Frontiers | Sexual Orientatn Inty Development Milton Among Lbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Contents:

• A MOL OF GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT
• REVIEWSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIL ASPECTS OF GAY INTY VELOPMENT
• GAY AND LBIAN INTY VELOPMENT: A SOCIAL INTY PERSPECTIVE
• SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
• SEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL YOUTHS: CONSISTENCY AND CHANGE OVER TIME

A MOL OF GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT

It is nclud that the homosexual inty generally emerg a three-stage procs which the person progrs om: (1) an egocentric terpretatn of homoerotic feelgs to (2) an ternalizatn of the normative, nventnal assumptns about homosexualy to (3) a post-nventnal phase which societal norms are crilly evaluated and the posive gay inty is achieved and managed. CatnsPDFOpen Accs More filtersTL;DR: It is shown that LGBs have a higher prevalence of mental disorrs than heterosexuals and a nceptual amework is offered for unrstandg this excs prevalence of disorr terms of mory strs--explag that stigma, prejudice, and discrimatn create a hostile and strsful social environment that mental health moreread lsAbstract: In this article the thor reviews rearch evince on the prevalence of mental disorrs lbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) and shows, g meta-analys, that LGBs have a higher prevalence of mental disorrs than heterosexuals. This herage has tated discsn on mental health of lbians and gay men by associatg— even equatg— claims that LGB people have higher prevalenc of mental disorrs than heterosexual people wh the historil antigay stance and the stigmatizatn of LGB persons (Bailey, 1999).

It n be answered by batg which behavrs, gnns, or emotns should be nsired ditors of a moreread ls01 Jan 2011TL;DR: The Natnal Instut of Health asked the Instute of Medice to asss current knowledge of the health stat of lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr populatns; to intify rearch gaps and opportuni; and to outle a rearch agenda to help NIH foc s rearch this moreread lsAbstract: At a time when lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr dividuals—often referred to unr the umbrella acronym LGBT—are beg more visible society and more socially acknowledged, clicians and rearchers are faced wh plete rmatn about their health stat. To help asss the state of the science, the Natnal Instut of Health (NIH) asked the Instute of Medice (IOM) to asss current knowledge of the health stat of lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr populatns; to intify rearch gaps and opportuni; and to outle a rearch agenda to help NIH foc s rearch this area.

A mtee of experts was nvened by the IOM to nsir this task, and s fdgs are prented s report, The Health of Lbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgenr People: Buildg a Foundatn for Better moreread lsJournal Article•DOI•TL;DR: In this article, a qutnnaire was nstcted to measure a number of factors believed to be cril to homosexual inty velopment and the rults dited that the fdgs were not the rult of rearcher bias, a discrimant analysis was rried moreread lsAbstract: Of late, rearchers the area of homosexualy have emphasized the study of homosexual inty formatn. This dited that the moreread lsTL;DR: Rults dite that schools have the abily to lsen negative out for LGB and sexually qutng stunts through creatg posive climat and rcg homophobic moreread lsAbstract: Lbian, gay, and bisexual stunts (LGB) and those qutng their sexual orientatn are often at great risk for negative out like prsn, suicidaly, dg e, and school difficulti (Ellt and Kilpatrick, How to Stop Bullyg, A KIDSCAPE Gui to Trag, 1994; Mufoz-Plaza et al., High Sch J 85:52–63, 2002; Treadway and Yoakam, J School Health 62(7):352–357, 1992).

REVIEWSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIL ASPECTS OF GAY INTY VELOPMENT

Rults dite that schools have the abily to lsen negative out for LGB and sexually qutng stunts through creatg posive climat and rcg homophobic moreread lsTL;DR: In this article, a nceptual mol of multiple dimensns of inty picts a re sense of self or one's personal inty, and tersectg circl surroundg the re inty reprent signifint inty dimensns (e. Referenc (39)RR TroinThe formatn of homosexual intiJ Homosex(1988)DP McWhirter et male uple: How relatnships velop(1984)G RemafediMale homosexualy: The adolcent's perspectivePediatrics(1987)RR TroinGay and lbian inty: A soclogil analysis(1988)VC CassHomosexual inty formatn: Ttg a theoretil molJ Sex R(1984)AP Bell et Its velopment men and women(1981)AP Bell et preference: Its velopment men and women: Statistil appendix(1981)VC CassHomosexual inty formatn: A theoretil molJ Homosex(1979)RR TroinBeg homosexual: Rearch on acquirg a gay inty(1977)RR TroinBeg homosexual: A mol of gay inty acquisnPsychiatry(1979)R GreenChildhood cross-genr behavr and subsequent sexual preferenceAm J Psychiatry(1979)FL Wham et homosexualy four societi: Brazil, Guatemala, the Philipp, and the Uned Stat(1986)RR Troin et al. Removg the stigma: Fal report of the board of social and ethil rponsibily for psychology's task force on the stat of lbian and gay male psychologists(1979)GJ McDonaldIndividual differenc the g out procs for gay men: Implitns for theoretil molsJ Homosex(1982)DI Riddle et al.

It is argued that, orr to velop an effective theory of gay inty velopment, empiril rearch should foc upon the levels of analysis, acknowledgg that there is a dynamic terplay between them; the multiplicy of inty self (nsistg of sometim petg elements); and the motiv that unrp the nstctn, management and protectn of inty (prcipally self-teem, self-efficy, ntuy, posive distctivens and belonggns). Frd theorized that homosexualy was a rult of problems that arise durg psychosexual velopment, such as boys beg overly attached to and intifyg wh their mother stead of their father, feelg tense stratn anxiety that leads boys to reject women bee they are “strated, ” and narcissistic self-obssn that leads boys to choose an object of attractn that rembl themselv (Lew, 1988). Bieber (1962, 1967, 1969) claimed that male homosexualy was ed by boys havg a posssive and overly volved mother, as well as a hostile or distant father; the dynamics led boys to bond wh their mother and prevented them om velopg their masculy, which led him to effemate homosexualy.

GAY AND LBIAN INTY VELOPMENT: A SOCIAL INTY PERSPECTIVE

For female homosexualy, Bieber (1967, 1969) claimed was ed by var parent-child relatnship dynamics, such as mothers beg overly rejectg and cril of their dghters, showg ltle warmth and affectn; this, bed wh “femizg” behavrs, such as not drsg their dghter pretty cloth and not teachg her okg and hoekeepg skills, ntributed to homosexualy. Studi were clud the review if they met the followg creria: (1) llected data om lbian, gay, bisexual, and/or queer people about the timg of their inty velopment ton; (2) llected data the Uned Stat; (3) were wrten English; and (4) were published or pleted on or after January 1, 1990. E., the day the search were performed): (inty OR tone OR velopment) Abstract AND (gay OR lbian OR bisexual OR homosexual OR queer OR “sexual mory” OR “sexual mori”) Abstract AND (“sexual orientatn” Subjects for PsycINFO; sexualy Subject Headg for Soclogil Abstracts).

E., 60–76%) of gay/lbian participants wh smaller reprentatn of bisexual, queer, and other sexual mory inti; five studi had sampl of relatively equal numbers of gay/lbian and bisexual participants; three studi clud participants wh substantial reprentatn of gay/lbian, bisexual, and other sexual orientatn inti; one study nsisted of only bisexual participants; and three studi did not provi breakdowns for sexual orientatn inti. ”), other studi asssed g out specific social ntexts, cludg parents (n=8), fay members bis parents (n=6), fay general (n=2), iends (n=3), and dividuals who are LGBTQ (lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, or queer) (n=1). In a study of gay/lbian women, there were no signifint differenc between Black and Hispanic/Lata women, but pared to women of lor, Whe women were signifintly later qutng their orientatn, self-intifyg as gay/lbian, g out, and havg a same-sex romantic relatnship (Parks et al., 2004).

SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Among the seven studi that pared the timg of ton between gay/lbian and bisexual people their analys, most studi found that gay/lbian people reached the ton of attractn and self-intifyg signifintly earlier than bisexual people (Diamond, 1998; Maguen et al., 2002; Herek et al., 2010; Calzo et al., 2011; Martos et al., 2015; Hoenig, 2016; Katz-Wise et al., 2017a). Siarly, another study found that sexual activy was earlier for gay men than bisexual men, wh no differenc among women; g out was earlier for gay/lbian women than bisexual women, wh no difference among men (Maguen et al., 2002). Supplementary Table 3 shows the rults of meta-analys of tone ag by sexual orientatn (bisexual and gay/lbian) based on data om four studi; two of the studi are the top tier of methodologil rigor and two are the send tier (Herek et al., 2010; Pew Rearch Center, 2013a; Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 2017; Katz-Wise et al., 2017a); however, none of the studi examed the relatnship tone.

SEXUAL INTY DEVELOPMENT AMONG GAY, LBIAN, AND BISEXUAL YOUTHS: CONSISTENCY AND CHANGE OVER TIME

Given the soccultural prsure of heteronormativy, bisexual peopl’ attractns to multiple genrs, and their pacy to engage sexual behavrs and relatnships that may be viewed as heterosexual, there may be more nial, mimizatn, or uncertaty about their bisexual sexualy than for gay/lbian people. In addn, bee bisexualy as a legimate sexual orientatn has historilly been qutned, wh views that bisexualy is a transnal step between heterosexualy and homosexualy and that very few people are tly bisexual, people wh an emergg bisexual inty may feel more nfn and self-doubt about their inty than people wh monosexual orientatns (Brown, 2002; Roberts et al., 2015; Monro et al., 2017). Although youths who nsistently intified as gay/lbian did not differ om other youths on time sce experiencg sexual velopmental ton, they reported current sexual orientatn and sexual behavrs that were more same-sex centered and they sred higher on aspects of the inty tegratn procs (e.

G., more certa, fortable, and acceptg of their same-sex sexualy, more volved gay-related social activi, more posssg of posive attus toward homosexualy, and more fortable wh others knowg about their sexualy) than youths who transed to a gay/lbian inty and youths who nsistently intified as bisexual. Keywords: Comg-out procs, sexual inty, sexual orientatn, sexual behavr, ternalized homophobia, gay, lbian, bisexual, adolcents, longudal, genr differencThe velopment of a gay, lbian, or bisexual (GLB) sexual inty is a plex and often difficult procs.