Maddow: Gay muny US 'fed fire'

maddow gay

"They both seem like they are referrg to gay stuff, whether is the Proud Boys terms of gay Pri, or the Oath Keepers' thg if you've read a lot around the polics around gay marriage."

Contents:

HOW RACHEL MADDOW BEME THE FIRST OPENLY GAY WOMAN TO HOST A PRIME TIME NEWS SHOW

The openly gay MSNBC star will be all over our screens on Electn Night. In high school, Maddow was suted for an athletic scholarship. * maddow gay *

Years before TV host Rachel Maddow climbed to the top of prime time news charts as the first openly gay woman host, she worked her fair share of odd jobs and me out by postg flyers her Stanford dorm.

OPENLY GAY MSNBC STAR RACHEL MADDOW WAS 3-SPORT HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETE

Jane Lynch, Alexanr Wang, Rosie O’Donnell and others reflect on what gay bars mean to them, the aftermath of the shootg Orlando, Fla. * maddow gay *

Rachel Maddow, 46, is the first openly gay woman to host a prime time news show wh the Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC Maddow creds her voted partner of 20 years, artist San Mikula, wh pullg her out of the suicidal feelgs as she stggl wh prsn (pictured together)'Maddow has taken a tly unorthodox path to stardom and never apologized or changed who she is to get to where she is today, ' the thor wr. ' Growg up a Catholic fay near Oakland, California, Maddow said she bldsid her parents when she me out as gay (pictured a 1990 high school yearbook photo) The book reveals her battle wh prsn. It's like beg paid to eat, ' Maddow left the statn for a year to plete her dissertatn and then went back and stayed until 2004 when she was hired to host a show on the newly lnched Air Ameri, a work that specialized progrsive talk was jt the begng of a succsful reer for Maddow who said, 'I have a face ma for rad if ever there was one' gig segued to beg a foil for the nservative Tucker Carlson's Show on MSNBC three years she was a gut mentator on Carlson's show, Pla Zahn's and Larry Kg's and then segued to gut-hostg for Keh Olbermann for his MSNBC show, were llg her a cross-drsg lbian and a 'transgenred kg' there was always the danger that a homophobic person would ci to threaten vlence or ath.

Maddow me out at Stanford when she posted a letter every bathroom her dorm that she was gay. That h the llege newspaper (pictured) Maddow says she don't remember readg children's books growg up but stead paged through lol newspapers and her father's law-school books People have lled her a cross-drsg lbian and a 'transgenred kg', and the thor reveals there was always the danger that a homophobic person would ci to threaten vlence or athIt was Olbermann who got Maddow her own show on that work 2008 and spe ocsnal bouts wh prsn that evaporated when she was on the air bee 'oh, hey, this is excg', she lghs off people who thk she's ol, sayg: 'I'm such an old man! Maddow's parents (pictured) were very strict Catholics who monored their dghter closely, but didn't realize she was gay The TV host is a lover of fishg, monster tck ralli and scrib herself as an amatr mixologist of classic cktails Maddow met San when she ran out of money and me back to the U.

Me out at Stanford when she posted a letter every bathroom her dorm that she was gay. That h the llege parents were shocked and huiated but never ught on to her genr wh her closely cropped blue hair, her Doc Martens, baggy jeans wh chas hangg om her belt and her oh-so cky, nontatnal was tough as nails but very funny and the first openly gay Rhos scholar.

‘MY FIRST GAY BAR’: RACHEL MADDOW, ANDY COHEN AND OTHERS SHARE THEIR COMG-OUT STORI

Maddow's Msage To Closeted Gay Anchors * maddow gay *

But growg up, the openly gay anchor was a star on the the urt and the swimmg pool. Around this time, Maddow started to realize she was gay.

“And, havg grown up this nservative town the Bay Area wh my relatively nservative Catholic parents, I knew this was not a place I wanted to be a gay person . And Maddow will be there, tritely breakg down every down every unty alongsi fellow openly gay electn analyst — and sports fan — Steve Kornacki.

MSNBC HIR ANOTHER GAY ANCHOR (WHO JT CAME OUT 2 YEARS AGO)

MSNBC host Rachel Maddow and 2020 Democratic printial hopeful Pete Buttigieg have a ank discsn about life the closet and g out as gay. * maddow gay *

Mike Del Moro, a bookg producer for MSNBC’s “Morng Joe, ” is also openly gay and shared his story as an out llege swimmer earlier this year. For stance, you're probably aware that Rachel Maddow is gay, but she actually was outed by Stanford Universy's school paper when she was a stunt at the school.

First of all, they were havg to al wh the fact that I'm gay. Send of all, they were havg to al wh the fact that I'm gay the newspaper.

RACHEL {LOR:#595959;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:600;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:0.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.25REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.2;}} A{-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN-THICKNS:0.0625REM;TEXT-RATN-LOR:HER;TEXT-UNRLE-OFFSET:0.25REM;LOR:HER;-WEBK-TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;TRANSN:ALL 0.3S EASE--OUT;} A:HOVER{LOR:#A00000;TEXT-RATN-LOR:BORR-LK-BODY-HOVER;}LIBERAL POLIL JOURNALIST RACHEL MADDOW IS BT KNOWN FOR HOSTG MSNBC'S 'THE RACHEL MADDOW SHOW.'{LOR:#323232;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;} SPAN{FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;}{FONT-STYLE:NORMAL;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:RALAS,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.3;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;TEXT-TRANSFORM:PALIZE;}{DISPLAY:LE-BLOCK;TEXT-TRANSFORM:UPPERSE;MARG-LEFT:0.625REM;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;}UPDATED: MAY 20, {DISPLAY:-WEBK-BOX;DISPLAY:-WEBK-FLEX;DISPLAY:-MS-FLEXBOX;DISPLAY:FLEX;}{MARG-BOTTOM:0.9375REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 64REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(100VW - (1REM * 2));MARG-LEFT:1REM;MARG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(-1 * 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - (LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 2 * 1REM)) / -2);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 90REM){{MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / 2);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM) - 1REM - 20.625REM) / -2) - 1REM);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 2);MAX-WIDTH:LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM);PADDG-LEFT:1REM;PADDG-RIGHT:1REM;} .E152U5OS0{WIDTH:100VW;MARG-LEFT:LC(LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 + 1REM)) / -2) - LC(2 * 1REM));}[DATA-HAS-SPONSOR] {MARG-LEFT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);MARG-RIGHT:LC((100VW - LC(20.625REM * 2 - 1REM)) / 4);}}{JTIFY-SELF:CENTER;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG-LEFT:-50VW;MARG-RIGHT:-50VW;WIDTH:100VW;LEFT:50%;RIGHT:50%;}}{HEIGHT:TO;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO LC(50% - 50VW);}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{MARG:TO;}}{POSN:RELATIVE;HEIGHT:TO;}{POSN:RELATIVE;WIDTH:100%;HEIGHT:100%;OBJECT-F:VER;VERTIL-ALIGN:TOP;}{LE-HEIGHT:1;MARG-TOP:0.3125REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 73.75REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0.9375REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0;}}{LOR:#595959;PADDG-RIGHT:0.3125REM;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-SIZE:0.75REM;LE-HEIGHT:1;FONT-WEIGHT:800;}PHOTO: PETER KRAMER/NBC/NBC {FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;POSN:RELATIVE;}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{PADDG-LEFT:3.5REM;PADDG-RIGHT:3.5REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{MAX-WIDTH:45.25REM;MARG-LEFT:TO;MARG-RIGHT:TO;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 61.25REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 73.75REM) AND (MAX-WIDTH: 100REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 90REM){{PADDG-LEFT:0REM;PADDG-RIGHT:0REM;}} EM{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-STYLE:ALIC;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;}{CLEAR:BOTH;NTENT:" ";DISPLAY:BLOCK;FONT-SIZE:0.7REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.5REM;HEIGHT:0REM;VISIBILY:HIDN;}{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-SIZE:1.1875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.6;} EM{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-STYLE:ALIC;} STRONG{FONT-FAY:CHARTER,GEIA,TIM,SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;}(1973-){LOR:#323232;FONT-FAY:GILROY,HELVETI,ARIAL,SANS-SERIF;FONT-WEIGHT:800;LETTER-SPACG:0.02EM;MARG-BOTTOM:0.625REM;MARG-TOP:0.625REM;}@MEDIA(MAX-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:1.875REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 48REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}}@MEDIA(M-WIDTH: 64REM){{FONT-SIZE:2REM;LE-HEIGHT:1.1;}} B, STRONG{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-WEIGHT:BOLD;} EM, I{FONT-FAY:HER;FONT-STYLE:ALIC;}WHO IS RACHEL MADDOW?IN 2005, POLIL JOURNALIST RACHEL MADDOW BEGAN HOSTG HER OWN LIBERAL POLIL RAD PROGRAM, THE RACHEL MADDOW SHOW ON AIR AMERI. IN JANUARY 2008, MADDOW SIGNED AN EXCLIVE NTRACT WH MSNBC AS S POLIL ANALYST, AND SHE WENT ON TO EARN A SLEW OF AWARDS THROUGH THE TELEVISED VERSN OF THE RACHEL MADDOW SHOW.EARLY LIFERACHEL MADDOW WAS BORN ON APRIL 1, 1973, CASTRO VALLEY, CALIFORNIA, TO AN ATTORNEY, ROBERT, AND A SCHOOL ADMISTRATOR, ELAE. MADDOW SHOWED AN TERT JOURNALISM AT AN EARLY AGE. SHE STARTED READG THE NEWSPAPER WHEN SHE WAS ONLY SEVEN, NCLUDG HER VER-TO-VER READG SSNS WH PERTENT QUTNS ABOUT WHAT SHE HAD READ. AS A TEEN, MADDOW PETED ON THE SWIMMG, VOLLEYBALL AND BASKETBALL TEAMS AT CASTRO VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL, BUT A SHOULR JURY PROMPTED HER TO ABANDON SPORTS. MADDOW VOTED THE OPENG HER SCHLE TO VOLUNTEERG AT A LOL AIDS CLIC, THOUGH SHE OPTED NOT TO TELL HER NSERVATIVE PARENTS, WHO HAD RECENTLY LEARNED SHE WAS GAY.IN 1994, MADDOW RECEIVED A BACHELOR'S GREE PUBLIC POLICY OM STANFORD UNIVERSY. AFTER GRADUATN SHE MOVED TO SAN FRANCIS AND BEME AN ACTIVIST FOR THE AIDS ANIZATN ACT UP. HER WORK EARNED HER A RHOS SCHOLARSHIP, MAKG MADDOW THE FIRST OPENLY GAY U.S. RINT TO W THE AWARD. MADDOW APPLIED HER SCHOLARSHIP TOWARD ATTENDG OXFORD UNIVERSY, WHERE SHE OBTAED HER DOCTORATE POLIL SCIENCE.RAD CAREERIN 1999 MADDOW LAND A JOB AS -HOST ON WRNX RAD'S THE DAVE THE MORNG SHOW. HER NEXT JOB WAS A TWO-YEAR STT AS HOST OF WRSI'S MORNG SHOW BIG BREAKFAST. IN 2004, SHE DNED FOR AIR AMERI, A NEWLY FOUND LIBERAL RAD WORK, AND HELD A -HOST POSN UNTIL THE SHOW WAS NCELLED 2005. THE NCELLATN TURNED OUT TO BE A BLSG DISGUISE FOR MADDOW, AS AIR AMERI GAVE HER THE CHANCE TO FLY SOLO WH THE RACHEL MADDOW SHOW. IT SERVED AS ONE OF AIR AMERI’S HIGHT-RATED PROGRAMS UNTIL THE WORK FOLD EARLY 2010.TV CAREER: 'THE RACHEL MADDOW SHOW'IN 2006, MADDOW MANAGED TO PARLAY HER RAD REER TO BLE TELEVISN WHEN SHE BEME A REGULAR ON THE MSNBC SHOW THE SUATN WH TUCKER CARLSON. SHE WAS ALSO A RECURRG GUT ON CNN’S PLA ZAHN NOW DURG THE 2006 MIDTERM ELECTNS. IN JANUARY 2008, MADDOW SIGNED AN EXCLIVE NTRACT WH MSNBC AS THE STATN’S POLIL ANALYST. THAT SEPTEMBER THE LNCH OF HER NIGHTLY BLE TELEVISN PROGRAM, ALSO LLED THE RACHEL MADDOW SHOW, MARKED MSNBC’S MOST SUCCSFUL SHOW BUT TO DATE. SHE BEME THE WORK'S MOST PROMENT PUBLIC FIGURE, SERVG AS A CHAMPN OF LIBERAL IALS AS THE PARTISAN DIVI BEME MORE PRONOUNCED ON BLE TV NEWS.IN JUNE 2018, MADDOW DREW ATTENTN WHEN SHE BEME TOO EMOTNAL TO READ A BREAKG NEWS REPORT ABOUT THE SEPARATN OF CHILDREN OM PARENTS WHO ILLEGALLY CROSSED THE MEXI-U.S. BORR, FORCG HER TO PASS ON THE RPONSIBILY TO FELLOW MSNBC BROADSTER LAWRENCE O’DONNELL. MADDOW LATER APOLOGIZED ON TWTER FOR BEG UNABLE TO RELAY THE REPORT, WHICH SCRIBED HOW THREE SHELTERS WERE SET UP SOUTH TEXAS TO HOLD PRCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN.AWARDS AND BOOKMADDOW HAS GARNERED A SLEW OF ACLAS FOR HER NEWS WORK, CLUDG MULTIPLE EMMY AND GRACIE WS, THE WALTER CRONKE FAH & FREEDOM AWARD, THE JOHN STEBECK AWARD OM SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSY AND A GLAAD AWARD FOR OUTSTANDG JOURNALISM.ADDNALLY, MADDOW BEME A BT-SELLG THOR WH THE 2012 PUBLITN OF DRIFT: THE UNMOORG OF AMERIN MILARY POWER, WHICH EXAMED AMERIN POLICY AND LEGISLATN THAT AREA OM RECENT S. PERSONAL LIFEMADDOW ME OUT ABOUT HER HOMOSEXUALY WHEN SHE WAS A 17-YEAR-OLD HMAN AT STANFORD. SHE MET HER PARTNER, ARTIST SAN MIKULA, WHEN MADDOW WAS WORKG ODD JOBS MASSACHETTS WHILE FISHG HER DISSERTATN. IN 1999, THE PAIR MOVED TO A FARMHOE RAL MASSACHETTS. IN RECENT YEARS, MADDOW HAS DIVID HER TIME BETWEEN HER HOM NEW YORK AND MASSACHETTS, WHERE SHE HAS NTUED TO RI WH HER GIRLIEND SAN AND THE UPLE'S LABRADOR {BORR:0;BORR-BOTTOM:TH SOLID BLACK;MARG:1.875REM 0;CLEAR:BOTH;}QUICK FACTS

* maddow gay *

'" After overg fears that beg gay "would her whole life" wh the realizatn that the kd of future her sexualy would preclu was not one that she wanted, Maddow rporated her lbianism to her sense of her own this pot, Maddow had tellectually and philosophilly cid that she was a lbian.

"Maddow exprsed pleasure at how acceptg the Stanford muny had been, but was bothered by the ways that s atmosphere of polil rrectns prevented an hont dialogue about homosexualy; notg her ncern wh "the censorg effect of polilly rrect attus on mp... Maddow said she would prefer if people who are agast homosexualy felt fortable enough to exprs their hostile feelgs, so that she uld addrs the issue. " And they ran before the weekend, and ed some anonymo person helpfully clipped the article and mailed to my parents—and that's how my parents found out that I was gay.

MADDOW: GAY MUNY US 'FED FIRE'

Rachel Maddow reports on the passage of a new "kill the gays" law Uganda and the rponsibily of the U.S. ernment to prsure Uganda to protect the human rights of members of the LGBTQ muny, particularly light of the reported role of Amerin nservative evangelils supportg the legislatn. * maddow gay *

Christian Hansen for The New York TimJune 22, 2016For generatns of gays and lbians, pecially those for whom walkg to the sometime secret and darkened doorway of one was often the first step the g-out procs, gay bars have long held a signifint place their personal was never more apparent than the days followg the mass shootgs at Pulse, the gay nightclub Orlando, Fla., which 49 patrons lost their liv, and which prompted many to rell the nights they had spent siar settgs, and the sense of muny they found there.

“Every gay man Ameri remembers the first time they went to a gay bar and how they felt. ”“I don’t want to sound like I’m speakg for the gay muny, ” said Mr. ”Below, some other proment gays and lbians rell what gay bars meant to them as they began to embrace their sexualy, some eagerly and some nervoly.

Charl Syk/Invisn, via Associated PrsAndy Cohen Televisn host and producerI ed to sneak away om my straight iends at Boston Universy and go to Chaps (gay bars often have hypermascule nam) Boston’s Back Bay. Pre-ter, gay bars were tegral our social velopment. They were an pe om the (often uniendly) outsi world, packed every night of the week, and everyone si was a Heisler/The New York TimLarry Kramer Playwright, thor and activistIn 1953, gay bars were sry.

RACHEL MADDOW: CLOSETED GAY ANCHORS 'HAVE A RPONSIBILY TO COME OUT'

I thought I was the only gay man there. He’d e all the way om Hartford to fd his gay was my g out at Yale. It would still be a bunch of years before gay bars would start beg ls sry, and a lot of Beck/Agence France-Prse — Getty ImagJane Lynch ActrsThe first gay bar I ever went to was the Cubbyhole when was on Hudson Street the Wt Village.

Brendan Hoffman/Getty ImagRachel Maddow Host of MSNBC’s “The Rachel Maddow Show” The first time I went to a gay bar was 1990, thanks to a fairly terrible fake ID that I bought for $25.

That fake ID was my lifele for years bee got me to the only plac where I uld fd the gay muny that I so wanted to be part of. Gay bars and clubs were the alpha and the omega for me then. Charl Syk/Associated PrsBilly Eichner Actor and edianMy first gay bar New York was the Duplex, bee was kd of a soft lnch to the gay world.

RACHEL MADDOW: THE NAME OF EXTREMIST GROUP PROUD BOYS SOUNDS ‘REALLY GAY’

” That may have been my first gay bar over all.

U.S. NSIRS ACTN TO UNTER ANTI-GAY HATE STOKED UGANDA BY AMERIN EVANGELILS

I went to school at Northwtern and lived wh a bunch of gay guys, and we would go out to Boystown, the big strip of gay bars Chigo. There was one lled Charlie’s Chigo, which was a gay untry-and-wtern bar. I was, like, I’m gay, but I’m not to this.

Elizabeth Lippman for The New York Tim Honey DijonPerformerRialto Tap Chigo was the first black gay bar I went to, and what I really remember was the cracked tile dance floor. We were both gay newbi.

There was only one gay club that we knew of. From that day on, “bakery” was our word for gay Hawthorne/Getty ImagKeh BoykBroadster and thorOn a Sunday night July 1991, at a sprawlg plex lled Tracks the District of Columbia, I found thoands of young black gay men and lbians. At tim, as I walked around the three dance floors, seemed as though everyone Washgton was gay.

RACHEL MADDOW SAYS PROUD BOYS, OATH KEEPERS NAM 'SOUND REALLY GAY'

But here, unlike the whe gay clubs, the patrons appreciated, and fact reveled , black bety. For the first time my life, I felt not only siro of others but sirable to them as Counts/Getty ImagAlison BechlCartoonist, thor of the graphic memoir “Fun Home” My first gay bar was Satan’s, Akron, Oh. But that night, the large mixed crowd (there weren’t enough gay people to support a separate club for women), I experienced the profound existential relief, for once, of not beg the only queer.

RACHEL MADDOW INTERVIEW: QUTNS OBAMA’S RE-ELECTN CHANC, GAY MARRIAGE AND THE TEA PARTY

There was a lot of route anti-gay hostily on the street. ” I remember the closeted aterny boys, who had jt dropped their dat at the sorory hoe — and the girls who loved to sp and gyrate on the dance floor, earng the attentn of adorg gay boys.

Christopher Gregory for The New York TimPl RudnickAuthor and playwrightWhen I was a teenage apprentice summer stock, I went to my first gay bar suburban Connecticut. Matthew Eisman/Getty ImagAndrew SolomonAuthor, “The Noonday Demon, ” “Far & Away”There were two gay bars the neighborhood where I grew up.

*BEAR-MAGAZINE.COM* MADDOW GAY

Rachel Maddow Interview: Qutns Obama’s Re-Electn Chanc, Gay Marriage and the Tea Party – The Hollywood Reporter.

TOP