Between World Wars, Gay Culture Flourished In Berl : NPR

Contents:

• GAY MEN UNR THE NAZI REGIME
• BETWEEN WORLD WARS, GAY CULTURE FLOURISHED IN BERL
• GAY LIFE BERL IS STARTG TO ECHO A DARKER ERA

GAY MEN UNR THE NAZI REGIME

But there is plenty to see today to remember the highs and lows of German LGBTQ+ history, om the Monument to Homosexuals Persecuted unr Natnal Socialism and the Schwul Mm (Gay Mm), both Berl, to the Dtsche Eiche bar and bathhoe Munich, where Freddie Mercury hung out the 1970s. REUTERS/Marton Mon/File PhotoBUDAPEST, July 14 (Rters) - The embassi of the Uned Stat, Germany and 36 other untri urged Hungary's ernment to protect the rights of LGBT people and scrap laws that discrimate agast them a statement ahead of Budapt's Pri march on Mister Viktor Orban's ernment promot a strongly Christian-nservative agenda and passed a law 2021 banng the "display and promotn of homosexualy" among unr-18s, spe cricism om rights groups and the European a jot statement, the embassi and about 10 cultural stutns cludg the Brish Council, the Estonian Instute and Instut Français said they supported Saturday's event which is expected to draw thoands to downtown Budapt.

Hirschfeld vented the term transvte, zealoly opposed Paragraph 175, and found the Scientific Humanarian Commtee Berl which pneered rearch to transsexualy and stood at the foreont of prott opposg legal discrimatn agast homosexuals. The Third Reich’s persecutn of homosexuals was immediate and relentls: Natnal Socialists stormed and stroyed Hirschfeld’s Instute for Sexual Rearch Berl, Nazi newspapers lled for the ath penalty for homosexual acts and all active gay anisatns Germany were clared illegal.

Acrdg to ttimoni om survivors, persecuted homosexuals were at the bottom of the ncentratn mp hierarchy, receivg particularly btal treatment and equently subjected to horrific medil experiments which ed an excs of male hormon to try and ‘cure’ mat’ homosexualy. This is not to say that lbians lived enviable liv unr the Third Reich; there are rerds of some lbian ncentratn mp mat and the soc-cultural climate of the Third Reich would not have been an easy one for openly gay women.

BETWEEN WORLD WARS, GAY CULTURE FLOURISHED IN BERL

Many homosexuals left ncentratn mps only to be seen as mon crimals upon their return to society; many were repeatedly jailed and died before seeg the liberatn of gays or acknowledgement of and pensatn for their sufferg at the hands of both the Natnal Socialists and the post-war German ernments. Repeated vandalism of the ‘Memorial to Persecuted Homosexuals’ Berl, ongog difficulti terms of adoptn for gay upl and creas attacks agast gay upl Germany should all serve as a remr of the ntued threat to LGBTQ+ dividuals Germany. REUTERS/Marton Mon/File Photo Acquire Licensg RightsBUDAPEST, July 14 (Rters) - The embassi of the Uned Stat, Germany and 36 other untri urged Hungary's ernment to protect the rights of LGBT people and scrap laws that discrimate agast them a statement ahead of Budapt's Pri march on Mister Viktor Orban's ernment promot a strongly Christian-nservative agenda and passed a law 2021 banng the "display and promotn of homosexualy" among unr-18s, spe cricism om rights groups and the European a jot statement, the embassi and about 10 cultural stutns cludg the Brish Council, the Estonian Instute and Instut Français said they supported Saturday's event which is expected to draw thoands to downtown Budapt.

Partly drivg this new era of tolerance were the doctors and scientists who started lookg at homosexualy and “transvtism” (a word of that era that enpassed transgenr people) as a natural characteristic wh which some were born, and not a “rangement.

GAY LIFE BERL IS STARTG TO ECHO A DARKER ERA

”Speakg at the headquarters of support group Rabow Refuge, Khadar, “a proud Mlim”, said the ment ma him unfortable, as if he uld not exprs himself 19-year-old is one of many LGBT asylum seekers Germany who have plaed about ignorant or timidatg ments ma durg their asylum the terviews, asylum seekers mt talk about why they me to Germany ont of a “cisn maker”, who asks the qutns and an terpreter who helps wh Germany’s parliament voted to legalize same-sex marriage June and last weekend saw one of the world’s biggt gay pri paras Berl, prejudice agast the lbian, gay, bisexual and transgenr (LGBT) muny as terpreters are often hired om refugee muni, they n reflect attus om asylum seekers’ home untri – attus they me to Germany to groups blame the problem on a lack of basic trag on LGBT rights for cisn makers and terpreters.

”But the Thomson Rters Foundatn spoke to several gay asylum seekers who felt unfortable discsg their sexualy ont of their WORD FOR GAYIn a Berl fé, Mahmoud Hasso, a journalist and activist om Syria, scribed his experience: “When I told (my terpreter) that I wanted to clu homosexualy my grounds for claimg asylum, he dropped his pen and walked out of the terview. ”Abdullah al-Baidi, another activist om Oman now livg Saarbrücken, near the French borr, disvered his terpreter did not know the word for “gay” refuge are ma to feel unfortable durg their terview, they might whhold ccial rmatn about their se – riskg rejectn and possible portatn, said Knud Wechterste, founr of the chary Rabow Refuge.

More specifilly, 's about gay Berl, the gay subculture that flourished Berl the era between World War I and the rise of the Nazis, when there were nightclubs and barets that tered to a gay clientele, gay-themed theater and films and gay-oriented publitns that were sold at ksks. They advertised all sorts of events, different kds of venu and they also attracted advertisers who were really appealg to a gay and lbian nstuency, and that's also really startlg, I We asked you to suggt a performer, a sger, that we uld listen to to give some sense of the mic people were listeng to then at perhaps some of the gay clubs.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)CLAIRE WALDOFF: (Sgg German) That was Claire Waldoff, a song picked for by Robert Beachy, the thor of the new book "Gay Berl, " which is about the gay subculture Berl the 1920s and early '30s, jt before the Nazi rise to was the law regardg homosexualy the '20s and early '30s Berl? So was actually ma more dranian unr the Nazis 1935, and that remaed the law of the land Wt Germany until was fally reformed, startg the very-late So if homosexual acts were illegal Berl the '20s and early '30s, how did a gay subculture manage to flourish? And, of urse, people had nsensual sexual relatns private, so the law was difficult to what he fally end up dog - he cid that would be easier to simply observe and monor and, sence, keep tabs on spected homosexuals - spected vlators of the law - than to actually try to persecute them or prevent them om breakg the law.

And what this meant practice was that the police partment, startg the late-1880s, simply tolerated all kds of different, you uld say, public acmodatns, bars, f; eventually, large transvte balls, where obv homosexuals, or, at least, obvly spected homosexuals, uld ngregate and there was a kd of homoerotic aternizatn, you uld say, that was allowed Berl by the late 1880s, and this permted the growth of a whole work of different kds of bars and rtrants.

It was somethg that really didn't exist the same way any other European Somethg really unual about how this law was enforced was that a partment lled the Department of Blackmail and Homosexualy was created to enforce the law.

And so blackmail beme a huge the same police missner and then his succsors and really the entire police partment, regnized that the bigger problem was not homosexual nduct, but the way which the law self actually allowed for the practice of blackmail. And the two, then, were always closely I thk a lot of the people that the Department of Blackmail and Homosexualy went after were prostut bee the partment, though I terpreted, didn't really want to go after, like, the middle class.

And the assumptn, too, I thk, was that prostut who make money the sex tra were also willg to make money through blackmailg the people they were - who were payg them to have that leads to, like, a whole other chapter the story, which was that there was a lot of prostutn, male prostut, gay Berl at the time.

So there were actually lots and lots of, we uld say, gay Nazi sympathizers who joed the SA, who joed the party, who were members of the movement, so to speak, and who also believed that bee of this figurehead, they would never actually be this was more or ls the se for the first year and a half until the summer of 1934. And of urse, the late '70s to the '80s, the timat were much, much higher but they've sort of been pegged down as people have done more rearch and done some actual archival work to tablish those Durg the 1920s and the early 1930s, there were movements to try to liberalize the anti-gay law or to elimate the anti-gay law. And his theori had this credible cultural fluence, and a lot of people - people like Thomas Mann wrote, jt passg, how pervasive the ias about the Mannerbund actually anyway, what out of is this ia that there are actually really, really sort of virile, natnalist and, as you put , proto-fascist dividuals who also happen to be homosexual.

He thought that was probably an imbalance of male and female sex hormon that acunted for homosexualy or homosexual also then cid that one might be able to e sex hormon to fluence behavr and also ultimately to transn to a different genr. The prence of a lot of gay-intified, some s openly homosexual, dividuals who were volved the Nazi movement and who participated at least the early years and then up until the so-lled Night of Long Kniv - up until the assassatn of Rohm. BEACHY: Well, you know, after pletg this book and after wrg about what I thk is really the birth of morn homosexual inty and homosexual rights activism, I have trouble unrstandg why Germans still regnize the Stonewall rt or rts at the end of the '60s 1969 as the begng of the morn homosexual rights I thk the Germans need to sort of honor their own history and regnize the importance of somebody like Magn Hirschfeld and the scientific humanarian mtee found 1897, you know, almost 70 years before the begng of the so-lled morn homosexual rights movement.

So I thk some ways that the Germans have almost been brawashed, and so that's - I gus that explas my ironic tone at the end of the Well, Robert Beachy, thank you so much for talkg wh Thank you so much for havg me on the show, Robert Beachy is the thor of "Gay Berl. “There’s been a gay bar of some kd at this addrs for more than 100 years, ” Nash, an energetic 54-year-old, explaed to a walkg tour he was leadg as he gtured enthiastilly at a neon sign outsi, which featured ttle wh large nose rgs.

But LGBT-rights groups have warned of a parallel rise of vlent homophobia mastream the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) Party stormed to the Bunstag last year, s policians have lled for homosexuals to be imprisoned, vowed to repeal gay marriage, and nounced those sufferg om HIV. They are also remrs of Germany’s fascist past and, rights groups worry, signs of dangero future clamp-downs on vulnerable is a powerfully queer place—gay culture, polics, activism, clubs, and sex reverberate through the cy. But “Germany is not the shy, progrsive untry wish to be portrayed as, ” says Katr Hugendubel, the advocy director of the Internatnal Lbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Associatn Europe (ILGA-Europe), which reprents more than 1, 000 LGBT 1918, when Bull’s precsor first opened, Weimar-era Germany was embarkg on a sndalo .

Berl’s reputatn for wild immoraly and s unually liberal law enforcement, by ntrast, helped turn the cy to Europe’s undisputed gay the 1920s, Berl was home to an timated 85, 000 lbians, a thrivg gay-media scene, and around 100 LGBT bars and clubs, where artists and wrers mixed wh cross-drsg ll girls who supposedly spired the Some Like It Hot director Billy Wilr. For the past eight years, he has transported tourists and earnt genr-theory stunts back time to search for the ghosts of their pneerg hero, as part of his popular LGBT walkg tour around Wt Berl’s “gayborhood” of Schö lately, the tour has taken on a different meang.

Cricized the AfD reprentative Hans-Thomas Tillschneir for a Facebook post that echoed Nazi-era propaganda agast homosexuals by claimg that HIV sufferers were “martyrs of a dishibed, hedonistic, hypersexualized society. ” The party even has a vol LGBT group lled “Alternative Homosexuals” that oppos qutned about her ments, Weil has blamed the media for spreadg “propaganda” and sisted to Der Tagspiegel, a German newspaper: “I’m beg creded wh beg volved a supposedly homophobic party, but that's not the realy. Apart om the large ternatnal quantative studi, small-sle quantative and qualative studi a wi range of sports settgs have provid evince that LGBTQ+ athlet regularly experience discrimatn and excln the form of homo- and transnegativy (e.

Physil asslts have been reported as well, but on a far lower sle, wh rponnts who had personally experienced homo-/transnegative vlence rangg between 3% (Atralian Capal Terrory [ACT] Government, 2014; Symons, Sbaraglia, Hillier, & Mchell, 2010) and 19% (Denison & Kchen, 2015). The quantative fdgs are nsistent wh a growg number of qualative studi based on terviews and group discsns (Greenspan, Griffh, & Watson, 2019; Hargie, Mchell, & Sommerville, 2017) experience of homo- and transnegativy society and sports is equently ed to expla mechanisms of (self-)excln, such as the lower participatn rat of LGBTQ+ dividuals sports (Cleland, 2018; Greenspan et al., 2019; Sndurra, Brcci, Bochicch, Valer, & Amoedo, 2019).

The fdgs have nsistently shown a higher rate of gay men pared to lbian women who feel exclud (Denison & Kchen, 2015), whereas the fdgs ncerng the perceptns of transgenr dividuals have been mixed (ACT Government, 2014; Denison & Kchen, 2015; Symons et al., 2010).