Gay rights movement, civil rights movement that advot equal rights for LGBTQ persons—that is, for lbians, gays, bisexuals, transgenr persons, and queer persons—and lls for an end to discrimatn agast LGBTQ persons employment, cred, hog, public acmodatns, and other areas of life.
Contents:
- GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT
- FACE THE FACTS: LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX PEOPLE
- UNRSTANDG THE DIVERSY OF ATRALIA’S LGBTQI+ MUNYTO UNRSTAND THE ISSU THAT IMPACT PEOPLE WH OUR LGBTQI+ MUNY, MANY OF NEED TO ACKNOWLEDGE OUR OWN POSN OF PRIVILEGEBY LISA NEEDHAM, UNIVERSY OF MELBOURNESHARE SELECTN TO:IN DECEMBER 2017, AFTER A LONG AND GHT PROCS, SAME-SEX MARRIAGE BEME LEGAL ATRALIA. IT WAS A TIME TO CELEBRATE. MARRIAGE EQUALY LEGISLATN REMOVED ONE OF THE LONGSTANDG BARRIERS THAT HAD PREVENTED SAME-SEX UPL OM FULLY PARTICIPATG WH SOCIETY.MARRIAGE EQUALY IS ONLY PART OF THE NVERSATN TO UNRSTAND THE BARRIERS THAT STILL EXIST FOR LGBTQI+ PEOPLE. PICTURE: GETTY IMAGHOWEVER, MARRIAGE EQUALY IS ONLY PART OF THE NVERSATN. IT DON’T SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF HOMOPHOBIC ATTACKS OR ERADITE SEXUAL RACISM; DON’T ADDRS THE CREASED LEVELS OF POVERTY WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY OR MEAN THAT ANTI-TRANS DISURSE DISAPPEARS. SO, HOW N WE BEG TO ADDRS SOME OF THE ONGOG ISSU?DR CLAIRE MAREE IS AN ASSOCIATE PROFSOR AND REAR AT THE ASIA INSTUTE. HER REARCH EXAM THE WAYS WHICH SEXUALY AND GENR INTY IMPACT ON PEOPLE’S SENSE OF BELONGG. MULTIPLE JEOPARDY: COVID-19 AND INDIGENO LGBTIQ+ LIVREAD MOREDR MAREE SAYS THAT BEFORE WE N START TO ADDRS THE ISSU THAT IMPACT ON PEOPLE WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY WE NEED TO BETTER UNRSTAND THE BARRIERS THAT STILL EXIST FOR PEOPLE. AND ORR TO DO THIS, SHE SAYS ’S IMPORTANT THAT WE ACKNOWLEDGE OUR OWN POSN OF PRIVILEGE.“NOT BEG AWARE OF STGGL OM A VERY PRIVILEGED POSN OF NOT HAVG TO BE AWARE OF THOSE STGGL,” SHE SAYS.“IF YOU N BEG TO UNPACK YOUR OWN EXPERIENCE THEN I THK LEADS YOU TO VELOPG A GREATER UNRSTANDG.” IT’S ALSO IMPORTANT TO REGNISE THAT THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT PEOPLE’S SENSE OF INTY AND BELONGG. A PERSON’S ETHNICY, ENOMIC STAT AND MOBILY ALL PLAY A SIGNIFINT PART FLUENCG HOW THEY ARE ABLE TO PARTICIPATE SOCIETY. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT PEOPLE’S SENSE OF INTY AND BELONGG. PICTURE: GETTY IMAGTHE POVERTY BARRIERONE ISSUE THAT NTU TO DISPROPORTNATELY AFFECT THE LGBTQI+ MUNY IS POVERTY. AND DR MAREE SAYS THERE’S A MULTU OF REASONS WHY WE NTUE TO SEE CREASED LEVELS OF ENOMIC HARDSHIP.“THE POVERTY ISSUE IS TIED TO THE HISTORIL TRAJECTORY OF WHERE, FOR EXAMPLE TRANS PEOPLE, WERE AND ARE ABLE TO WORK, AND HOW AND WHERE THEY N FEEL SAFE AND ABLE TO WORK. THE PROTTS THAT BEGAN MARDI GRASREAD MORE“IT ALSO TI TO TN, TO WHERE YOUTH FEEL THEY ARE ABLE TO ACCS TN AND FEEL FORTABLE AND ABLE TO EXPRS THEMSELV WHOUT FEAR OF DISCRIMATN OR VLENCE SCHOOLS,” SAYS DR MAREE.AND THE FEAR OF DISCRIMATN ISN’T JT NFED TO STUTNAL SETTGS. MANY YOUNG PEOPLE WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY ALSO FACE DISCRIMATN OR VLENCE WH THE HOME AND, SOME S, THEY N BE LEFT WH NO CHOICE BUT TO LEAVE THEIR HOME.“IT ALSO TAPS TO THE HOME, WHETHER YOUTH ARE ABLE TO REMA THE HOME OR WHETHER THEY ARE FACED WH TERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS THAT BREAK DOWN ONCE THEY DISCLOSE ANY NON-NORMATIVE SEXUALY OR GENR INTY”.MANY YOUNG PEOPLE WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY ALSO FACE DISCRIMATN AT SCHOOL OR HOME. PICTURE: GETTY IMAGWHETHER ’S FEAR OF DISCRIMATN THE CLASSROOM, RELATNSHIP BREAKDOWN OR WHERE SOMEONE FEELS SAFE TO WORK, THE ARE VERY REAL BARRIERS THAT NTUE TO PREVENT PEOPLE OM REACHG THEIR FULL POTENTIAL AND PERPETUATE POVERTY. UNRSTANDG SEXUAL RACISMTHERE ARE ALSO SOME DIFFICULT NVERSATNS THAT NEED TO BE HAD WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY ON ISSU SUCH AS SEXUAL RACISM. WHY MORE ATRALIANS ARE SUPPORTG GAY RIGHTSREAD MOREWH ONE EVERY 10 ATRALIANS HAVG BEEN BORN ASIA, DR MAREE SAYS THAT WE HAVE TO START REGNISG AND ADDRSG THE CULTURAL STEREOTYP THAT PERVA SOCIETY, CLUDG WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY.“SO WE’VE GOT THE STEREOTYPE OF THE REALLY NERDY ASIAN GUY AND THE STEREOTYPE OF THE HYPERSEXUAL ASIAN WOMAN, OR THE DRAGON LADY AND THOSE STEREOTYP FUNCTN REALLY PERVERSE AND NTRADICTORY WAYS,” DR MAREE SAYS.PART OF THE PLEXY OF ADDRSG ISSU AFFECTG THE LGBTQI+ MUNY IS THAT INTY TEGORI ARE ALL ABOUT CLN AND EXCLN – WHO BELONGS TO THIS MUNY AND WHO DO NOT. AND BEE OF THIS, DR MAREE SAYS, WE HAVE TO NSTANTLY QUTN OURSELV.WE HAVE TO START REGNISG THE CULTURAL STEREOTYP THAT PERVA SOCIETY. PICTURE: THE GENR SPECTM COLLECTN/ZACKARY DCKER“FOR WHOM IS THIS SPACE PERHAPS NOT-SO-SAFE AND HOW ARE WE FACILATG THAT FEAR. WHAT SMALL THGS N WE DO, BEE ’S OFTEN MICRO-AGGRSNS, THE LOOK ON SOMEONE’S FACE, OR SOMETHG THEY SAY OFF THE CUFF TO YOU, WHICH IS FULL OF STEREOTYP AND FULL OF MEANG, BUT N BE QUE FLIPPANT.”WHILE A MENT MAY BE TEND AS LIGHT HEARTED, FOR THE PERSON ON THE RECEIVG END, THOSE WORDS MAY CUT EP. THE NSTANT EXPOSURE TO MICRO-AGGRSNS AND RACIAL STEREOTYP N LEAD TO PEOPLE FEELG EXCLUD.THE HUMAN ST OF HOMOPHOBIA AND TRANSPHOBIAREAD MOREBY THKG MORE ABOUT HOW OUR WORDS MIGHT DO HARM AND REGNISG HOW SOMEONE MIGHT EXPERIENCE A SPACE DIFFERENTLY, DR MAREE SAYS WE N START TO MAKE SPAC SAFER FOR EVERYONE.“IT’S A B IALISTIC BUT N ALSO LEAD TO REFLECTG ON PATTERNS OF TERACTNS, OR HOW A SPACE IS VELOPED.”WHAT DOWN TO IS REGNISG THE DIVERSY OF PEOPLE AND EXPERIENC WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY. IF WE N DRAW MORE VOIC TO THE NVERSATN TO HELP BETTER UNRSTAND HOW FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, ENOMIC STAT, MOBILY AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND ALL NTRIBUTE TO THE WAY PEOPLE EXPERIENCE DISCRIMATN THEN MAYBE WE N START TO SMASH DOWN SOME MORE OF THOSE BARRIERS. BANNER: PHOTOX/CANBERRA PHOTOGRAPHY SERVICFIRST PUBLISHED ON 16 MAY 2021 HUMANILGBTIQA+ATRALIADIVERSYIDAHOBITTRANSGENRSTART THE NVERSATN ON FACEBOOKLOADG NVERSATN...SORRY, SOMETHG PREVENTED THE FACEBOOK MENTS FEED OM LOADG. HUMANIFEATUREDDR CLAIRE MAREEASSOCIATE PROFSOR; REAR; DEPUTY ASSOCIATE DEAN REARCH GRANTS, ASIA INSTUTE, FACULTY OF ARTS, UNIVERSY OF MELBOURNE SHARE: FACEBOOKTWTERLKEDINMEDIA AND REPUBLITNTERMS OF ECLOSEREPUBLISH THIS ARTICLE WE BELIEVE THE EE FLOW OF RMATN. THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNR A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTN-NO DERIVATIV 3.0 ATRALIA (CC BY-ND 3.0 AU), SO YOU N REPUBLISH OUR ARTICL FOR EE, ONLE OR PRT.ALL REPUBLISHED ARTICL MT BE ATTRIBUTED THE FOLLOWG WAY AND NTA LKS TO BOTH THE SE AND ORIGAL ARTICLE: “THIS ARTICLE WAS FIRST PUBLISHED ON PURSU. READ THE ORIGAL ARTICLE.”UNRSTANDG THE DIVERSY OF ATRALIA’S LGBTQI+ MUNY
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT
LGBT Rights Atralia: homosexualy, gay marriage, gay adoptn, servg the ary, sexual orientatn discrimatn protectn, changg legal genr, donatg blood, age of nsent, and more. * lgbt movement australia *
In this vio om 1977, a gay rights activist speaks about the legislatns that were passed South Atralia and the Atralian Capal Terrory that repealed some of the discrimatory laws that were place until if you n fd out when the amendments were passed and when other Atralian stat and terrori followed of broadst: 1977CopyrightMetadata © Atralian Broadstg Corporatn and Edutn Servic Atralia Ltd 2012 (except where otherwise dited). Another rally, held last Saturday Sydney, featured a wi aln of relig groups, wh speakers suggtg children need to be protected om an agenda of “homosexualisatn” Vivienne, 53, is no stranger to anti-trans hate. The 1969 Stonewall Rts New York saw hundreds of LGBTI people revolt agast their treatment by police, and saw the birth of the gay rights movement, as was lled at the time.
Even though homosexualy was still a crime, 1982 the Wran ernment New South Wal passed an amendment to the Anti-Discrimatn Act 1977, makg illegal to discrimate agast LGBTI people. In 2002, Wtern Atralia passed the Acts Amendment (Lbian and Gay Law Reform) Act 2002 which ma the sexual orientatn and genr of upl irrelevant when nsirg their applitn for adoptn. By The Numbers4% of Atralians scribed themselv as beg gay, lbian or bisexual78% of Atralians agree trans people serve the same rights and protectns as other Atralians66% of Atralians agree that young people should be able to accs healthre that supports them to live as their te selv.
FACE THE FACTS: LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX PEOPLE
Current statSce May 1, 1997Legal In 1997 the High Court of Atralia led that Tasmania's anti-gay laws were nsistent wh feral law, and Tasmania (the fal jurisdictn wh ntrary laws) was forced to crimalise by RegnHomosexual activy was ferally crimalized by the Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994, although some lol state laws remaed nsent until marriage Atralia? Different generatns of gay and lbian dividuals will provi sight to what has been like to live a gay or lbian life Atralia om the 1940s to the prent, when attus have shifted so remarkably.
More broadly, the project will vtigate how lbian and gay dividuals have navigated a perd of extraordary social change, and the impact of this transformatn on lbian and gay liv and cultural narrativ. Rearchers on this project acknowledge the important gay and lbian oral histori that have prevly been nducted by other rearchers, cludg the ongog efforts of the Atralian Lbian and Gay Archiv Melbourne. It will serve to foster broar awarens of lbian and gay liv – and the ways which generatns of lbian and gay Atralians have shaped a profound transformatn of social attus Atralia.
UNRSTANDG THE DIVERSY OF ATRALIA’S LGBTQI+ MUNYTO UNRSTAND THE ISSU THAT IMPACT PEOPLE WH OUR LGBTQI+ MUNY, MANY OF NEED TO ACKNOWLEDGE OUR OWN POSN OF PRIVILEGEBY LISA NEEDHAM, UNIVERSY OF MELBOURNESHARE SELECTN TO:IN DECEMBER 2017, AFTER A LONG AND GHT PROCS, SAME-SEX MARRIAGE BEME LEGAL ATRALIA. IT WAS A TIME TO CELEBRATE. MARRIAGE EQUALY LEGISLATN REMOVED ONE OF THE LONGSTANDG BARRIERS THAT HAD PREVENTED SAME-SEX UPL OM FULLY PARTICIPATG WH SOCIETY.MARRIAGE EQUALY IS ONLY PART OF THE NVERSATN TO UNRSTAND THE BARRIERS THAT STILL EXIST FOR LGBTQI+ PEOPLE. PICTURE: GETTY IMAGHOWEVER, MARRIAGE EQUALY IS ONLY PART OF THE NVERSATN. IT DON’T SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF HOMOPHOBIC ATTACKS OR ERADITE SEXUAL RACISM; DON’T ADDRS THE CREASED LEVELS OF POVERTY WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY OR MEAN THAT ANTI-TRANS DISURSE DISAPPEARS. SO, HOW N WE BEG TO ADDRS SOME OF THE ONGOG ISSU?DR CLAIRE MAREE IS AN ASSOCIATE PROFSOR AND REAR AT THE ASIA INSTUTE. HER REARCH EXAM THE WAYS WHICH SEXUALY AND GENR INTY IMPACT ON PEOPLE’S SENSE OF BELONGG. MULTIPLE JEOPARDY: COVID-19 AND INDIGENO LGBTIQ+ LIVREAD MOREDR MAREE SAYS THAT BEFORE WE N START TO ADDRS THE ISSU THAT IMPACT ON PEOPLE WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY WE NEED TO BETTER UNRSTAND THE BARRIERS THAT STILL EXIST FOR PEOPLE. AND ORR TO DO THIS, SHE SAYS ’S IMPORTANT THAT WE ACKNOWLEDGE OUR OWN POSN OF PRIVILEGE.“NOT BEG AWARE OF STGGL OM A VERY PRIVILEGED POSN OF NOT HAVG TO BE AWARE OF THOSE STGGL,” SHE SAYS.“IF YOU N BEG TO UNPACK YOUR OWN EXPERIENCE THEN I THK LEADS YOU TO VELOPG A GREATER UNRSTANDG.” IT’S ALSO IMPORTANT TO REGNISE THAT THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT PEOPLE’S SENSE OF INTY AND BELONGG. A PERSON’S ETHNICY, ENOMIC STAT AND MOBILY ALL PLAY A SIGNIFINT PART FLUENCG HOW THEY ARE ABLE TO PARTICIPATE SOCIETY. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT PEOPLE’S SENSE OF INTY AND BELONGG. PICTURE: GETTY IMAGTHE POVERTY BARRIERONE ISSUE THAT NTU TO DISPROPORTNATELY AFFECT THE LGBTQI+ MUNY IS POVERTY. AND DR MAREE SAYS THERE’S A MULTU OF REASONS WHY WE NTUE TO SEE CREASED LEVELS OF ENOMIC HARDSHIP.“THE POVERTY ISSUE IS TIED TO THE HISTORIL TRAJECTORY OF WHERE, FOR EXAMPLE TRANS PEOPLE, WERE AND ARE ABLE TO WORK, AND HOW AND WHERE THEY N FEEL SAFE AND ABLE TO WORK. THE PROTTS THAT BEGAN MARDI GRASREAD MORE“IT ALSO TI TO TN, TO WHERE YOUTH FEEL THEY ARE ABLE TO ACCS TN AND FEEL FORTABLE AND ABLE TO EXPRS THEMSELV WHOUT FEAR OF DISCRIMATN OR VLENCE SCHOOLS,” SAYS DR MAREE.AND THE FEAR OF DISCRIMATN ISN’T JT NFED TO STUTNAL SETTGS. MANY YOUNG PEOPLE WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY ALSO FACE DISCRIMATN OR VLENCE WH THE HOME AND, SOME S, THEY N BE LEFT WH NO CHOICE BUT TO LEAVE THEIR HOME.“IT ALSO TAPS TO THE HOME, WHETHER YOUTH ARE ABLE TO REMA THE HOME OR WHETHER THEY ARE FACED WH TERPERSONAL RELATNSHIPS THAT BREAK DOWN ONCE THEY DISCLOSE ANY NON-NORMATIVE SEXUALY OR GENR INTY”.MANY YOUNG PEOPLE WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY ALSO FACE DISCRIMATN AT SCHOOL OR HOME. PICTURE: GETTY IMAGWHETHER ’S FEAR OF DISCRIMATN THE CLASSROOM, RELATNSHIP BREAKDOWN OR WHERE SOMEONE FEELS SAFE TO WORK, THE ARE VERY REAL BARRIERS THAT NTUE TO PREVENT PEOPLE OM REACHG THEIR FULL POTENTIAL AND PERPETUATE POVERTY. UNRSTANDG SEXUAL RACISMTHERE ARE ALSO SOME DIFFICULT NVERSATNS THAT NEED TO BE HAD WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY ON ISSU SUCH AS SEXUAL RACISM. WHY MORE ATRALIANS ARE SUPPORTG GAY RIGHTSREAD MOREWH ONE EVERY 10 ATRALIANS HAVG BEEN BORN ASIA, DR MAREE SAYS THAT WE HAVE TO START REGNISG AND ADDRSG THE CULTURAL STEREOTYP THAT PERVA SOCIETY, CLUDG WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY.“SO WE’VE GOT THE STEREOTYPE OF THE REALLY NERDY ASIAN GUY AND THE STEREOTYPE OF THE HYPERSEXUAL ASIAN WOMAN, OR THE DRAGON LADY AND THOSE STEREOTYP FUNCTN REALLY PERVERSE AND NTRADICTORY WAYS,” DR MAREE SAYS.PART OF THE PLEXY OF ADDRSG ISSU AFFECTG THE LGBTQI+ MUNY IS THAT INTY TEGORI ARE ALL ABOUT CLN AND EXCLN – WHO BELONGS TO THIS MUNY AND WHO DO NOT. AND BEE OF THIS, DR MAREE SAYS, WE HAVE TO NSTANTLY QUTN OURSELV.WE HAVE TO START REGNISG THE CULTURAL STEREOTYP THAT PERVA SOCIETY. PICTURE: THE GENR SPECTM COLLECTN/ZACKARY DCKER“FOR WHOM IS THIS SPACE PERHAPS NOT-SO-SAFE AND HOW ARE WE FACILATG THAT FEAR. WHAT SMALL THGS N WE DO, BEE ’S OFTEN MICRO-AGGRSNS, THE LOOK ON SOMEONE’S FACE, OR SOMETHG THEY SAY OFF THE CUFF TO YOU, WHICH IS FULL OF STEREOTYP AND FULL OF MEANG, BUT N BE QUE FLIPPANT.”WHILE A MENT MAY BE TEND AS LIGHT HEARTED, FOR THE PERSON ON THE RECEIVG END, THOSE WORDS MAY CUT EP. THE NSTANT EXPOSURE TO MICRO-AGGRSNS AND RACIAL STEREOTYP N LEAD TO PEOPLE FEELG EXCLUD.THE HUMAN ST OF HOMOPHOBIA AND TRANSPHOBIAREAD MOREBY THKG MORE ABOUT HOW OUR WORDS MIGHT DO HARM AND REGNISG HOW SOMEONE MIGHT EXPERIENCE A SPACE DIFFERENTLY, DR MAREE SAYS WE N START TO MAKE SPAC SAFER FOR EVERYONE.“IT’S A B IALISTIC BUT N ALSO LEAD TO REFLECTG ON PATTERNS OF TERACTNS, OR HOW A SPACE IS VELOPED.”WHAT DOWN TO IS REGNISG THE DIVERSY OF PEOPLE AND EXPERIENC WH THE LGBTQI+ MUNY. IF WE N DRAW MORE VOIC TO THE NVERSATN TO HELP BETTER UNRSTAND HOW FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, ENOMIC STAT, MOBILY AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND ALL NTRIBUTE TO THE WAY PEOPLE EXPERIENCE DISCRIMATN THEN MAYBE WE N START TO SMASH DOWN SOME MORE OF THOSE BARRIERS. BANNER: PHOTOX/CANBERRA PHOTOGRAPHY SERVICFIRST PUBLISHED ON 16 MAY 2021 HUMANILGBTIQA+ATRALIADIVERSYIDAHOBITTRANSGENRSTART THE NVERSATN ON FACEBOOKLOADG NVERSATN...SORRY, SOMETHG PREVENTED THE FACEBOOK MENTS FEED OM LOADG. HUMANIFEATUREDDR CLAIRE MAREEASSOCIATE PROFSOR; REAR; DEPUTY ASSOCIATE DEAN REARCH GRANTS, ASIA INSTUTE, FACULTY OF ARTS, UNIVERSY OF MELBOURNE SHARE: FACEBOOKTWTERLKEDINMEDIA AND REPUBLITNTERMS OF ECLOSEREPUBLISH THIS ARTICLE WE BELIEVE THE EE FLOW OF RMATN. THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNR A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTN-NO DERIVATIV 3.0 ATRALIA (CC BY-ND 3.0 AU), SO YOU N REPUBLISH OUR ARTICL FOR EE, ONLE OR PRT.ALL REPUBLISHED ARTICL MT BE ATTRIBUTED THE FOLLOWG WAY AND NTA LKS TO BOTH THE SE AND ORIGAL ARTICLE: “THIS ARTICLE WAS FIRST PUBLISHED ON PURSU. READ THE ORIGAL ARTICLE.”UNRSTANDG THE DIVERSY OF ATRALIA’S LGBTQI+ MUNY
E., for lbians, gays [homosexual mal], bisexuals, transgenr persons, and queer persons); seeks to elimate sodomy laws; and lls for an end to discrimatn agast LGBTQ persons employment, cred, hog, public acmodatns, and other areas of life. (Although the term gay is monly ed reference to homosexual mal, is also ed more generally to refer to homosexual mal together wh some or all other orientatns wh the LGBTQ muny. ) Gay rights prr to the 20th century Relig admonns agast sexual relatns between dividuals of the same sex (particularly men) long stigmatized such behavur, but most legal s Europe were silent on the subject of homosexualy and bisexualy.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Dpe Paragraph 175 and the failure of the WhK to w s repeal, homosexual and bisexual men and women experienced a certa amount of eedom Germany, particularly durg the Weimar perd, between the end of World War I and the Nazi seizure of power. In the Uned Stat this greater visibily brought some backlash, particularly om the ernment and the police: the ernment often fired gay civil servants, the ary attempted to purge s ranks of gay soldiers (a policy enacted durg World War II), and police vice squads equently raid gay bars and arrted their patrons.