The History of Lbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgenr, Queer Issu Higher Edutn | SprgerLk

Contents:

• GAY AND LBIAN STUDI
• THE HISTORY OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENR, QUEER ISSU HIGHER EDUTN
• LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR STUDI
• MAKG HISTORY: THE CHALLENGE OF GAY AND LBIAN STUDI
• RON DESANTIS'S FLORIDA BOARD OF EDUTN: HEY, WHAT ABOUT THE “PERSONAL BENEF” OF BEG A SLAVE?FLORIDA’S NEW AIN AMERIN STUDI CURRICULUM STANDARDS WILL FORCE PUBLIC SCHOOL STUNTS TO LEARN ABOUT SOME OF THE SUPPOSED UPSIS OF SLAVERY.BY ERIC LUTZJULY 20, 2023RON DESANTIS SPEAKS DURG A MPAIGN EVENT IOWA JULY 14.RACHEL MUMMEY/BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGSAVE THIS STORYSAVESAVE THIS STORYSAVERON DESANTIS’S WAR ON “WOKENS” SCHOOLS ASCEND TO DANGERO NEW HEIGHTS WEDNDAY, AS FLORIDA’S STATE BOARD OF EDUTN APPROVED NEW AIN AMERIN STUDI CURRICULUM STANDARDS THAT, AMONG OTHER THGS, WOULD FORCE PUBLIC SCHOOL STUNTS TO LEARN ABOUT SOME OF THE SUPPOSED UPSIS OF SLAVERY — A WHEWASHG OF HISTORY THAT THE STATE’S LARGT TEACHERS UNN CRIED AS A “BIG STEP BACKWARD” FOR TN.“GOV. DESANTIS IS PURSUG A POLIL AGENDA GUARANTEED TO SET GOOD PEOPLE AGAST ONE ANOTHER, AND THE PROCS HE’S CHEATG OUR KIDS,” ANDREW SPAR, PRINT OF THE FLORIDA EDUTN ASSOCIATN, SAID A STATEMENT BLASTG THE NEW AIN AMERIN STUDI STANDARDS. “THEY SERVE THE FULL TTH OF AMERIN HISTORY, THE GOOD AND THE BAD.”FLORIDA PUBLIC SCHOOL STUNTS MAY NOT GET THAT UNR THE NEW L APPROVED WEDNDAY, WHICH REQUIRE TEACHERS— A SECTN ON SLAVERY— TO NOTE THAT “SLAV VELOPED SKILLS, WHICH, SOME STANC, ULD BE APPLIED FOR THEIR PERSONAL BENEF.” IN A SECTN ON “RENSTCTN AND BEYOND,” A PERD MARKED BY JIM CROW AND ROUTE WHE TERRORISM ON BLACK MUNI, THE NEW L DICTATE THAT STUNTS MT BE TGHT ABOUT “ACTS OF VLENCE PERPETRATED AGAST AND BY AIN AMERINS,” WHICH, AS DEMOCRATIC STATE SENATOR GERALDE THOMPSON POTED OUT, SUGGTS CINTS LIKE THE OEE MASSACRE WERE “SPARKED BY VLENCE OM AIN AMERINS.”“THAT’S BLAMG THE VICTIMS,” SAID THOMPSON, WHO, AS THE WASHGTON POST NOT, HELPED PASS A 2020 LAW REQUIRG FLORIDA SCHOOLS TO TEACH ABOUT THE 1920 MASSACRE, WHICH A WHE MOB KILLED DOZENS OF BLACK RINTS OF OEE, FLORIDA, ELECTN DAY VLENCE. (MANNY DIAZ, FLORIDA'S TN MISSNER, PRAISED THE CHANG, SAYG THAT “THIS IS SOMETHG THAT IS GOG TO SET THE NORM FOR STANDARDS OTHER STAT.”)TWTER NTENTTHIS NTENT N ALSO BE VIEWED ON THE SE ORIGAT OM.THE NEW STANDARDS E AS DESANTIS, A NTENR FOR THE 2024 REPUBLIN NOMATN, LAT HIS WAR ON SO-LLED “WOKE” TN, WHICH HAS CLUD BOOK BANS, THE REJECTN OF AN ADVANCED PLACEMENT URSE ON AIN AMERIN STUDI, AND THE PASSAGE OF THE STOP WOKE ACT, WHICH PROHIBS THE STCTN OF MATERIAL THAT ULD MAKE SOMEONE FEEL “GUILT, ANGUISH OR ANY FORM OF PSYCHOLOGIL STRS.” HIS NCERN FOR THE POSSIBLE “ANGUISH” OF FLORIDA STUNTS DO NOT SEEM TO EXTEND TO BLACK STUNTS, WHO ULD BE FORCED TO LEARN ABOUT THE SUPPOSED “BENEF” OF SLAVERY, NOR DO SEEM TO EXTEND TO LGBTQ KIDS AND THEIR FAI, WHO HAVE ALSO BEEN TARGETED HIS BATTLE. DESANTIS EXPAND HIS “DON’T SAY GAY” LAW THIS YEAR, AND THE FLORIDA BOARD OF EDUTN VOTED WEDNDAY FOR L THAT TOOK EVEN FURTHER — CLUDG BY BARRG TEACHERS OM ASKG STUNTS THEIR PREFERRED PRONOUNS. DIAZ SAID THE MOVE WOULD PROTECT KIDS OM “UNWELE FLUENC AND DOCTRATN," PRAISG DESANTIS, THE LEGISLATN, AND THE BOARD FOR WHAT HE SCRIBED A STATEMENT AS THEIR “UNWAVERG MMENT TO THE HEALTH, WELLBEG AND SAFETY OF OUR STUNTS.” BUT, AS CRICS CHARGED, THE L NSTUTED AN LATN THE “POLILLY-MOTIVATED WAR ON PARENTS, STUNTS, AND TORS” FLORIDA. “OUR STUNTS SERVE CLASSROOMS WHERE ALL FAI ARE TREATED WH THE RPECT THEY SERVE AND ALL YOUNG PEOPLE ARE WELED,” JENNIFER SOLOMON, EQUALY FLORIDA PARENTS & FAI SUPPORT MANAGER, SAID A STATEMENT WEDNDAY. “INSTEAD, THE DESANTIS ADMISTRATN NTU TO WIELD THE STATE AGAST .”“STOP TURNG OUR KIDS’ CLASSROOMS TO POLIL BATTLEFIELDS TO SRE CHEAP POTS,” SOLOMON NTUED.BUT DESANTIS, OF URSE, SHOWS NO SIGN OF STOPPG: HIS RELENTLS CULTURE WAR HELPED LIFT HIM TO NATNAL PROMENCE, AND HE HAS MA HIS CENTRAL — NAY, HIS ONLY — PCH TO GOP VOTERS HIS SPUTTERG PRINTIAL MPAIGN. “WE’VE MA THE STATE OF FLORIDA THE PLACE WHERE WOKE GO TO DIE,” HE SAID AT A RECENT MPAIGN EVENT. “AND NOW, IS OUR MISSN AS AMERINS TO ENSURE THAT JANUARY 2025…WE LEAVE WOKE IOLOGY THE DTB OF HISTORY WHERE BELONGS.”MORE GREAT STORI FROM VANY FAIRRILEY KEOUGH ON GROWG UP PRLEY, INHERG GRACELAND, AND MORETE CRIME, TE FAH: THE SERIAL KILLER AND THE TEXAS MOM WHO STOPPED HIMTHE TAN SUBMERSIBLE DISASTER WAS YEARS THE MAKG, NEW DETAILS REVEALWHY THE GEIA INDICTMENT AGAST TMP AND HIS ALLI IS THE MOST SWEEPG YETIVANKA TMP IS NOT LETTG HER DAD’S MOUNTG LEGAL WO RU HER SUMMERA NEW SLIM AARONS BOOK CAPTUR A LOST WORLDTHE 25 BT SHOWS ON NETFLIX TO WATCH RIGHT NOWFROM THE ARCHIVE: TOO HEPBURN FOR HOLLYWOOD (2006)MOST POPULARTHE TAN SUBMERSIBLE DISASTER WAS YEARS THE MAKG, NEW DETAILS REVEALBY SAN CASEYMELANIA’S TAKE ON DONALD TMP’S FOURTH INDICTMENT IS BASILLY “SUCKS TO BE YOU, PAL”: REPORTBY BS LEVTE CRIME, TE FAH: THE SERIAL KILLER AND THE TEXAS MOM WHO STOPPED HIMBY JULIE MILLERERIC LUTZ

GAY AND LBIAN STUDI

Many historians and activists, though, place the begng of the morn movement for lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr equaly at the Stonewall Inn, a small bar equented by trans people, lbians, bisexuals, gay mal, street people, stunts, and others loted at 53 Christopher Street New York Cy’s Greenwich Village. The creased visibily and activism of transgenr activists (cludg wh popular media and amic disurse) has had the effect of shakg up tradnally dichotomo notns of male/female and gay/straight.

Lbian and gay uc formed wh amic anizatns by 1973, and historil llectns began to appear, for example, the Lbian Herstory Archiv NYC and the Bay Area Lbian and Gay Historil Society formg the cuttg edge. Sparked by the homophile movement of the 1950s and 1960s, and om the growg gay and femist movements, the first officially regnized llege stunt group anized as the Stunt Homophile League at Columbia Universy 1967 New York Cy, followed closely by groups at MIT, Stanford, Cornell, and others. Followg an emotnal and heated battle, Columbia Universy 1971 set asi the first dormory lounge for LGBTQ stunts, and 1973, the first llege faculty group (the Gay Amic Unn) formed New York Cy, which anized s ial nference the same year drawg over 300 participants.

THE HISTORY OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENR, QUEER ISSU HIGHER EDUTN

One of the first natnally foced anizatns to serve the needs of LGBT stunts was the Natnal Gay Stunt Center (NGSC), a project of the Natnal Stunt Associatn Washgton, DC found 1971 by s first ordator, Warren J. By the 1990s, publishg ho released creasg numbers of works LGBTQ studi, for example the anthology, The Lbian and Gay Studi Rear (Abelove, Barale, & Halper, 1993) followg publitn of ethnic and women’s studi fluenced by cril theory of the Frankfurt School, as well as the growth of amic journals cludg the preement Journal of Homosexualy (1976) based at San Francis State Universy unr the edorship of John DeCec.

LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR STUDI

Queer theorists sist that inti prise many and varied elements, and that is accurate and misleadg to llectively tegorize people based on one element only (for example, as “lbian, ” “gay, ” “bisexual, ” “heterosexual, ” or as “woman, ” “man, ” and others).

Blumenfeld is thor of God, Guns, Capalism, and Hypermasculy: Commentari on the Culture of Firearms the Uned Stat (Peter Lang Publishers), The What, The So What, and The Now What of Social Jtice Edutn (Peter Lang Publishers), and Warren’s Words: Smart Commentary on Social Jtice (Purple Prs); edor of Homophobia: How We All Pay the Price (Bean Prs), -thor wh Diane Raymond of Lookg at Gay and Lbian Life (Bean Prs), and -edor of Readgs for Diversy and Social Jtice (Routledge) and Invtigatg Christian Privilege and Relig Opprsn the Uned Stat (Sense).

Gay and Lbian Studi is by nature cross-disciplary, verg a wi range of tellectual bas: lerature, history, relign, psychology, soclogy, philosophy, anthropology, medice, law, fe arts, and others.

MAKG HISTORY: THE CHALLENGE OF GAY AND LBIAN STUDI

Dpe the prence of large numbers of homosexuals New York Cy and other urban centers the Uned Stat and throughout the world, their history has often been neglected or margalized, a ttimony to the hibg factors of legal rtrictns on certa forms of sexual nduct, the lack of anizatn among gay men and lbians, and the unwillgns of the larger society to regnize the value and mer of different forms of erotic and affectnal exprsn. The term "uranian" was nsired, but failed to fd favor and was replaced by words such as "homosexual" and "homophile, " arbrary nstctns which, though workable, have been emed too clil some quarters.

Although the pneers of the gay rights movement are ld by civil libertarians and activists for their ntributn to the polil and social liberatn of homosexuals, they are also signifint for their ncern regnizg the importance of llectg and prervg materials relatg to homosexuals and their vehicl of self-exprsn and intifitn. Yet this nascent attempt at intifyg and llectg materials relatg to the homosexual experience was self hibed and circumscribed by the need of many lbians and gay men to lead hidn liv, fearful that self-disclosure would rult a loss of employment or legal difficulti.

Of urse, this very secrecy has ma rearch strategi to the area of gay studi problematic, wh scholars eher attemptg to tu meangs not overtly exprsed historil rerds or employg materials (such as urt or police reports) to intify behavr not discsed more nventnal sourc.

RON DESANTIS'S FLORIDA BOARD OF EDUTN: HEY, WHAT ABOUT THE “PERSONAL BENEF” OF BEG A SLAVE?FLORIDA’S NEW AIN AMERIN STUDI CURRICULUM STANDARDS WILL FORCE PUBLIC SCHOOL STUNTS TO LEARN ABOUT SOME OF THE SUPPOSED UPSIS OF SLAVERY.BY ERIC LUTZJULY 20, 2023RON DESANTIS SPEAKS DURG A MPAIGN EVENT IOWA JULY 14.RACHEL MUMMEY/BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGSAVE THIS STORYSAVESAVE THIS STORYSAVERON DESANTIS’S WAR ON “WOKENS” SCHOOLS ASCEND TO DANGERO NEW HEIGHTS WEDNDAY, AS FLORIDA’S STATE BOARD OF EDUTN APPROVED NEW AIN AMERIN STUDI CURRICULUM STANDARDS THAT, AMONG OTHER THGS, WOULD FORCE PUBLIC SCHOOL STUNTS TO LEARN ABOUT SOME OF THE SUPPOSED UPSIS OF SLAVERY — A WHEWASHG OF HISTORY THAT THE STATE’S LARGT TEACHERS UNN CRIED AS A “BIG STEP BACKWARD” FOR TN.“GOV. DESANTIS IS PURSUG A POLIL AGENDA GUARANTEED TO SET GOOD PEOPLE AGAST ONE ANOTHER, AND THE PROCS HE’S CHEATG OUR KIDS,” ANDREW SPAR, PRINT OF THE FLORIDA EDUTN ASSOCIATN, SAID A STATEMENT BLASTG THE NEW AIN AMERIN STUDI STANDARDS. “THEY SERVE THE FULL TTH OF AMERIN HISTORY, THE GOOD AND THE BAD.”FLORIDA PUBLIC SCHOOL STUNTS MAY NOT GET THAT UNR THE NEW L APPROVED WEDNDAY, WHICH REQUIRE TEACHERS— A SECTN ON SLAVERY— TO NOTE THAT “SLAV VELOPED SKILLS, WHICH, SOME STANC, ULD BE APPLIED FOR THEIR PERSONAL BENEF.” IN A SECTN ON “RENSTCTN AND BEYOND,” A PERD MARKED BY JIM CROW AND ROUTE WHE TERRORISM ON BLACK MUNI, THE NEW L DICTATE THAT STUNTS MT BE TGHT ABOUT “ACTS OF VLENCE PERPETRATED AGAST AND BY AIN AMERINS,” WHICH, AS DEMOCRATIC STATE SENATOR GERALDE THOMPSON POTED OUT, SUGGTS CINTS LIKE THE OEE MASSACRE WERE “SPARKED BY VLENCE OM AIN AMERINS.”“THAT’S BLAMG THE VICTIMS,” SAID THOMPSON, WHO, AS THE WASHGTON POST NOT, HELPED PASS A 2020 LAW REQUIRG FLORIDA SCHOOLS TO TEACH ABOUT THE 1920 MASSACRE, WHICH A WHE MOB KILLED DOZENS OF BLACK RINTS OF OEE, FLORIDA, ELECTN DAY VLENCE. (MANNY DIAZ, FLORIDA'S TN MISSNER, PRAISED THE CHANG, SAYG THAT “THIS IS SOMETHG THAT IS GOG TO SET THE NORM FOR STANDARDS OTHER STAT.”)TWTER NTENTTHIS NTENT N ALSO BE VIEWED ON THE SE ORIGAT OM.THE NEW STANDARDS E AS DESANTIS, A NTENR FOR THE 2024 REPUBLIN NOMATN, LAT HIS WAR ON SO-LLED “WOKE” TN, WHICH HAS CLUD BOOK BANS, THE REJECTN OF AN ADVANCED PLACEMENT URSE ON AIN AMERIN STUDI, AND THE PASSAGE OF THE STOP WOKE ACT, WHICH PROHIBS THE STCTN OF MATERIAL THAT ULD MAKE SOMEONE FEEL “GUILT, ANGUISH OR ANY FORM OF PSYCHOLOGIL STRS.” HIS NCERN FOR THE POSSIBLE “ANGUISH” OF FLORIDA STUNTS DO NOT SEEM TO EXTEND TO BLACK STUNTS, WHO ULD BE FORCED TO LEARN ABOUT THE SUPPOSED “BENEF” OF SLAVERY, NOR DO SEEM TO EXTEND TO LGBTQ KIDS AND THEIR FAI, WHO HAVE ALSO BEEN TARGETED HIS BATTLE. DESANTIS EXPAND HIS “DON’T SAY GAY” LAW THIS YEAR, AND THE FLORIDA BOARD OF EDUTN VOTED WEDNDAY FOR L THAT TOOK EVEN FURTHER — CLUDG BY BARRG TEACHERS OM ASKG STUNTS THEIR PREFERRED PRONOUNS. DIAZ SAID THE MOVE WOULD PROTECT KIDS OM “UNWELE FLUENC AND DOCTRATN," PRAISG DESANTIS, THE LEGISLATN, AND THE BOARD FOR WHAT HE SCRIBED A STATEMENT AS THEIR “UNWAVERG MMENT TO THE HEALTH, WELLBEG AND SAFETY OF OUR STUNTS.” BUT, AS CRICS CHARGED, THE L NSTUTED AN LATN THE “POLILLY-MOTIVATED WAR ON PARENTS, STUNTS, AND TORS” FLORIDA. “OUR STUNTS SERVE CLASSROOMS WHERE ALL FAI ARE TREATED WH THE RPECT THEY SERVE AND ALL YOUNG PEOPLE ARE WELED,” JENNIFER SOLOMON, EQUALY FLORIDA PARENTS & FAI SUPPORT MANAGER, SAID A STATEMENT WEDNDAY. “INSTEAD, THE DESANTIS ADMISTRATN NTU TO WIELD THE STATE AGAST .”“STOP TURNG OUR KIDS’ CLASSROOMS TO POLIL BATTLEFIELDS TO SRE CHEAP POTS,” SOLOMON NTUED.BUT DESANTIS, OF URSE, SHOWS NO SIGN OF STOPPG: HIS RELENTLS CULTURE WAR HELPED LIFT HIM TO NATNAL PROMENCE, AND HE HAS MA HIS CENTRAL — NAY, HIS ONLY — PCH TO GOP VOTERS HIS SPUTTERG PRINTIAL MPAIGN. “WE’VE MA THE STATE OF FLORIDA THE PLACE WHERE WOKE GO TO DIE,” HE SAID AT A RECENT MPAIGN EVENT. “AND NOW, IS OUR MISSN AS AMERINS TO ENSURE THAT JANUARY 2025…WE LEAVE WOKE IOLOGY THE DTB OF HISTORY WHERE BELONGS.”MORE GREAT STORI FROM VANY FAIRRILEY KEOUGH ON GROWG UP PRLEY, INHERG GRACELAND, AND MORETE CRIME, TE FAH: THE SERIAL KILLER AND THE TEXAS MOM WHO STOPPED HIMTHE TAN SUBMERSIBLE DISASTER WAS YEARS THE MAKG, NEW DETAILS REVEALWHY THE GEIA INDICTMENT AGAST TMP AND HIS ALLI IS THE MOST SWEEPG YETIVANKA TMP IS NOT LETTG HER DAD’S MOUNTG LEGAL WO RU HER SUMMERA NEW SLIM AARONS BOOK CAPTUR A LOST WORLDTHE 25 BT SHOWS ON NETFLIX TO WATCH RIGHT NOWFROM THE ARCHIVE: TOO HEPBURN FOR HOLLYWOOD (2006)MOST POPULARTHE TAN SUBMERSIBLE DISASTER WAS YEARS THE MAKG, NEW DETAILS REVEALBY SAN CASEYMELANIA’S TAKE ON DONALD TMP’S FOURTH INDICTMENT IS BASILLY “SUCKS TO BE YOU, PAL”: REPORTBY BS LEVTE CRIME, TE FAH: THE SERIAL KILLER AND THE TEXAS MOM WHO STOPPED HIMBY JULIE MILLERERIC LUTZ

The published materials the Rearch Librari are plemented by mancript llectns reflectg the donatn to the Library of var archiv, the most signifint beg that of the Internatnal Gay Informatn Center, the ventory for which is available at the Informatn Dk room 315.

The archiv clu the rerds of anizatns such as the Gay Activists Alliance and the Mattache Society; the personal papers of Arthur Bell, Jonathan Katz, and other gay men and lbians; gay- and lbian-related perdils, both domtic and foreign; ephemera such as posters, flyers, announcements, gay ic and lorg books, t-shirts, buttons and gam; and d-visual materials. Reflectg the age of s time, the Dictnary Catalog provis no subject headg for Gay and few entri n be found unr Lbian or Homosexualy; the ma subject entry for material alg wh male and female homosexualy is Sexual Inversn. For example, enterg Gays Milary as a subject headg retriev no rerds; however, utilizg the terms as keywords do rult retrievg a catn which, when displayed as a full rerd, yields the appropriate subject headgs through which other relevant tl n be found.

The qutn of appropriate subject headgs for this new disciple and the value of same for rearchers is ably addrsed by Ellen Greenblatt her say "Homosexualy: The Evolutn of a Concept the Library of Congrs Subject Headgs" Gay and Lbian Library Service (JFE 91-2095) which provis an excellent overview and guil. This extensively annotated biblgraphy of 1265 ems published English (cludg translatns) between 1940-1968 exclus bell-lettr, popular prs, and newspapers; material om gay and lbian publitns has been generally exclud. The past twenty-five years have wnsed the emergence of gay lerature om the realms of the clanste to the macurrents of cultural thought, and the tablishment of a major lerary movement wh an ever-creasg non of work.

It is a movement that, by reachg eply to the shared and dividual experienc and plexi of homosexual life, is layg claim to all the potential for exprsive thought that lerature offers, takg issue wh the unte and illumatg the universal human need and sire for self-worth, affirmatn, pleasure, gratifitn, and love. The followg statement om The Lbian and Gay Studi Rear (New York: Routledge, 1993), pag 653-654, is valuable for s analysis of the current state of perdil lerature gay and lbian studi:. Camera Obscura, Disurse, and Jump Cut rry some lbian/gay studi work on film and popular culture, while Raran, ELH: A Journal of English Lerary History, Reprentatns, Cril Inquiry, and Yale Journal of Cricism rry some lerary cricism.

It also provis, every issue, a list of the var disciple-specific bullets lbian/gay studi (such as the Associatn of Lbian/Gay Psychologists Newsletter and G&L Cc News of the College Art Associatn), and of the bullets produced by specific centers for lbian/gay studi (such as Center/Fold: Toronto Centre for Lbian & Gay Studi Newsletter and Homologie Documentatiecentm Homostudi, Universy of Amsterdam), along wh rmatn on how to subscribe to them.

The clu the women's journals Condns, Sister Wisdom, Heri, Frontiers, Off Our Backs, and Sojourner; the black gay journal Other Countri; and Out/Look, Christopher Street, The Gui, Magn, QW, and The Advote. "The Gay and Lbian Center is a rearch center voted to the documentatn of lbian and gay history and culture by llectg, prervg and providg accs to material on all aspects of the lbian, gay, bisexual and transgenred experience. "The missn of the GLBT Historil Society is to llect, prerve, exhib, and otherwise make available to the public historil, cultural, and artistic materials related to gay, lbian, bisexual, transgenr muni, inti, and practic, as well as of other sexual mori.

"The Gay & Lbian Alliance Agast Defamatn (GLAAD) is dited to promotg and ensurg fair, accurate and clive reprentatn of dividuals and events all media as a means of elimatg homophobia and discrimatn based on genr inty and sexual orientatn. The Natnal Gay and Lbian Task Force "is the natnal progrsive anizatn workg for the civil rights of gay, lbian, bisexual and transgenred people, wh the visn and mment to buildg a powerful polil movement. Three gay faculty members are dismissed by Amherst College prints after beg unfairly treated bee of their sexual orientatn followg; though they were volved so-lled “sndals” that ranged severy, their volvement was eher never proven or whout flt.