Around the world lbian, gay, bisexual, trans, tersex and queer dividuals are subjected to vlence and timidatn based on their real or perceived
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SEXUAL ORIENTATN INTY DEVELOPMENT MILTON AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Around the world lbian, gay, bisexual, trans, tersex and queer dividuals are subjected to vlence and timidatn based on their real or perceived sexualy, genr inty or exprsn. Wh those most at risk of human rights vlatns often livg areas of low enomic velopment, qutns of sexualy, genr inty, and exprsn have bee a signifint area of rearch wh the field of velopment studi. The Routledge Handbook of Queer Development Studi is the first full length study of queer velopment studi, llectg the very bt rearch om around the world. Topics for discsn clu: Queerg policy and planng velopment Queer velopment crique and queer criqu of velopment Global LGBTIQ rights Queer social movements and mobilizatns At a time when velopment and human rights anizatns such as the World Bank, Office of the UN Secretary General and Human Rights Watch are placg creasg importance on global LGBT rights, the Routledge Handbook of Queer Development Studi is an sential gui for scholars, upper level stunts, practners and anyone wh an tert global sexuali, genr inti, and exprsns. * queer development studies *
Around the world lbian, gay, bisexual, trans, tersex and queer dividuals are subjected to vlence and timidatn based on their real or perceived sexualy, genr inty or exprsn. For example, people who intify as lbian, gay, bisexual, or another sexual mory inty (e. Acrdg to Sigmund Frd’s theory of psychosexual velopment, humans were nately bisexual and beme heterosexual or homosexual based on childhood experienc wh parents (Frd, 1905).
Frd theorized that homosexualy was a rult of problems that arise durg psychosexual velopment, such as boys beg overly attached to and intifyg wh their mother stead of their father, feelg tense stratn anxiety that leads boys to reject women bee they are “strated, ” and narcissistic self-obssn that leads boys to choose an object of attractn that rembl themselv (Lew, 1988).
This paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis on sexual orientatn inty velopment ton among people who are lbian, gay, bisexual, or another sexual mory inty (LGB+). Common ton measured the 30 studi reviewed were beg aware of queer attractns, qutng one’s sexual orientatn, self-intifyg as LGB+, g out to others, engagg sexual activy, and iatg a romantic relatnship. Milton occurred different sequenc, although attractn was almost always first, often followed by self-intifitn and/or sexual activy; g out and iatg a romantic relatnship often followed the ton. Meta-analysis rults showed that the mean effect siz and 95% nfince tervals varied by tone: attractn [Mage=12.7 (10.1, 15.3)], qutng one’s orientatn [Mage=13.2 [12.8, 13.6]), self-intifyg [Mage=17.8 (11.6, 24.0)], sexual activy [Mage=18.1 (17.6, 18.6)], g out [Mage=19.6 (17.2, 22.0)], and romantic relatnship [Mage=20.9 (13.2, 28.6)]. Nohels, rults also showed substantial heterogeney the mean effect siz. Addnal meta-analys showed that tone timg varied by sex, sexual orientatn, race/ethnicy, and birth hort. Although patterns were found LGB+ inty velopment, there was nsirable diversy tone trajectori. * queer development studies *
In later wrgs, Frd (1935) asserted that homosexualy was not a “vice, ” “gradatn, ” or “illns.
” Rather, he seemed to view homosexualy as an atypil variatn sexualy due to unrolved trapsychic nflicts durg childhood psychosexual velopment.
Psychoanalysts who followed Frd, cludg Sandor Rado, Irvg Bieber, and Charl Soris, took pathologil views regardg homosexualy and asserted that homosexualy uld be cured through psychoanalysis (Drcher, 2015). Bieber (1962, 1967, 1969) claimed that male homosexualy was ed by boys havg a posssive and overly volved mother, as well as a hostile or distant father; the dynamics led boys to bond wh their mother and prevented them om velopg their masculy, which led him to effemate homosexualy. For female homosexualy, Bieber (1967, 1969) claimed was ed by var parent-child relatnship dynamics, such as mothers beg overly rejectg and cril of their dghters, showg ltle warmth and affectn; this, bed wh “femizg” behavrs, such as not drsg their dghter pretty cloth and not teachg her okg and hoekeepg skills, ntributed to homosexualy.
* queer development studies *
Bieber (1962) also claimed that 27% of the patients his clil study were cured of their homosexualy. Soris (1968) also mataed that homosexualy was an “illns” and “perversn” (p. Soris (1978) found a 44% succs rate curg patients of their homosexualy.
Soris also helped found the Natnal Associatn of Rearch and Therapy of Homosexualy, which stated that “homosexualy is a treatable velopmental disorr” (as ced Mondimore, 1996, p. The pathologil views of homosexualy supplanted Frd’s theori and domated psychology om the 1940s to the 1970s.