A brief history of lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr social movements

Contents:

• WHAT 'S LIKE TO BE GAY IRAN
• Y, THERE ARE GAY PEOPLE IRAN
• A BRIEF HISTORY OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
• IRANIAN GAY/QUEER ACTIVISTS AND ACTIVISM

WHAT 'S LIKE TO BE GAY IRAN

When Iranian Print Mahmoud Ahmadejad ma his famo claim at a September 2007 Columbia Universy appearance that ""In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like your untry, " the world lghed at the absurdy of this pretense. Now, a forthg book by a leadg Iranian scholar exile, which tails both the long history of homosexualy that natn and the origs of the mpaign to erase s trac, not only provis a superlative reply to Ahmadejad, but monstrat forcefully that polil homophobia was a Wtern import to a culture which same-sex relatns were wily tolerated and equently celebrated for well over a thoand years. Its thor, Ja Afary, print of the Internatnal Society of Iranian Scholars, is a profsor of history and women's studi at Purdue Universy who has already published several thorative works on Iranian sexual polics, notably the revealg and award-wng "Fouult and the Iranian Revolutn: Genr and the Sctns of Islam" (2005), which she already monstrated a remarkable sympathy for gay and lbian people.

Y, THERE ARE GAY PEOPLE IRAN

In her new book, Afary's extensive sectn on pre-morn Iran, documented by a close readg of ancient texts, portrays the domant form of same-sex relatns as a highly-dified "stat-fed homosexualy, " which an olr man - prumably the active partner sex - acquired a younger partner, or amrad. Afary monstrat how, this perd, "male homoerotic relatns Iran were bound by l of urtship such as the btowal of prents, the teachg of lerary texts, bodybuildg and ary trag, mentorship, and the velopment of social ntacts that would help the junr partner's reer.

Afary also wr that "homosexualy and homoerotic exprsns were embraced numero other public spac beyond the royal urt, om monasteri and semari to taverns, ary mps, gymnasiums, bathho, and ffeeho...

One of her most stunng revelatns is how an Azeri-language newspaper eded and published the Rsian Cc, Molla Nasredd (or MN, which appeared om 1906 to 1931) fluenced this Iranian Revolutn wh a "signifint new disurse on genr and sexualy, " sharg Marx's well-documented ntempt for homosexuals.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Wh an edorial board that embraced Rsian social mocratic ncepts, cludg women's rights, MN was also "the first paper the Shi'i Mlim world to endorse normative heterosexualy, " echog Marx's well-documented ntempt for homosexualy.

MN nflated homosexualy and pedophilia, and attacked cleril teachers and lears for "moltg young boys, " played upon feelgs of "ntempt" for passive homosexuals, suggted that ele men who kept amrad ncub "had a vted terted matag the (male) homosocial public spac where semi-vert perasty was tolerated, " and "mocked the r of exchangg brotherhood vows before a mollah and pared to a weddg ceremony. MN's attacks on homosexualy "would shape Iranian bat on sexualy for the next century, " and "beme a mol for several Iranian newspapers of the era, " which echoed s attacks on the nservative clergy and learship for homosexual practic. In the years that followed, "Iranian revolutnari monly berated major polil figur for their sexual transgrsns, " and "revolutnary leaflets acced adult men of havg homosexual sex wh other adult men, 'of thirty-year-olds proposng fifty-year-olds and twenty-year-olds proposng forty-year-olds, right ont of the Shah.

Subsequently, "leadg nstutnalists enthiastilly joed the mpaign agast homosexualy, " wr Afary, notg that "the fluential journal Kaveh (1916-1921), published exile Berl and eded by the famo nstutnalist Hasan Taqizah, had led the movement of opn agast homosexualy... When Reza Kahn overthrew the monarchy's Qajar dynasty and ma himself shah 1925, he hered a new wave of reforms and mornizatn that clud attempts to outlaw homosexualy entirely and a feroc - ultimately succsful - asslt on classil Persian poetry.

IRANIAN GAY/QUEER ACTIVISTS AND ACTIVISM

An admirer of MN, Kasravi preached that "homosexualy was a measure of cultural backwardns, " that Sufi poets of homoeroticism led "parasic" liv, and that their queer poetry "was dangero and had to be elimated.