Public Attus Towards Homosexualy and Gay Rights Across Time and Countri - Williams Instute

Contents:

• KEV MAXEN BE FIRST MALE ACH A US MEN’S PROFSNAL SPORTS LEAGUE TO PUBLICLY E OUT AS GAY
• QT MARSHALL PCHED ANTHONY BOWENS 'I'M GAY' LE ON AEW RAMPAGE
• WHY GAY PARENTS MAY BE THE BT PARENTS
• PUBLIC ATTUS TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALY AND GAY RIGHTS ACROSS TIME AND COUNTRI
• PARENTS’ FLUENCE ON LBIAN, GAY, OR BISEXUAL TEENS
• JACKSONVILLE JAGUARS ASSISTANT STRENGTH ACH KEV MAXEN OUT PUBLICLY AS GAY
• WHAT’S GOOD ABOUT BEG GAY?: PERSPECTIV OM YOUTH
• GENR INTIFITN AND ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE: GENR AND SEXUALY DIFFERENC AND SIARI
• POSIVE REPRENTATN OF GAY CHARACTERS MOVI FOR RCG HOMOPHOBIA
• GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT

KEV MAXEN BE FIRST MALE ACH A US MEN’S PROFSNAL SPORTS LEAGUE TO PUBLICLY E OUT AS GAY

Bee of the fluence of Schorr put siarly Natnal Review: “To suggt that social suggtibily uld be playg a role the skyrocketg numbers of young girls’ exprsg their sire to bee mal, for example, is not of urse to say that gay and transgenr people would not exist whout the topics’ beg discsed the public square. In fact, some ways, gay parents may brg talents to the table that straight parents don' parents "tend to be more motivated, more mted than heterosexual parents on average, bee they chose to be parents, " said Abbie Goldberg, a psychologist at Clark Universy Massachetts who rearch gay and lbian parentg.

) [5 Myths About Gay People Debunked]Adoptg the needitGay adoptn recently ed ntroversy Illois, where Catholic Chari adoptn servic cid November to cease offerg servic bee the state refed fundg unls the groups agreed not to discrimate agast gays and lbians.

QT MARSHALL PCHED ANTHONY BOWENS 'I'M GAY' LE ON AEW RAMPAGE

More than half of the kids adopted by gays and lbians had special report didn't pare the adoptn preferenc of gay upl directly wh those of heterosexual upl, said thor David Brodzsky, rearch director at the Instute and -edor of "Adoptn By Lbians and Gay Men: A New Dimensn of Fay Diversy" (Oxford Universy Prs, 2011).

Part of that uld be their own preferenc, and part uld be bee of discrimatn by adoptn agenci that puts more difficult children wh what seworkers see as "ls sirable" matter how you slice , Brodzsky told LiveScience, gays and lbians are highly terted adoptn as a group. "When you thk about the 114, 000 children who are eed for adoptn who ntue to live foster re and who are not beg readily adopted, the goal is to crease the pool of available, terted and well-traed dividuals to parent the children, " Brodzsky addn, Brodzsky said, there's evince to suggt that gays and lbians are pecially acceptg of open adoptns, where the child retas some ntact wh his or her birth parents. "Intertgly, we fd that a small percentage, but enough to be noteworthy, [of birth mothers] make a nsc cisn to place wh gay men, so they n be the only mother their child's life, " Brodzsky parentgRearch has shown that the kids of same-sex upl — both adopted and blogil kids — fare no worse than the kids of straight upl on mental health, social functng, school performance and a variety of other life-succs a 2010 review of virtually every study on gay parentg, New York Universy soclogist Judh Stacey and Universy of Southern California soclogist Tim Biblarz found no differenc between children raised hom wh two heterosexual parents and children raised wh lbian parents.

"There's no doubt whatsoever om the rearch that children wh two lbian parents are growg up to be jt as well-adjted and succsful" as children wh a male and a female parent, " Stacey told is very ltle rearch on the children of gay men, so Stacey and Biblarz uldn't draw nclns on those fai. "The dividuals feel like their perspectiv on fay, on genr, on sexualy have largely been enhanced by growg up wh gay parents, " Goldberg 33-year-old man wh a lbian mother told Goldberg, "I feel I'm a more open, well-round person for havg been raised a nontradnal fay, and I thk those that know me would agree.

WHY GAY PARENTS MAY BE THE BT PARENTS

The vast majory of regular churchgoers who hear about homosexualy church say the msage is a negative rather than a ntral or posive one: overall, 76% say their clergy disurage homosexualy, while 4% say clergy favor acceptance of ; only 16% say their clergy take no posn when they speak about the issue. For example, Great Bra, the percent sayg that sexual relatns between two adults of the same genr were “always wrong” fell om 64% 1987 to 22% 2012 (Park & Rhead 2013) and the Uned Stat approval of gay marriage climbed om 11% 1988 to 48% 2012 (Smh & Son 2013). It nsirs 1) what the trends have been and how chang vary across untri, 2) cross-natnal differenc support of homosexualy and gay rights and what untry-level factors expla the cross-natnal variatn, 3) mographic rrelat of support for homosexualy/gay rights, 4) the nnectn of hort differenc to trends, and 5) the bed role of dividual and untry-level variabl on shapg attus towards homosexualy and gay rights.

“The key issue that Bud Light tapped to was the fact that they didn’t unrstand their re dience and know enough about them,” Hodson, a gay man, told CNN about the ntroversy that began when the Anhser-Bch beer brand sent fluencer Dylan Mulvaney a n of beer. Gay Water might not have the ep pockets pared to s petors, like Whe Claw, but “even at small sle, pani of many siz are havg succs makg spir-based seltzers and premixed cktails,” Bryan Roth, an analyst for Feel Goods Company and edor of the alhol beverage newsletter, Sightl+, told CNN. “There’s lots of space the spir-based seltzer tegory which Gay Water n play, pecially if the brand n offer a cultural or emotnal nnectn that will feel more excg than the prospect of another peapple-flavored vodka seltzer om natnal or ternatnal rporatns,” Roth said.

PUBLIC ATTUS TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALY AND GAY RIGHTS ACROSS TIME AND COUNTRI

This was one of the few studi found to prent riliency strategi veloped by gay/bisexual adolcents to bat negative social and cultural ntug rearch is need on the velopmental challeng faced by LGB adolcents, pecially those who are also members of other opprsed groups such as youth of lor, a parallel le of scientific quiry is also need to explore the strengths and rilienci monstrated by LGB youth. Such limatns do not allow for a more nuanced unrstandg of the current lived experienc of LGB youth’s inty exploratn procs, as has been seen more recent qualative studi of sexual orientatn inty (Ja, Harper, Fernanz, & the ATN, 2009)The purpose of the current study is to provi sights to the posive nceptualizatns that gay/bisexual male adolcents posss regardg their sexual orientatn inty utilizg qualative phenomenologil and nstctivist ameworks. Although we did quire about the full range of perceptns and experienc related to sexual orientatn inty the larger study om which the data were extracted, we chose to foc solely on the posive aspects of posssg a gay/bisexual sexual orientatn inty for the current vtigatn given the lack of empiril data foced specifilly on riliency-related factors among gay/bisexual male adolcents.

Sce prr rearch also has monstrated that sexual orientatn inty velopment for female adolcents and adults is different than that of male adolcents and adults (Diamond, 2005; Diamond & Sav-Williams, 2000; Schneir, 2001), we also foc this vtigatn exclively on gay/bisexual male adolcents. In orr to take part the study, participants met the followg eligibily creria: 1) be blogilly male; 2) be between the ag of 14 and 22; 3) self-intify as Ain Amerin, Hispanic/Lato, or Whe non-Hispanic/European Amerin; 4) self-intify as gay, bisexual, or qutng; 5) have no knowledge of beg HIV posive; 6) live the Chigo or Miami metropolan area; and 7) read and unrstand English.

The youth reprented the qualative subsample of adolcents who participated a larger mixed-methods rearch study foced on multiple inty velopment and sexual risk/protectn among gay/bisexual male adolcents, which was nducted wh the Adolcent Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventns.

PARENTS’ FLUENCE ON LBIAN, GAY, OR BISEXUAL TEENS

The ame was stratified by age (14–17, 18–20, and 21–22), level of gay/bisexual sexual orientatn inty (low and high), and race/ethnicy (Ain Amerin, European Amerin, and Lato) orr to produce a sample that reprents velopmental and inty-related variatns. Um, 's, 's very easy to, to, when you do fd somebody that is, that is very siar to yourself, 's very easy to fd a nnectn wh them bee they've endured a lot of the same hardships that you have and, and you, and 's easy to talk, I feel like 's very easy to talk to somebody else who is gay, bee they've experienced a lot of the same thgs that I have g and velopg their inty.

(Kev, 21 year old, Multiracial bisexual male)Gay/bisexual youth who reported the rejectn of stereotyp as another form of riliency strsed the importance of velopg a posive sense of self that is not rtricted by societal msag regardg what gay/bisexual men “should” do, thk, and feel. Exampl of such munal efforts may clu the anizatn of polil ralli and public foms or participatn tnal enavors to discs issu primarily affectg LGBT discsg their sexual inti, many participants scribed exampl of societal margalizatn and discrimatn of gay/bisexual people that is nsistent wh prev rearch (c. Addnally, unlike past rearch, fdgs monstrated participants’ emphasis on actively ristg discrimatn, which uld serve as another potential pg strategy or source of om this study n be ed to shed light on broar issu of social and cultural ponents of gay/bisexual male adolcents’ sense of self and self-acceptance, which may fluence healthy adolcent velopment.

The study’s fdgs offer a clearer unrstandg of how societal msag play a role gay/bisexual male youths’ self perceptns and offer sight to ways to improve the healthy functng of gay/bisexual youth by challengg negative societal fdgs may also offer rmatn for the velopment of mental and physil health promotn programs that emphasize the posive aspects of gay/bisexual sexual orientatn inty, and the role that self acceptance n play promotg healthy thoughts and behavrs. One example of such a program is the Mpowerment Project, which is a wily ed sexual health promotn terventn that clus a foc on enhancg gay/bisexual young men’s acceptance of their sexual orientatn utilizg muny mobilizatn and peer-based strategi orr to addrs unique munal needs and empower s members (Kegel, Hays, & Coat, 1996; Kegel, Hays, Pollack, Coat, 1999) orr for programs to be succsful, dividuals workg wh gay/bisexual dividuals mt be sensive to issu unique to LGB youth populatns. By unrstandg the varied msag that gay/bisexual male adolcents receive about their sexual orientatn and how they tegrate this rmatn to their self perceptn, dividuals workg wh gay/bisexual male youth will be better prepared for helpg them to velop a healthy sense of self.

JACKSONVILLE JAGUARS ASSISTANT STRENGTH ACH KEV MAXEN OUT PUBLICLY AS GAY

Furthermore, social service and health re provirs should be aware of muny nnectns that support healthy inty velopment orr to assist adolcents makg cril social support rmatn prented this study advanc our unrstandg of factors that fluence the self-perceptns of sexual orientatn inty among gay/bisexual youth. In addn, this sample was rtricted to male youth; therefore, the life experienc of lbian and bisexual young women were not summary, the current data suggt that spe experienc of LGB-related opprsn and margalizatn, gay/bisexual male youth are able to synthize their experienc orr to nstct a more posive sexual orientatn inty. The data speak to the need to enurage and promote more rearch that explor the liv of gay/bisexual youth utilizg a strengths-based wellns mol orr to provi a more prehensive view of gay/bisexual youth’s velopment (Marszalek & Cashwell, 1999; Rof, 2005).

While ntued rearch on the challeng that gay/bisexual youth face is still need orr to rm future terventns and public policy, the studi should be ut not to view gay/bisexual youth through a fic-foced lens which prents gay/bisexual youth as ferr to heterosexual youth.

Instead, rearchers should strive to ntextualize the life experienc and physil/mental health out of gay/bisexual youth by explorg the potentially negative fluence of progrsg through cril velopmental phas while livg heterosexist and opprsive environments. In addn, studi foced on negative physil and mental health out should strive not only to explore risk factors for such out, but also exame riliency-based factors which may offer sights to how some gay/bisexual youth are able to thrive the face of qualative and quantative rearch foced on the velopment of a posive sexual orientatn inty among gay/bisexual youth is need.

WHAT’S GOOD ABOUT BEG GAY?: PERSPECTIV OM YOUTH

To tt this assumptn, we nducted a study aimed at examg the relatnship between genr intifitn and attus toward lbians and gay men among people of different genrs and sexual Iology and Attus toward Gay PeopleGenr iology, broad terms, is ually unrstood as an dividual’s ternalizatn of cultural belief systems and attus toward members of a particular genr group.

GENR INTIFITN AND ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE: GENR AND SEXUALY DIFFERENC AND SIARI

Prev rults revealed that endorsement of TMI was associated wh negative attus toward women (Corprew III et al., 2014; Gage &Lease, 2018; Hyatt et al., 2017; Lease et al., 2020; Stanr et al., 2018) and gay people (Barron et al., 2008; Keiller, 2010; McDermott et al., 2014; Parrott et al., 2002) scholars have suggted that tradnal genr iologi might expla genr differenc attus toward gay men and lbian women. This difference is likely due to straight people exprsg more negative attus than sexual mory dividuals toward sexual together, studi on tradnal genr iologi may expla the differenc attus toward gay people that exist between men and women, and between straight and sexual mory dividuals.

POSIVE REPRENTATN OF GAY CHARACTERS MOVI FOR RCG HOMOPHOBIA

Sce people of diverse genrs and sexuali support different genr iologi, one might assume that the groups there will be a different relatnship between genr intifitn and attus toward gay particular, sce TMI impli stricter adherence to differenc between men and women than TFI, we hypothized that stronger genr intifitn among men would be associated wh more negative attus toward lbians and gay men than among women (hypothis 1). In addn, sce straight dividuals were found to endorse tradnal genr iologi more than sexual mory dividuals, we hypothized that stronger genr intifitn would be associated wh more negative attus toward lbians and gay men among straight people than among sexual mory dividuals (hypothis 2) wh stronger genr intifitn attribute more stereotypil characteristics to genr -group members, give a more posive asssment of people who nform to genr stereotyp, and a more negative asssment of people who vlate them. Sce, acrdg to tradnal genr iologi, men should emphasize their differenc om women more than women do om men, we hypothized that stronger genr intifitn would be associated wh more negative attus toward gay men than toward lbians (hypothis 3) Context of the StudyMost of the studi on the relatnship between tradnal genr iologi, genr inty and attus toward gay people have been nducted the USA and some European untri that are ually characterized by relatively high levels of genr equaly and posive attus toward gay people.

In our opn, featur of the social ntext would strengthen the lk between genr intifitn and attus toward lbians and gay featur of the social ntext dite that, on the one hand, tradnal genr iologi are wispread Rsia, and, on the other, there are no social norms that lim the exprsn of negative attus toward lbians and gay men. In particular, several studi have revealed that bisexual people tend to be exclud by both straight and gay dividuals; they were stereotyped as ls tstworthy, ls cled toward monogamo relatnships and not as able to mata a long-term relatnship (Burke &LaFrance, 2016; Zivony &Lobel, 2014).

Table 1 Dcriptive statistics and Pearson rrelatnsFull size tableAttus toward Gay Men and Lbian WomenTo measure attus toward gay men and lbian women, we ed qutnnair measurg the perceived abnormaly of non-straight sexual orientatn through negative emotns toward gay people and support for their rights. All qutnnair had two different versns ed for randomly assigned rponnts: one versn, prented to 438 participants, referred to ‘gay men’, while the send, referrg to ‘lbian women’, was prented to 413 measure the perceived abnormaly of beg a gay person, we ed the Threat to Moraly sle om the Rsian Attus to Homosexuals Inventory (RAHI; Gulevich et al., 2016). Next, the teractn between genr intifitn and the rponnts’ sexual orientatn (hypothis 2) was examed, followed by the teractn between genr intifitn and the type of attus toward gay people (hypothis 3) analysis was nducted the R environment (R Core Team, 2020).

GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Simple slop analysis (see Table 4) further dited that, except for the lk between SI and support for munitn rights, the higher levels of SI and SD ponents of genr intifitn were more strongly related to more negative attus toward gay men and lbian women the subsample of men than women. However, the current rults revealed genr differenc asssg the perceived normaly of homosexualy, negative emotns toward gay people, and support for their fay and munitn general, the study’s fdgs supported the assumptn that more negative attus toward gay people were predicted by stronger genr intifitn of the rponnts. They showed that the subsample of men, stronger gnive and emotnal-evaluative ponents of genr intifitn were associated wh more negative attus toward gay men and lbian women, while the subsample of women this associatn was prent only for support for munitn general, the rults are le wh those om a Swiss study that monstrated that strong genr intifitn was associated wh more negative attus toward gay people among men, but not women (Falomir-Pichastor &Mugny, 2009).

Taken together, the fdgs dited that the lk between genr intifitn and attus toward gay men and lbian women was morated by genr and sexual, we hypothized that genr intifitn would be associated wh more negative attus toward gay men than lbian women. At the same time, our rearch has revealed that genr intifitn, pecially s gnive ponent, is strongly related to attus toward gay men and lbian women, though the lk was morated by one’s genr and sexual, prev studi were nducted North Amerin and European untri, and their rults were based on predomantly straight rponnts. Th, although possible, we believe is unlikely that the relatnship between genr intifitn and attus toward homosexual dividuals would have been affected by social sirabily (see Tracey, 2016), our data did not allow for an examatn of the lk among cisgenr and transgenr dividuals.

In the Uned Stat this greater visibily brought some backlash, particularly om the ernment and the police: the ernment often fired gay civil servants, the ary attempted to purge s ranks of gay soldiers (a policy enacted durg World War II), and police vice squads equently raid gay bars and arrted their patrons. In the Uned Stat the first major male anizatn, found 1950–51 by Harry Hay Los Angel, was the Mattache Society (s name reputedly rived om a medieval French society of masked players, the Société Mattache, to reprent the public “maskg” of homosexualy), while the Dghters of Bilis (named after the Sapphic love poems of Pierre Louÿs, Chansons Bilis), found 1955 by Phyllis Lyon and Del Mart San Francis, was a leadg group for women. In Bra 1957 a missn chaired by Sir John Wolfenn issued a groundbreakg report (see Wolfenn Report) remendg that private homosexual liaisons between nsentg adults be removed om the doma of crimal law; a later the remendatn was implemented by Parliament the Sexual Offenc Act.