Gay Rights: Fundamental human rights or cultural imperialism? –

Contents:

• THE MENS AREA HAS BEE NOTHG MORE THAN A GAY BATH HOE
• GAY IMPERIAL (JEFFERSON COUNTY, MISSOURI)
• "COMG OUT UNR FIRE": THE STORY OF GAY AND LBIAN SERVICEMEMBERS
• GAY RIGHTS: FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS OR CULTURAL IMPERIALISM?
• RENNTRE GRATUE GAY à PARIS, (75)
• GOD, GAYS AND CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
• GAY JAPAN, EROTIC FICTN AND THE IMPERIAL IMAGATN

THE MENS AREA HAS BEE NOTHG MORE THAN A GAY BATH HOE

But while the Netherlands, which 2001 beme the first untry to legalize gay marriage, has paved the wave for a queer royal to officially wear the crown, LGBTQ people have long been dog so unofficially. (The term “cut sleeve” remaed a Che phemism for male homosexualy for centuri. The liph’s sexualy has been the source of some bate: Acrdg to the French medievalist Évariste Lévi-Provençal, the phrase “hubb al-walad, ” found 16th-century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari’s pendium "Nafh at-Tib" reference to Al-Hakam II, translat as a “preference for boys, ” though other scholars mata refers to paternal Medieval Europe scholar Francis Prado-Vilar wrote that knowledge of Al-Hakam’s homosexualy the urt of Córdoba “enuraged the ambns of the factns gathered around his much younger brother, Prce al-Mughira.

”“In his youth his lov seem to have been entirely homosexual, ” queer studi scholar Louis Crompton wrote “Male Love and Islamic Law Arab Spa. Young as “​​the most proment homosexual figure the early morn perd. )“To the shock of many urtiers, the pair were monstratively affectnate to each other public, spe Jam’ var proclamatns agast homosexualy, ” Daniel Smh wrote “Love Letters of Kgs and Queens.

Frerick the Great of Pssia (1712 - 1786)Even his lifetime, this Pssian royal was wily mored to be a homosexual, though that term wouldn’t be ed till nearly 90 years after his years after the kg’s ath, his physician Johann Ge Rter von Zimmermann published a book which he sperately tried to dispel gossip Frerick had a “Grecian taste love. And rather than let that secret out, Frerick pretend to be gay, “so that he would ntue to appear virile and pable of sexual terurse, albe wh men. But he did ltle to obscure his sexualy: Sanssouci, his palace Potsdam, was filled wh homoerotic art and, across Europe, “l Potsdamists” beme slang for kg allegedly pursued the Veian philosopher Franc Algarotti and even famed French philosopher Voltaire, who lived wh him at Sanssouci, though ’s not certa if eher relatnship was Voltaire’s ath 1778, a mancript of his memoir tailg Frerick’s homosexual tennci tail was stolen and published the Netherlands.

GAY IMPERIAL (JEFFERSON COUNTY, MISSOURI)

”The archde spent the rt of his life secln at Klsheim Palace near Salzburg, where he died at the age of 76 1919, three years after his brother’s ath and one year after the Atro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved after the end of World War II of Buganda (1868 - 1903)Discsn of Uganda’s treatment of homosexualy ually settl on Print Yoweri Meveni’s “Kill the Gays” bill, but this 19th century kabaka, or kg, of Buganda allegedly had sexual relatnships wh men along wh his 16 1886, Mwanga II orred the btal torture and aths of dozens of urtiers and pag, wh many burned alive. “I hear there was homosexualy Mwanga’s palace, ” Meveni told a crowd of thoands on Martyr Day 2010, the Atlantic reported.

It’s difficult to learn about LGBTQ history a untry where the muny still stggl wh homophobia at all levels of society. Most of the current rearch on the topic is still rried out by foreign scholars, and most of the the historil Rsian texts on homosexualy, even when wrten by proment scholars and wrers, are disregard. Historian Dan Healey, whose 2001 book Homosexual Dire Revolutnary Rsia was translated to Rsian 2008, argu that spe several prohibive laws sexualy was nsirably ls regulated pre-revolutnary Rsia than elsewhere Europe at that time.

"COMG OUT UNR FIRE": THE STORY OF GAY AND LBIAN SERVICEMEMBERS

Several rearchers claim that historil acunts show that before the 18th century, Rsian society held rather lenient views toward homosexualy, and that homophobia was at least part “imported” om Europe by Peter the Great — along wh European tradns food, archecture and fashn. Some argue that was Peter’s father, Tsar Alexis, who first started persecutg gay people, but the first law that ma homosexualy illegal (ially only for men the army and navy) was signed by Peter 1716. For civilians homosexualy was ma illegal 1835 — aga for men only.

In a 1913 say on the relatnship between relign and sexualy entled Moonlight People, the proment wrer and philosopher Vasily Rozanov argu that homosexualy has been a historil part of not jt Rsian but Orthodox life, and pots out that several works of relig medieval Rsian lerature, like the Liv of Boris and Gleb, nta strong hts that certa characters (ually sats and martyrs) were gay. Rearchers have noted that the gay men of the untry’s polil ele of the time sometim ed their posn to help advance their lovers’ reers — somethg that ually end up as the subject of satire. In the 19th century the most well-studied members of the ci’ LGBTQ muni were the nobily — cludg members of the royal fay — but their liv are still shroud wh mystery today, sce hont, unprejudiced discsns of homosexualy (and sexualy general) rema relatively taboo Rsia.

One of the most proment exampl was Grand De Konstant, grandson of emperor Nicholas I and uncle of Nicholas II, whose homosexualy was revealed 1994, nearly 80 years after his ath 1915, when his ndid diari were published.

GAY RIGHTS: FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS OR CULTURAL IMPERIALISM?

Another source of rmatn for rearchers are the anonymo nunciatns ma to the police — some of which tail the everyday liv and entertament of the gay muny greater tail than n be found history books. In 1906, the first Rsian work of fictn explorg a homosexual relatnship, Wgs by Mikhail Kuzm, was published Vy magaze.

Kuzm’s diari are now one of the most valuable sourc for mappg out the geography of historil gay St Petersburg. There are very few rerds of lbian muni or discsns of gay women. Female homosexualy was not acknowledged as a possibly, hence never ma illegal, and so there are no police archiv and only a few medil acunts that discs the “treatment” of lbians.

As many liberal and prott movements and parti appeared at the begng of the 20th century, the crimalisatn of homosexualy was discsed more and more, pecially legal circl.

RENNTRE GRATUE GAY à PARIS, (75)

In fact, Nabokov was the first Rsian polician who publicly supported gay rights, wrg rearch papers on the legal stat of the LGBTQ muny imperial Rsia and advotg for the aboln of an outdated law. After the 1905 Revolutn, however, me a crackdown on the gay muny — as is so often the se, polil reactn and homophobia were closely lked — and the laws agast homosexualy were employed to charge people more than ever before.

After the revolutn homosexualy was -facto legalised 1917 when all imperial laws were abolished. Some Bolsheviks, like Alexandra Kollontai, also worked the World League for Sexual Reform that, among other aims, mpaigned for a reform of laws on homosexualy and promoted tolerance around sexualy and genr. The steps towards a more acceptg society were cut short 1933 as Stalist reprsn overtook over the untry and male homosexualy was aga crimalised, wh gay people on ocsn proclaimed spi, unterrevolutnari and class enemi.

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GOD, GAYS AND CULTURAL IMPERIALISM

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GAY JAPAN, EROTIC FICTN AND THE IMPERIAL IMAGATN

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