Aggrsn Toward Gay Men as Genr Role Enforcement: Effects of Male Role Norms, Sexual Prejudice, and Mascule Genr Role Strs - PMC

Contents:

• ‘PUMPG’ IS DANGERO NEW FAD AMONG GAY MEN
• SUBS LOOKG FOR DOMS (GAY MEN ONLY)
• IN RSIA, VLENT VIOS SHOW A STARTLG NEW FORM OF GAY BULLYG
• PSYCHOLOGIL AGGRSN LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL DIVIDUALS' TIMATE RELATNSHIPS: A REVIEW OF PREVALENCE, RRELAT, AND MEASUREMENT ISSU
• RELATNAL AGGRSN AND VICTIMIZATN GAY MALE RELATNSHIPS: THE ROLE OF TERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIA
• ‘EPIMIC OF VLENCE’: BRAZIL SHOCKED BY ‘BARBARIC’ GANG-RAPE OF GAY MAN
• WHO ARE GAYS - 10 MYTHS ABOUT HOMOSEXUALY
• GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S HEALTH ISSU
• AGGRSN TOWARD GAY MEN AS GENR ROLE ENFORCEMENT: EFFECTS OF MALE ROLE NORMS, SEXUAL PREJUDICE, AND MASCULE GENR ROLE STRS
• AGGRSN TOWARD GAY MEN AS GENR ROLE ENFORCEMENT: EFFECTS OF MALE ROLE NORMS, SEXUAL PREJUDICE, AND MASCULE GENR ROLE STRS

‘PUMPG’ IS DANGERO NEW FAD AMONG GAY MEN

Participants who valued toughns and had anti-feme attus were more aggrsive toward their opponent when they were (a) toxited and (b) believed their opponent was gay bee of rmatn they had received about him earlier.

Among the people ad om jectg silin were Dovak who died last November, a Miami trans woman who died om jectns to her butt (Oneal Ron Morris, the woman who jected her, was sentenced to 10 years for practicg medice whout a license), and last month, Tumblr gay celebry Tank Hafertepen — the partner of the man Dovak allegedly went to for advice — died of a lung hemorrhage ed by, part, silin jectn syndrome, acrdg to his ath certifite obtaed by Rollg Stone.

SUBS LOOKG FOR DOMS (GAY MEN ONLY)

And the dangero trend among gay men choosg to ject siline has changed the perspective of clicians and rearchers like Radix, who proposed, “This is somethg that maybe we should regnize we need to be askg about this [among our male patients].

Don’t brand yourself as “gay”, but rather, see yourself as jt a person who is havg a problem wh somethg life (which is the se for most people on some level), and know that there is a solutn to your problem. Between the rejectns and unwelg atmosphere of gay scen, the homonormativy of spac I'd been to, and the fact that my worth as a queer man seemed solely rooted my appearance, I wasn't yet feelg okay wh beg queer. There's a lot between the two extrem of makg love to the man of your life, and havg a rnchy, anonymo hookup a here are 18 typ of sex all gay/bi men should experience (at least once) at some pot their liv!

Other victims were known homosexuals who were forcibly picked up off the stated goal of the vios was to "cure" the young men of their activists say such footage is a sign that homophobia Rsia is not only beg more prevalent, but also more aggrsive.

IN RSIA, VLENT VIOS SHOW A STARTLG NEW FORM OF GAY BULLYG

"They have received signals om the hight officials the state -- the Duma, the print -- that basilly you n do whatever you want if ncerns gay people bee they are not first-class cizens; they are send-class or even third-class. IntroductnA growg body of rearch suggts that lbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB)1 dividuals experience timate partner vlence (IPV) at rat that are equal to or higher than those among heterosexuals (Goldberg and Meyer, 2013, Nowski and Bowen, 2012, Walters et al., 2013). 2% of bisexual women reported any lifetime victimizatn of PA and 59% of gay men and 53% of bisexual men reported any lifetime victimizatn of PA (Walters et al., 2013) heterosexual dividuals PA often -occurs wh physil aggrsn (Follgstad, 2009) or is a precursor to physil aggrsn (Schumacher & Leonard, 2005), and PA perpetratn also predicts sexual aggrsn perpetratn (Ramisetty-Mikler, Caetano, & McGrath, 2007).

PSYCHOLOGIL AGGRSN LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL DIVIDUALS' TIMATE RELATNSHIPS: A REVIEW OF PREVALENCE, RRELAT, AND MEASUREMENT ISSU

While discrimatn and aggrsn agast sexual mori remas monplace (NCAVP, 2005, 2006), victims of antigay asslts are ls likely to report the crim to law enforcement pared to victims of other bias-motivated attacks (Dunbar, 2006; Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 1999; NCAVP, 2003).

RELATNAL AGGRSN AND VICTIMIZATN GAY MALE RELATNSHIPS: THE ROLE OF TERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIA

Th, rearch that vtigat termants of antigay vlence uld promote public health by rmg terventn programs aimed at rcg the typ of hate Role of Anger Antigay VlenceIn an extensive review of the antigay aggrsn lerature, Parrott (2008) highlighted the utily of anizg risk factors for antigay aggrsn wh the parsimon theoretil amework of the General Aggrsn Mol (Anrson & Bhman, 2002). Ined, rearchers have long poted out that the male genr role is fed by ntrasts and that the ntrasts are mataed through the segregatn and persecutn of women and gay men as the non-mascule “other” (Frankl, 1998, 2000, 2004; Kimmel, 1997, 2000; Kimmel & Mahler, 2003).

Heterosexual men may be motivated to enforce this ntrast for a number of reasons, cludg tradnal beliefs about marriage and fay (Hegarty, Pratto, & Lemix, 2004), beliefs that gay men are rriers of HIV (Pryor, Reer, Yeadon, & Hson-McInnis, 2004), to avoid unwanted sexual advanc (Herek, 2000a), and to ga stat and avoid emasculatn at the hands of their peers (Frankl, 2000; Harry, 1990; Kimmel, 1997). E., creased negative affect) rponse to pictur of nu men and male-male upl (Mahaffey, Bryan, & Hutchson, 2005a, 2005b) prejudice and exposure to male-male timate behavr have also been shown to facilate antigay aggrsn.

‘EPIMIC OF VLENCE’: BRAZIL SHOCKED BY ‘BARBARIC’ GANG-RAPE OF GAY MAN

For example, numero survey-based vtigatns have shown that sexual prejudice is associated wh self-reported past aggrsive behavr toward gay men (Frankl, 2000; Patel, Long, McCammon, & Wuensch, 1995; Rorick, McCammon, Long, & Allred, 1998).

In two laboratory-based studi (Bernat et al., 2001; Parrott & Zeichner, 2005), sexually prejudiced men who viewed male-male eroti displayed higher levels of aggrsn toward a gay, relative to a heterosexual, man. However, among men who viewed male-female eroti, no differenc aggrsn toward gay or heterosexual men were observed (Parrott & Zeichner, 2005) fdgs clearly monstrate an teractive effect of sexual prejudice and exposure to male-male timate behavr (i. Parrott and Zeichner (2005) showed that, among heterosexual men who were exposed to male-male eroti, the experience of anger was posively rrelated wh aggrsn agast a gay, relative to a heterosexual, male opponent.

In a direct tt of this hypothis, Parrott and Peterson (2008) asssed sexual prejudice, anger rponse to a vigte pictg male-male timate relatnship behavr, and self-reported past aggrsive behavr toward gay men.

WHO ARE GAYS - 10 MYTHS ABOUT HOMOSEXUALY

Rults dited anger rponse to gay men fully mediated the relatn between sexual prejudice and the perpetratn of antigay is likely that multiple factors fluence an dividual's cisn to act aggrsively towards a gay man (Frankl, 1998; Parrott & Peterson, 2008). Ined, Whley (2002) asserted that when a natural settg is feasible, the most elogilly valid laboratory settg is one that mimics the natural settg as closely as noted above, pertent theory (Frankl, 1998, 2000, 2004; Kimmel, 1997, 2000; Kimmel & Mahler, 2003) has highlighted the importance of exposure to male-male timate behavr as a risk factor for antigay aggrsn.

6Fay yearly e$55, 813$23, 234$57, 218$26, 635$39, 208$28, 888Race (%) Whe, non-Hispanic858444 Ain Amerin6728 Asian Amerin7618 Other2310Relatnship stat (%) Sgle, never married999897 Married022 Divorced11Qutnnaire BatteryDemographic form This self-report form was ed to asss age, race, tn, self-intified sexual orientatn, relatnship stat, and e Heterosexual-Homosexual Ratg Sle (KRS; Ksey, 1948) The KRS is a 7–pot, Likert style sle that asssed sexual orientatn along a ntuum. In ntrast, and nsistent wh the view that anger rponse to homosexualy stems om prejudice, pictn of non-erotic male-male relatnship behavr eliced anger among sexually prejudiced men but not among non-sexually prejudiced implitns of the fdgs are twofold. As such, the prent fdgs strengthen the view that sexual prejudice and exposure to male-male timate behavr are important variabl that activate an anger based pathway towards antigay aggrsn (Parrott & Peterson, 2008).

GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S HEALTH ISSU

Whether sexual prejudice and exposure to elogilly valid pictns of male-male timate behavr would also produce chang gnn and aroal and, ultimately, the extent to which the chang lead to an aggrsive oute awas further, the rults of the current vtigatn support the e of elogilly valid pictns of male-male timate behavr future rearch on antigay vlence. Rults of the empiril study found signifint relatns between engagg relatnal aggrsn agast gay mal and experiencg relatnal victimizatn and between experiencg relatnal victimizatn and ternalized homophobia.

An act of “barbaric” vlence where a 22-year-old gay man was gang-raped and tortured has prompted fierce reactn Brazil and is evince of a growg ti of hate crime the untry, acrdg to human rights man, who has not been named, was attacked last week Florianópolis by three armed men who ed sharp objects durg the asslt and forced him to rve homophobic slurs to his legs, said attackers left him the street where he was found and taken to hospal. “This is a ighteng crime but ’s very mon Brazil, and vlence – not only agast lbian, gay, bisexual and transgenr people but also women, black people and immigrants – is worseng, ” said Liro Ávila, print of the Associatn Defence of Human Rights, an anisatn that helps victims of vlence Florianópolis. There are a few optns for gay men and bisexual men same-sex relatnships who aspire to have children, cludg surrogacy, where sperm is ed to fertilize a donated egg, which is then rried to term by a surrogate mother.

Stctural paths pictg effects of stat, toughns, and antifemy on creas anger and physil aggrsn toward gay and heterosexual men mediated by sexual prejudice and mascule genr role strs; In stctural paths wh two efficients, the first statistic was rived om the gay male opponent group, whereas the send statistic was rived om the heterosexual male opponent group; *p <.

AGGRSN TOWARD GAY MEN AS GENR ROLE ENFORCEMENT: EFFECTS OF MALE ROLE NORMS, SEXUAL PREJUDICE, AND MASCULE GENR ROLE STRS

For every highly publicized act of vlence toward sexual mori, such as the recent mass shootg at a gay nightclub Orlando, there are many more physil and verbal asslts, attempted asslts, acts of property damage or timidatns which are never reported to thori, let alone publicized by the media. Published fal eded form as:PMCID: PMC2754233NIHMSID: NIHMS132427AbstractThis study examed sexual prejudice and mascule genr role strs as mediators of the relatns between male genr norms and anger and aggrsn toward gay men. Keywords: Aggrsive Behavr, Homosexualy (Attus Toward), Male Homosexualy, Prejudice, MasculyNumero theori have been advanced to better unrstand the motiv that facilate aggrsn toward sexual mori (for a review, see Frankl, 2000; Parrott, 2008).

Specifilly, extant lerature suggts that male-perpetrated aggrsn toward gay men functns to enforce tradnal genr norms (Hamner, 1992; Ke & Whley, 1998), prove one’s heterosexualy and masculy to other men (Frankl, 2000; Kimmel, 2000), satisfy thrill seekg sir (Frankl, 1998, 2000), and rce anxiety eliced by psychologil nflicts associated wh genr and sexualy (Frankl, 2000, Herek, 1986). Although empiril rearch supports the general distctns (Frankl, 2000), any given act of aggrsn toward gay men or other sexual mori is likely motivated by the nvergence of multiple this proliferatn of theoretil explanatns, empiril study of the motiv is of the utmost theoretil and applied importance.

The purpose of the prent article is to exame simultaneoly the effects of multiple risk factors associated wh one theoretilly rived motivatn for male-perpetrated aggrsn toward gay men – genr role enforcement. Aggrsn Toward Gay Men Motivated by Genr Role EnforcementDefn of risk factorsTheory and rearch suggt that antigay assailants motivated by genr role enforcement endorse tradnal beliefs about the male genr role. At the dividual level, heterosexuals’ ternalizatn of sexual stigma is manifted as sexual prejudice, which enpass “all negative attus based on sexual orientatn, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual” (Herek, 2000a, p.

AGGRSN TOWARD GAY MEN AS GENR ROLE ENFORCEMENT: EFFECTS OF MALE ROLE NORMS, SEXUAL PREJUDICE, AND MASCULE GENR ROLE STRS

This view is supported by rearch suggtg that male sexual prejudice and aggrsn toward gay men are products of mascule socializatn generally (Shields & Harriman, 1984) and the endorsement of an antifemy theme wh the male role specifilly (Parrott et al., 2002; Thompson, Grisanti, & Pleck, 1985). Th, asmuch as heterosexual men perceive gay men to be like women, endorsement of the antifemy norm should be particularly related to prejudice, anger, and aggrsn toward gay acrdance wh this theoretil nceptualizatn, rearch dit that heterosexual men’s attus toward gay men are generally more negative than their attus toward lbians (Gentry, 1987; Herek, 1988; Ke, 1994; Lim, 2002, Whley, 1987).

Empiril supportSeveral dividual-level risk factors for aggrsn toward gay men motivated by genr role enforcement have been intified and received empiril support, cludg endorsement of tradnal male genr role beliefs, sexual prejudice, mascule genr role strs, and exposure to male-male timate behavr. G., physil asslt, verbal abe, property damage, theft), most rearch this area has foced on physil or verbal survey and laboratory-based rearch supports a posive lk between tradnal male genr role beliefs and aggrsn toward gay men. Fally, a recent survey-based vtigatn found that adherence to tradnal male genr norms, particularly the stat and antifemy norms, was strongly associated wh anger rponse to gay men and that sexual prejudice and mascule genr role strs mediated the associatns (Parrott, Peterson, Vcent, & Bakeman, 2008) is well tablished that sexual prejudice is a termant of aggrsn toward gay men.

Survey-based rearch has monstrated a posive associatn between sexual prejudice and both anger and aggrsn toward gay men (Frankl, 2000; Parrott et al., 2008; Patel, Long, McCammon, & Wuensch, 1995; Rorick, McCammon, Long, & Allred, 1998). Likewise, laboratory studi have monstrated that male sexual prejudice is posively related to creased anger rponse to gay men and aggrsn toward gay, relative to heterosexual, targets (Bernat, Calhoun, Adams, & Zeichner, 2001; Parrott & Zeichner, 2005; Parrott, Zeichner, & Hoover, 2006).