Prejudice, Social Strs, and Mental Health Lbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populatns: Conceptual Issu and Rearch Evince - PMC

Contents:

• MENTAL HEALTH LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR (LGBT) YOUTH
• MENTAL HEALTH CHALLENG OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENR PEOPLE: AN TEGRATED LERATURE REVIEW
• PREJUDICE, SOCIAL STRS, AND MENTAL HEALTH LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL POPULATNS: CONCEPTUAL ISSU AND REARCH EVINCE
• SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

MENTAL HEALTH LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR (LGBT) YOUTH

The phrase “g out” is ed to refer to several aspects of lbian, gay, and bisexual persons’ experienc: self-awarens of same-sex attractns; the tellg of one or a few people about the attractns; wispread disclosure of same-sex attractns; and intifitn wh the lbian, gay, and bisexual muny. Yet the first public and rearch attentn to young LGBTs foced explicly on mental health: A small number of studi the 1980s began to intify ncerng rat of reported suicidal behavr among “gay” youth, and a US feral report on “gay youth suici” (Gibson 1989) beme ntroversial both polics and rearch (Rsell 2003). 1948, 1953) and psychologil parisons between heterosexual and gay men (Hooker 1957) fostered a change attus om the psychologil muny and motivated the APA’s removal of homosexualy as a mental disorr 1973 (although all ndns related to same-sex attractn were not removed until 1987).

Generally, Meyer (2003) poss three strs procs om distal to proximal: (a) objective or external strsors, which clu stctural or stutnalized discrimatn and direct terpersonal teractns of victimizatn or prejudice; (b) one’s expectatns that victimizatn or rejectn will occur and the vigilance related to the expectatns; and (c) the ternalizatn of negative social attus (often referred to as ternalized homophobia). As a rult, lbian and gay youth livg unti wh fewer sexual orientatn and genr inty (SOGI)-specific antibullyg polici are twice as likely to report past-year suici attempts than youth livg areas where the polici were more monplace (Hatzenbuehler & Key 2013) wh school environments, is also important to nsir youths’ muny ntext.

E., those wh more protectns for same-sex upl, greater number of registered Democrats, prence of gay-straight allianc (GSAs) schools, and SOGI-specific nondiscrimatn and antibullyg polici] are ls likely to attempt suici even after ntrollg for other risk ditors, such as a history of physil abe, prsive symptomatology, drkg behavrs, and peer victimizatn (Hatzenbuehler 2011). At one extreme, the Tennsee legislature failed to pass the “Don’t Say Gay” bill, which would have ma illegal for teachers to discs homosexualy wh stunts; at the other, the “Mental Health Servic for At-Risk Youth” bill California allows youth ag 12 to 17 to nsent to mental health treatment whout parental permissn and was signed to enable LGBT youth to seek mental health servic pennt of parental nsent. For example, a study of 77 gay male llege stunts showed that young gay men’s psychosocial functng (cludg openns wh their sexual orientatn) was improved through exprsive wrg that targeted gay-related strs, pecially for those who reported lower social support or who wrote about more severe topics (Pachankis & Goldied 2010).

MENTAL HEALTH CHALLENG OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENR PEOPLE: AN TEGRATED LERATURE REVIEW

E., substance e)Genr intyone’s sense and subjective experience of genr (malens/femalens), which may or may not be nsistent wh birth sexSexual orientatnendurg sense of emotnal, sexual attractn to others based on their sex/genrSOGIsexual orientatn and genr intyGSAGay-Straight Alliance school clubSexual intyself-label to scribe one’s sexual orientatn, such as lbian, gay, bisexual, or straightCBOmuny-based anizatnFootnotDISCLOSURE STATEMENTThe thors are not aware of any affiliatns, memberships, fundg, or fancial holdgs that might be perceived as affectg the objectivy of this review.

The LGBT dividuals have unique experienc that are shaped by multiple factors, such as race/ethnicy, soc-enomic stat, geographil lotn and age, not jt sexual orientatn (Farmer & Yancu 2015:37) lbian, gay, bisexual and transgenr people differ om ‘tradnal’ mori two aspects: (1) they are not necsarily regnisable through physil characteristics and (2) they are still perceived many ntexts as actg agast natural procs (Takács 2015:10).

N = 914 subjects who had sexual partners of the same sex the past 12 months, the past 5 years, or sce age 18, reprentative sample of sexual mori om the non-stutnalised English-speakg USA populatn aged 18 and vtigate whether stctural stigma (livg muni wh high levels of anti-gay prejudice) creas the risk of premature mortaly for sexual mori.

PREJUDICE, SOCIAL STRS, AND MENTAL HEALTH LBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL POPULATNS: CONCEPTUAL ISSU AND REARCH EVINCE

N = 770 rponnts who self-intified as lbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgenr (91 transgenr and 676 non-transgenr), over the age of 19 asss whether transgenr inty is associated wh an elevated probabily of reported discrimatn, prsn symptoms and suicidal attempts pared wh non-transgenr LGB dividuals. N = 2846 LGBT dividuals non-probabilistic and tentnally sampled analyse the associatn between ternalised homophobia, homophobic vlence, discrimatn, and muny nnectedns and alhol e and prsive symptoms LGBT dividuals(h) Aims and objectiv clearly stated(h) Study sign aquately scribed(h) Rearch methods appropriate(nr) Explic theoretil amework(l) Limatns prented(i) Implitns discsedData abstractn and synthisTwo rearchers analysed the selected publitns penntly by thematic analysis. The mory strs mol (Meyer 2003:35) helps to unrstand the relatnships between (1) external strsors such as stigmatisatn, discrimatn and victimisatn based on a person’s mory stat and (2) ternal strsors such as expectatns of rejectn, ncealment of sexual orientatn and ternalised homophobia.

The APA “Guil for Psychologil Practice wh Lbian, Gay and Bisexual Clients” (APA, 2012) is a good place for trae to start learng about the bt practic for workg wh sexual mory clients a manner that is nsistent wh a strength-based addn to the above-mentned guil, perspectiv such as Schrier and Lasser’s (2010) posive levels of attu n be rporated wh trag programs to promote posive subjective experienc ssn wh LGBT clients.

Readgs on heterosexual inty velopment (Worthgton, Savoy, Dillon, & Vernaglia, 2002) as well as homosexual inty velopment and the g out procs (Bellonci, 1997; Cass, 1996; Troin, 1989) would serve as an important supplement to foster open-mdns and social telligence heterosexual and LGBT trae. Creativy, tegry and valy As an aspect of the character strength of tegry (Peterson & Seligman, 2004), efforts to support and affirm thentic exprsns of self may rce or elimate the negative impacts of proximal strs such as ternalized homonegativy and/or cissexism and fears about disclosure.

SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

In rearch on aspects of the character strength of cizenship, Cox and lleagu (2010), found that high levels of affiliatn wh LGB others among youth was lked to lower levels of ternalized homonegativy and may build the character strength of urage and foster posive subjective experienc of rilience the future. Although some have lked religsy wh higher levels of ternalized homonegativy (Lytle, 2012; Walker & Longmire-Aval, 2013), particularly for non-affirmg relig anizatns (Barn & Meyer, 2012), more recent work has suggted that spirualy may serve as a source of rilience and tegry sexual and genr mori (Rodriguez & Vghan, 2013).