterGrid-ccsXYy eMZRHU article-body__footer"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><footer class="ContentFooterMagazeDisclaimer-gzKAqo iZIuUU" data-ttid="MagazeDisclaimerWrapper">Published the prt edn of the <a href="/magaze/2021/06/14" data-reactroot="">June 14, 2021</a>, issue, wh the headle “In the Midnight Hour.”</footer></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div class="ContributorsWrapper-eNpWFu GWFsc ntributors" data-ttid="Contributors"><div class="ContributorBWrapper-bnVHbt gMon"><div class="ContributorBAvatar-bIGTqf eMWbvj"><a href="/ntributors/michael-specter"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW jvZaPI rponsive-asset"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa rponsive-image"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></picture></span></a></div><div class="ContributorBContent-ubQdr jZTSSi"><div class="ContributorBHear-ledood XOIEx"></div><div class="ContributorBB-fBolsO giFhKz"><a href="/ntributors/michael-specter">Michael Specter</a> is a staff wrer at The New Yorker and an adjunct profsor of bengeerg at Stanford Universy. His dbook “<a href=">Fci</a>” me out 2020.</div><div class="ContributorBFooter-brqDlv ezUmSv"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="RowWrapper-UmqTg HEhan"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK kHBDeH grid grid-margs grid-ems-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow wi-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--em grid-layout__ntent"><div data-ttid="TagCloudWrapper" class="TagCloudWrapper-gGgndx ctyZyK ContentFooterTagCloud-krQmRG ZLGh"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ TagCloudSectnHear-cOforY iUEiRd bPyAoD kQQRmu">More:</span><a href="/tag/act-up" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM TagCloudLk-kvjZFu iUEiRd ggMZaT gFob hIhJOI"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ TagCloudName-eAUnLd iUEiRd gwIVBQ bUkXwu">ACT UP</span></a><a href="/tag/acquired-immune-ficiency-syndrome" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLk-eNWuiM TagCloudLk-kvjZFu iUEiRd ggMZaT gFob hIhJOI"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ TagCloudName-eAUnLd 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SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Unr Review</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">The Upper Wt Si Cult That Hid Pla Sight</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Upper Wt Si Cult That Hid Pla Sight" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">In the sixti and seventi, the Sullivanian Instute had a wng sal pch for young New Yorkers: parti, sex, low rent, and affordable therapy.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" 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data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Novelist Whose Inventns Went Too Far" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl bcywvc summary-em__ntent"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX kImuKS bric bric--disvery SummaryItemRubric-dguGKN fYiFyD summary-em__bric"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi">Life and Letters</span></div><a class="SummaryItemHedLk-civM cZPaWG summary-em-trackg__hed-lk summary-em__hed-lk" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-hed-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" href=" target="_self"><div class="SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ iIjKeM summary-em__hed" data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">The Novelist Whose Inventns Went Too Far</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="The Novelist Whose Inventns Went Too Far" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">After the Ao-Cuban wrer H. G. Carrillo died, his hband learned that almost everythg the wrer had shared about his life was ma up—cludg his Cuban inty.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>D. T. Max</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff ewgXAt summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in summary-em--text-align-left summary-em--layout-placement-text-below-sktop-only summary-em--layout-posn-image-right summary-em--layout-proportns-33-66 summary-em--si-by-si-align-center summary-em--si-by-si-image-right-mobile-false summary-em--standard SummaryCollectnGridSummaryItem-WColm kdEfwY" role="button" tabx="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div 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data-ttid="SummaryItemHed">How the War Ukrae Ends</div></a><div class="SummaryItemAssetContaer-gwhFFH VOyg summary-em__asset-ntaer"><a class="SummaryItemImageLk-dshqxb USLvL summary-em__image-lk summary-em-trackg__image-lk" href=" aria-hidn="te" tabx="-1" data-ponent-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="em-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-em" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB rponsive-asset SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image"><div data-tt="aspect-rat-ntaer" class="AspectRatContaer-bJHpJz jMoLpX"><div class="aspect-rat--overlay-ntaer"><picture class="RponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemRponsiveAsset-hjGIGg egpoQR summary-em__image rponsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w, 640w" siz="100vw"/><source media="(m-width: 768px)" srcSet=" 120w, 240w, 320w" siz="100vw"/><img alt="How the War Ukrae Ends" class="RponsiveImageContaer-eybHBd fptoWY rponsive-image__image" src="></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd jxOIpm cPtisA summary-em__k">An ement historian envisns a settlement among Rsia, Ukrae, and the Wt.</div><div class="SummaryItemByleWrapper-boCfbi cuRXdL summary-em__byle-date-in"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByle-fFbXkY cgDBtc summary-em__byle"><div class="summary-em__byle__ntent"><div data-ttid="BylWrapper" class="BylWrapper-KIudk irTIfE byl"><p class="ByleWrapper-jWHrLH dSEWiO byle byl__byle" data-ttid="ByleWrapper" emProp="thor" emType="><span emProp="name" class="ByleNamWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-ttid="ByleName" class="ByleName-kwmrLn cYaBaU byle__name"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BylePreamble-iJolpQ iUEiRd jslZfG gnILss byle__preamble">By </span>David Remnick</span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff ewgXAt summary-em summary-em--ARTICLE summary-em--no-in 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