Gay Men’s Health and Inty: Social Change and the Life Course - PMC

Contents:

• THE HIDN GAY LIV FALLY BEG UNVERED
• GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S HEALTH
• WHAT DO IT MEAN TO BE A GAY MAN?
• WHY ARE THERE GAY MEN?
• PNEERG PHOTOGRAPHS OF GAY LIFE THE 1960S
• THE REAL LIV OF GAY MEN
• AT 60 YEARS OLD, I BEME VISIBLE. GETTG OLD AS A GAY MAN STKS.
• GAY MEN’S HEALTH AND INTY: SOCIAL CHANGE AND THE LIFE COURSE
• KEV MAXEN JT BEME THE FIRST MALE ACH MEN'S PRO SPORTS TO E OUT AS GAY. HE SAID HE DON'T WANT TO HAVE TO 'LIE' OR 'FEEL FEAR' ABOUT HIS PERSONAL LIFE ANYMORE.

THE HIDN GAY LIV FALLY BEG UNVERED

For a long time, the mastream public didn't want to hear our Ca's The Secret Life of Albert Entwistle tells the story of a secretly gay postman searchg for a lost love om his youth (Cred: Headle Review)"I would venture to say that the public were disgted and outraged, " says thor Crystal Jeans.

It's about a lonely, socially awkward and secretly gay postman livg a fictnal town the north of England who hs retirement, realisg he wants to turn his life around and fally be happy – but to do this, he needs to fd the love of his life, a man he hasn’t seen for nearly 50 years.

GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S HEALTH

That same year, the so-lled "Alan Turg law" offered pardons to 49, 000 Brish gay men who’d been nvicted of homosexual acts – followg a mpaign arguably bolstered by the greater awarens brought about by The Imatn Game, the h film that picted the nvictn and chemil stratn of the Enigma-breakg puter scientist. Over the last five years, a tr of Irish wrers have livered stunng gay-themed novels set predomantly perds of history that didn't wele them – John Boyne (The Heart’s Invisible Furi), Graham Norton (Home Stretch), and Sebastian Barry (the Costa Award-wng Days Whout End). Robert Pollack says the most important thg a fay n do to support their gay son is to keep lovg him, “to nvey to him, as soon as he shar his feelgs, that he is still loved through and through, that his sexual orientatn will not any way dimish how much he is admired and rpected.

In a 1987 say tled “A Separate People Whose Time Has Come, ” Hay scribed homosexuals as “spir people, ” who, throughout the ag, had served society their rol as “msengers and tercers, shamans of both genrs, prits and prits, imagemakers and prophets, mim and rhapsos, poets and playwrights, healers and nurturers, teachers and preachers, tkers and tkerers, searchers and rearchers.

WHAT DO IT MEAN TO BE A GAY MAN?

The rults show strong support for the "balancg selectn hypothis, " which is fast beg the accepted theory of the geic basis of male theory holds that the same geic factors that duce gayns mal also promote fecundy (high reproductive succs) those mal' female maternal relativ. Through this tra-off, the maternal relativ' "gay man gen, " though they aren't exprsed as such, tend to get passed to future generatns spe of their tenncy to make their male herors no one knows which gen, exactly, the might be, at least one of them appears to be loted on the X chromosome, acrdg to geic molg by Camper Ciani and his lleagu.

The androphilic pattern that we found is about femal who crease their reproductive value to attract the bt mal, " Camper Ciani told Life's Ltle out, the moms and nts of gay men have an advantage over the moms and nts of straight men for several reasons: They are more fertile, displayg fewer gynelogil disorrs or plitns durg pregnancy; they are more extroverted, as well as funnier, happier and more relaxed; and they have fewer fay problems and social anxieti. But The Gay Essay really began while he explored the Los Angel Gay Communy Servic Center where he met Morris Kight and Don Kilhefner, two men who ran the programs there and found the Gay Liberatn Front Los Angel 1969 where they mobilized the muny agast the LAPD’s harassment of homosexuals. “The most rigoro sgle study—the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study [1987]—reced nearly 5, 000 homosexual men and found that: ‘a signifint majory of the men … (69 to 82%) reported havg 50 or more lifetime sexual partners, and over 80% had engaged receptive anal terurse wh at least some of their partners the prev two years.

WHY ARE THERE GAY MEN?

Last week, as I slathered myself wh anti-wrkle cream, I examed my body expectg to fd a tattooed expiratn date announcg that I’d joed the club of olr gay men who have small dner parti, where they reunt their glory days and pla about the current generatn of their unterparts who fail to give them the rpect they serve. Published fal eded form as:PMCID: PMC5903851NIHMSID: NIHMS882333AbstractDue to signifint historil change the late twentieth and early twenty-first century related to both health and cultural attus toward homosexualy, gay men of distct birth horts may diverge nsirably their health and inty velopment. Keywords: gay men, health, homosexualy, life urse, inty, history, HIV/AIDS, PrEPIn an early fom on the emergence of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP; see Grant et al., 2010) for HIV preventn held at San Francis’s LGBT Center wnsed by the first thor, an argument epted the dience between a group of young men their twenti and a group of men their fifti.

In all likelihood, they uld relate to men of both generatns, havg veloped their sexual liv as gay men wh ndom e as a strong muny norm but havg lost few to heated exchange between the two generatns of men at the PrEP fom reveals the way which social inti and health practic are dynamic and ground historil time and place.

PNEERG PHOTOGRAPHS OF GAY LIFE THE 1960S

It th n gui scholars to rearch qutns, practic, and advocy strategi more clearly aligned wh the lived experience of gay men diverse cultural and historil ntexts, wh the aim to both unrstand and enhance gay men’s this article, we illtrate the utily of a life urse paradigm the study of gay men’s health and inty velopment and propose empiril work that embodi this paradigm.

We foc on the cultural ntext of the Uned Stat (US) orr to provi an exemplar for adaptatn other natnal settgs which distct historil events will be also regnize that wh the US signifint diversy exists among men who intify as gay owg to the tersectns of other inti such as race, class, genr inty, and other social inti (e. In other words, although we do not expect uniformy the way which diverse gay men experience historil events, we do expect monaly and th propose salience of certa historil events likely to affect a diversy of gay ias we velop this article may be relevant to bisexual and other same-sex attracted men.

THE REAL LIV OF GAY MEN

Health is th ncerned wh more than the absence of pathology body and md; is ncerned wh the state of dividual and social well-beg (World Health Organizatn, 1948) a larger ntext of stigma and strs for sexual mori (Meyer, 2003) Men’s Health and the Life Course: Key PrciplThe life urse paradigm do not simply gui to a foc on gay men at different pots their dividual velopment (e.

)The life urse approach offers a particularly uful paradigm for the study of gay men’s health bee of the signifint social chang that have occurred the past half-century to create radilly divergent ntexts of velopment for different generatns of sexual and genr inty mori (Hammack & Cohler, 2011). A brief samplg of major historil events that have occurred over the past half-century ll our attentn to how the urse of gay men’s liv the US might radilly diverge across generatns—the Stonewall rts of 1969, the emergence of the AIDS epimic the 1980s, the disvery of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) to manage HIV 1996, the US Supreme Court’s cisn Lawrence v. Applied to the liv of gay men, we pos two cril perds of velopment: (1) puberty, regnized as a “magil age” for sexual awarens (Herdt & McCltock, 2000) and typilly reported retrospective acunts as the moment at which gay men regnized their same-sex sire and s potential signifince for their liv (e.

AT 60 YEARS OLD, I BEME VISIBLE. GETTG OLD AS A GAY MAN STKS.

A life urse paradigm is clive of the plex aspects of velopment sochistoril ntext and their relevance for the inti and health of gay men (Mart & D’Augelli, 2009) Generatns of Gay Men the USDefg the GeneratnsThe qutn of how to fe a generatn has been a ncern of life urse theory and the soclogy of agg for some time (e.

Our goal was to velop hypoth about hort differenc that n be tted future rearch and th to stimulate more quiry that foregrounds the ncept of generatn-hort as a meangful social inty for gay men’s health and inty intifyg hort-fg events, we were terted both discrete happengs and the broar social ntext of how gay men have been “spoken about” (Fouult, 1982) cultural disurse at particular historil moments.

As we outle the five generatns below, we note the signifince of tersectg inti for gay men wh regard to both health and inty intified four historil perds US gay and lbian history characterized by distct events and disurs of relevance to gay men’s health and inty. The liberatn era (approximately 1969–1981), punctuated by the Stonewall rts and subsequent visibily for sexual mori, saw the thrivg of gay and lbian muni urban centers and a new disurse on homosexualy as ditive of a sexual inty rather than a form of psychopathology (Hammack et al., 2013).

GAY MEN’S HEALTH AND INTY: SOCIAL CHANGE AND THE LIFE COURSE

Fally, the equaly era (approximately 2003-prent) is characterized by the gradual but now wily held regnn of sexual mory inti and muni as legimate and worthy of equal treatment and protectn unr the law (Keleher & Smh, 2012) the historil eras, we intified four specific hort-fg events (CDEs)—events that marked likely turng pots the llective nscns of gay men, wh implitns for their experience of inty and health (see Table 1).

The distct labels we have selected for each generatn reflect the domant disurse of male homosexualy durg cril perds of velopment: sickns, liberatn, AIDS, and 1Generatn-horts of gay men alive, 2017GeneratnApproximatebirth yearsAge at CDE1(Stonewall, 1969)Age at CDE2(AIDSdisvery, 1981)Age at CDE3(HAARTdisvery, 1995)Age at CDE4(Lawrence, 2003)Age 2017Context of velopment1Sickns1930s30s40s50s60s70s–80sHomosexualy strongly pathologized durg childhood and adolcence; early adulthood wh birth of gay and lbian movement; many closeted until later life and sufferg more psychologil distrs about sexualy2Liberatn1940s20s30s40s50s60s–70sExperienced puberty as gay and lbian movement was iatg but not wily visible; early adulthood wh creased visibily and formatn of strong muni urban centers; strongly impacted by AIDS wh loss of works and partners3AIDS-11950s–1960s10s (puberty)20s30s40s50s–60sExperienced puberty at height of visibily for gay and lbian movement; experienced early adulthood at height of AIDS, trma of substantial aths muny; midlife wh major health advanc and civil rights gas4AIDS-21970s–1980s010s10s20s30s–40sExperienced puberty at height of AIDS, ls personal loss than member of AIDS-1 but equatn of gay sex wh ath; benefted om Inter durg adolcence; early adulthood durg treatment advanc and greater equaly5Equaly1990s00<1010s20sExperienced puberty and emergg adulthood after treatment advanc for HIV tablished, civil rights victori, creasg equalyThe Sickns GeneratnFor most of the twentieth century, same-sex sire was classified as a sickns, reprentg a diagnosable mental illns the Diagnostic and Statistil Manual (DSM) of the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn (see Hammack et al., 2013). Yet prr to the natnal visibily for the gay and lbian civil rights movement realized by the Stonewall rts of 1969 and the removal of homosexualy om the DSM 1973, the domant disurse about homosexualy was that homosexualy and of self nstuted a disease (Hammack et al., 2013; Herek, 2010) men who veloped durg this era likely viewed their sexual sir, practic, and inti through the prism of disease and abnormaly, eply ternalizg stigma (see Cohler, 2007; Hammack & Cohler, 2011; Loughery, 1998). We regnize that this label may be an unfortable one for men of this generatn, yet we employ precisely to pture the extent to which societal disurse and cultural attus so strongly equated homosexualy wh pathology at the time, likely leadg to formidable early psychologil men of the Sickns Generatn were born approximately the 1930s and experienced childhood, adolcence, and early adulthood wh the domant disurse of homosexualy as illns (see Table 1).

Rearch that foc specifilly on the experienc of men of lor of this generatn is sential to unrstand the impact of “double stigma” they likely experienced at cril perds their of the Sickns Generatn alive today would have experienced several eras of gay and lbian history, livg long enough to wns the major social and polil gas of the most recent equaly era (2003-prent). In addn, the experience of health re and other service stutns as hostile to the unique ncerns of gay men may rema a legacy for men of this generatn, as they ntue to report lack of accs to supportive re (Fredriksen-Goldsen & Mura, 2010) or fears of discrimatn health ntexts (Jackson, Johnson, & Roberts, 2008). Major events were occurrg throughout the 1950s and 1960s that led to the tablishment of the morn gay and lbian civil rights movement (see Farman, 2015; Hirshman, 2012), but the Stonewall rts brought natnal visibily to the movement a way prevly unrealized (Carter, 2004; Duberman, 1993).

KEV MAXEN JT BEME THE FIRST MALE ACH MEN'S PRO SPORTS TO E OUT AS GAY. HE SAID HE DON'T WANT TO HAVE TO 'LIE' OR 'FEEL FEAR' ABOUT HIS PERSONAL LIFE ANYMORE.

Stonewall exposed gay and other same-sex attracted men throughout the US to the size and signifince of the larger sexual mory muny, although this exposure was likely more pronounced for men who rid or near major urban sizeable gay and lbian muni had already formed major US ci after World War II (D’E, 1983; Sadownick, 1996), they existed more clanste forms until the 1970s.