Sexual Inty Development among Gay, Lbian, and Bisexual Youths: Consistency and Change Over Time - PMC

Contents:

• LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR PERSONS AND SOCENOMIC STAT
• [STUDY ON GAY INTY STAT AND S ASSOCIATN WH SEXUAL BEHAVRS AMONG MEN WHO HAS SEX WH MEN XJIANG UYGUR AUTONOMO REGN]
• HETERONORMATIVY THE LIV OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER YOUNG PEOPLE
• AM I GAY? HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU ARE GAY?
• IRS 'WHISTLEBLOWER X,' A GAY DEMOCRAT, REVEALS INTY AND TELLS CONGRS HE WAS BLOCKED OM INVTIGATG HUNTER BIN
• HOW DO I KNOW IF I AM GAY? SIGNS YOU ARE GAY
• IRS 'WHISTLEBLOWER X,' A GAY DEMOCRAT, REVEALS INTY AND TELLS CONGRS HE WAS BLOCKED OM INVTIGATG HUNTER BIN
• LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR HEALTH
• SEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL YOUTHS: CONSISTENCY AND CHANGE OVER TIME

LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR PERSONS AND SOCENOMIC STAT

Keywords: gay, lbian, bisexual, transgenr, genr, tersectnaly, sexualy, youth/emergg adulthoodHeteronormativy is fed as the prumptn and privilegg of genr nformy, heterosexualy, and nuclear fai over all other “viant” forms of genr exprsn, sexualy, and fai (Oswald, Kuvalanka, Blume, & Berkowz, 2009). In the current study, we e the guidg ameworks of queer and tersectnal theori to exame how lbian, gay, bisexual, and queer young adults discs heteronormativy their life history narrativ to better unrstand how they scribe, unrme, and/or rerce heteronormativy.

For example, this procs occurs when youth assert social posns of masculy and heterosexualy by engagg homophobic sexual harassment of genr nonnformg youth, regardls of whether or not the youth actually intify as gay (Hequembourg & Brallier, 2009; Marto, 2000; Pase, 2011; Way, 2011) fay theorists have broaned the e of queer ameworks to exame and crique how societal disurse creat, privileg, and stigmatiz particular fay stctur to further mata the social posns of masculy and heterosexualy (Allen & Menz, 2018; Oswald et al., 2009). Queer embodiment of heteronormativy has created a polics of “homonormativy” that privileg same-genr attracted people who appear heteronormative, highlightg same-genr upl who are genr nformg, monogamo, and fay-oriented (Allen & Menz, 2018; Duggan, 2002).

[STUDY ON GAY INTY STAT AND S ASSOCIATN WH SEXUAL BEHAVRS AMONG MEN WHO HAS SEX WH MEN XJIANG UYGUR AUTONOMO REGN]

Sexual mory youth also value marriage (Sav-Williams, 2011) and expect to raise children (D’Augelli, Renda, Grossman, & Sclair, 2007), valu nsistent wh homonormativy; however, whether sexual mory young adults n or want to meet the expectatns n pend on other important inti.

Combg sampl of lbian, gay, and bisexual young adults whout examg distctns between and wh the groups ignor the important role that genr and heterosexualy norms play the liv of people at the margs, namely people of lor, transgenr people, bisexual people, and cisgenr women (Few-Demo, Humble, Curran, & Lloyd, 2016; hooks, 2000). Demographic Informatn of Interview ParticipantsAgeAssigned Sex at BirthGenrSexual IntyRace/EthnicyVirgia24FemaleWomanBisexualBlackLeonardo21MaleGenrqueerGayMexinSierra21FemaleWomanBisexualChinaEstrella20FemaleWomanBisexualMultiracial LataKayla18FemaleWomanPansexualWheDaniel23MaleManGayLato Whe MultiracialLus23MaleManQueer/GayLato Native AmerinAutumn18FemaleGenrqueerPansexualWheGraham22MaleQueerGayNative AmerinSofia22FemaleWomanLbianLata WheAspen19FemaleQueerGayWhe MexinMateo23MaleMaleHomosexualLato WheProcreInterviews took place quiet areas nvenient to participants, cludg mp offic, public parks near their hom, and ffee shops. (Virgia)Genr exprsn ()validatg sexual inty8Genr nonnformy signaled nonheterosexualy and genr nformy signaled heterosexualyMen and participants assigned male at birth4Femy was such a clear signal of gay inty that many did not need to e out; but sometim distanced themselv and their genr and sexual inti om femyI wasn’t a very mascule boy so no one said anythg, no one told my mom anythg, no one told my dad anythg [about beg gay].

(Estrella)Negotiatg genred fay formatn6Discsed fay formatn tradnal ways; few nversatns about marriageMen and participants assigned male at birth3Fatherhood is unattaable for gay men; this would be the biggt disappotment for parents which ma disclosure difficult[My mom] was like, “I don’t know why you didn’t tell me sooner, I feel bad, what did I do that ma you thk that you uldn’t e to me sooner? Participants scribed this genr nonnformy as prent nearly om birth; for example, Leonardo, who intified as Mexin, gay, and genrqueer, unrstood om an early age that, pared to his peers, his behavrs and appearance were genr nonnformg: “I know that I’ve known that I wasn’t like boys. ”“I Thk She Knew that I Was Gay”: Genr Exprsn (In)Validatg Sexual IntyFor many participants, was impossible to separate or unrstand their genr exprsn, particularly exprsns of femy, om their sexual inti; further, participant scriptns of this overlap tersected wh genr and sexual inti.

HETERONORMATIVY THE LIV OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER YOUNG PEOPLE

Cisgenr men and participants assigned male at birth directly nnected genr nonnformg behavr, particularly femy, to gay or queer inti such that they did not feel they need to disclose their sexual inty to fay members bee their femy ma their sexual inty clear. ” The unrlyg assumptn is that some gree of genr nonnformy is socially acceptable if one intifi as a gay man, and that intifyg as female or transgenr would be too transgrsive; th, male inti are privileged even the ntext of feme genr cisgenr men and participants assigned male at birth the sample scribed how their genr nonnformy nfirmed their sexual inty, genr nformg cisgenr women, stggled to have others regnize their sexual inti.

” Lus, a queer/gay Lato Native Amerin man and an only child que close to his supportive mother and grandmother, said, “The only thg that I was aaid of once I started realizg my sexualy was that [my mother] would be disappoted that I wouldn’t have kids. This fdg om our sample expands on rearch that shows that genr nonnformy serv as a proxy for sexual inty for all genrs, but small viatns om masculy among men dit nonheterosexualy whereas women mt monstrate much more dramatic genr nonnformy to be seen as nonheterosexual (Mize & Manago, 2018; Nielsen et al., 2000) our tersectnal examatn of this theme, we found that Latx young adults often suated their narrativ of heteronormativy experienc of homophobia or machismo wh their muni.

AM I GAY? HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU ARE GAY?

This stereotype that muni of lor are more homophobic and are more likely to enforce hegemonic masculy, bed wh the visibily of Whe lonialism’s direct role enforcg the norms the muni, may lead young adults of lor to scribe their racial and ethnic muni as sourc of heteronormative expectatns ways that Whe young adults do not. Although Latx participants may ternalize the ia that their muni are more homophobic and more likely to enforce hegemonic masculy norms, our study suggts that disurs of machismo provi a amework to discs and nont the norms ways that other young adults (i.

That is, sexualy should always be oriented towards cisgenr men, which is reflected how participants assigned male at birth the current study foced on their attractn to mascule men while participants assigned female at birth, even those who intified as gay or lbian, were often open to or engaged relatnships wh heteronormativy, “te” fai are nsired those that are tied by blood relatns; specifilly, children born om two blogil parents (Oswald et al., 2009).

IRS 'WHISTLEBLOWER X,' A GAY DEMOCRAT, REVEALS INTY AND TELLS CONGRS HE WAS BLOCKED OM INVTIGATG HUNTER BIN

The narrativ of participants assigned male at birth the current study are nsistent wh rearch showg that many gay men rema dnted by legal, social, and fancial barriers the path to parenthood spe changg norms and availabily to create fai (Berkowz, 2007; Goldberg, 2012). Individual differenc perceived burn among lbian, gay, and bisexual youth has been shown to be associated wh suici and suicidal iatn (Baams et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2015); although we did not fd lks between perceived burn and heteronormativy the terviews, there may be differenc the life history narrativ of young adults who do not report high levels of perceived burn. Studi also found that LGBQ+ dividuals had lower general self-acceptance pared to heterosexual participants, bisexual dividuals had lower sexualy self-acceptance pared to lbian/gay dividuals, and lbian women had lower sexualy self-acceptance pared to gay men.

HOW DO I KNOW IF I AM GAY? SIGNS YOU ARE GAY

Keywords: Self-acceptance, Mory strs, Mental health, Sexual orientatn, SexualyIntroductnMany dividuals who intify as lbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and wh other non-heterosexual orientatns (LGBQ+) experience strsors wh societal ntexts which privilege heterosexualy as the normal and preferred sexual orientatn (Meyer, 2003). The aforementned mographic summari were lculated only for studi that prented sufficient mographic 1Characteristics of the clud studiReferencCountry of origYear data llectedSample sourceNSexual orientatnGenrEthnicyAge (years)M (SD); rangeElizur and Mtzer (2001, 2003)IsraelNSGay meetg plac, clubs, associatns, HIV ttg clics, snowballg121100% gay100% men89% Israeli3211% other23−72Gil (2007)IsraelNSUnrgraduate psychology hort and universy gay stunt support group18042% gay100% men80% Israeli23 (1. (2015)Israel2010LGBTQ + social media groups and web foms89079% lbian/gay48% womenNS3215% bisexual52% men12−605% qutng1% queerSiegelman (1979)UKNSNewspaper advertisements, lbian anizatns, universy stunts, and snowballg11063% lbian100% womenNS3537% heterosexualYanyk and Nasledov (2017)RsiaNSOnle LGBTQ + muni and social works.

10Table 3Group parison studi: Summary of measur and rultsStudyGroup 1Group 2Self-acceptance measureAnalysisRultsEffect sizeComparisons of general self-acceptanceGil (2007)Gay menHeterosexual menGSA: PWS-SASInpennt sampl t ttGay men had lower SAS than heterosexual mend = 0.

IRS 'WHISTLEBLOWER X,' A GAY DEMOCRAT, REVEALS INTY AND TELLS CONGRS HE WAS BLOCKED OM INVTIGATG HUNTER BIN

17*There was no signifint difference between the groups and feme lbian womenNSAShilo and Savaya (2011)Gay/lbian women and menBisexual women and menSAS: SAQInpennt sampl t ttBisexual women and men had signifintly lower SAS than lbian/gay women and mend = 7.

DSA = Dignan (1965) Self-Acceptance Sle; GIQ-AHS = Gay Inty Qutnnaire, Acceptance of Homosexualy Subsle (Brady & Bse, 1994); PWS-SA = Psychologil Well-beg Sle, Self-Acceptance Subsle (Ryff, 1989); SAQ = Self-Acceptance Qutnnaire (Elizur & Mtzer, 2001)Summary of Study Fdgs and DiscsnSelf-Acceptance and Distal StrsorsMost of the relevant clud studi found that poorer LGBQ+ self-acceptance was associated wh a lack of acceptance of one’s sexualy by fay and iends. Overall, the fdgs that self-acceptance of sexualy was associated wh lower psychologil distrs and greater well-beg, as well as lower prsn symptoms HIV-negative gay men, are nsistent wh suggtns om past rearch that poor self-acceptance of one’s mory sexualy may negatively affect mental health (Meyer, 2003; Vcke & Bolton, 1994) and that greater self-acceptance may rce mental health difficulti by bufferg the negative impact of heterosexism (Aristegui et al., 2018; Elizur & Mtzer, 2001; Hershberger & D’Augelli, 1995). However, further rearch is need to explore this Comparisons between Different Sexual OrientatnsOne study found that lbian women had signifintly lower self-acceptance of sexualy than gay men a young adult sample om Israel, wh a medium effect (d = 0.

Another study nducted wh adolcents and young adults om New York found that those who intified as gay or lbian had signifintly higher self-acceptance of sexualy than those who intified as bisexual over two time pots wh, small to medium effects (6 months: η2 =. E., the Self-Acceptance Qutnnaire; the Gay Inty Qutnnaire, Acceptance of Homosexualy subsle; the modified Copg and Change Measure, and the modified Mayfield Internalized Homonegativy Inventory, Self-Acceptance subsle) had early evince of factor stcture and ternal nsistency, however, no known explic vtigatn of tt–rett stabily, face/ntent validy, or nstct validy.

LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR HEALTH

Boolean operators were changed to their equivalent for Web of Table ​ 4Search terms“accept*” ADJ12 (“LGB*” OR gay or lbian OR “bisex*” OR queer OR “pansex*” OR “homosex*” OR “sexual mory” OR “same sex attractn” OR “sexual orientatn” OR sexualy OR “men who have sex wh men” OR “women who have sex wh women” OR non-heterosexual OR “sexual preference” OR “sexual inty”)OR“self-accept*” and (“LGB*” OR gay OR lbian OR “bisex*” OR queer OR “pansex*” OR “homosex*” OR “sexual mory” OR “same sex attractn” OR “sexual orientatn” OR sexualy OR “men who have sex wh men” OR “women who have sex wh women” OR non-heterosexual OR “sexual preference” OR “sexual inty”)ADJ12 = adjacent wh 12 wordsAppendix 2: Methodologil Qualy RatgsSee Table ​ 5Qualy ratgs of the clud studi’ methodology g the AXIS Cril Appraisal ToolReferencCreriaSr1234567891011121314151617181920ReportDignBiasTotalElizur and Mtzer (2001, 2003)++−+−−−+++++−−++++−+74213Gil (2007)++−+−−+++++++−++++? Although youths who nsistently intified as gay/lbian did not differ om other youths on time sce experiencg sexual velopmental ton, they reported current sexual orientatn and sexual behavrs that were more same-sex centered and they sred higher on aspects of the inty tegratn procs (e.

SEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL YOUTHS: CONSISTENCY AND CHANGE OVER TIME

G., more certa, fortable, and acceptg of their same-sex sexualy, more volved gay-related social activi, more posssg of posive attus toward homosexualy, and more fortable wh others knowg about their sexualy) than youths who transed to a gay/lbian inty and youths who nsistently intified as bisexual.

Keywords: Comg-out procs, sexual inty, sexual orientatn, sexual behavr, ternalized homophobia, gay, lbian, bisexual, adolcents, longudal, genr differencThe velopment of a gay, lbian, or bisexual (GLB) sexual inty is a plex and often difficult procs. Inty formatn nsists of beg aware of one’s unfoldg sexual orientatn, begng to qutn whether one may be GLB, and explorg that emergg GLB inty by beg volved gay-related social activi and/or sexual activi (Cass, 1979; Chapman & Brannock, 1987; Morris, 1997; Troin, 1989).

This is evint by the dividual g to accept a GLB inty, rolvg ternalized homophobia by transformg negative attus to posive attus, feelg fortable wh the ia that others may know about the unfoldg inty, and disclosg that inty to others (Morris, 1997; Rosar et al., 2001). Given ngence theory, we hypothize that youths wh a nsistent gay/lbian inty would have a sexual orientatn that is more same-sex centered and would be more likely to report same-sex behavrs but ls likely to report other-sex behavrs than youths who, for example, recently transed om a bisexual inty to a gay/lbian inty. In an earlier report on our sample, we found that youths who self-intified as gay/lbian, as pared wh bisexual, were volved more gay-related social activi, endorsed more posive attus toward homosexualy, were more fortable wh other dividuals knowg about their same-sex sexualy, and disclosed their sexual inty to more dividuals (Rosar et al., 2001).