Mental health challeng of lbian, gay, bisexual and transgenr people: An tegrated lerature review - PMC

Contents:

• MENTAL HEALTH CHALLENG OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENR PEOPLE: AN TEGRATED LERATURE REVIEW
• ANTOTI V. GAY ET AL, NO. 1:2021CV01202 - DOCUMENT 48 (D.N.M. 2023)
• SEXUAL ORIENTATN DISCRIMATN THE LABOR MARKET AGAST GAY MEN
• GAY-RELATED DEVELOPMENT, EARLY ABE AND ADULT HEALTH OUT AMONG GAY MAL
• LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR PERSONS AND SOCENOMIC STAT

MENTAL HEALTH CHALLENG OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENR PEOPLE: AN TEGRATED LERATURE REVIEW

Gay CM, Stewart CA, Park EM, Diao L, Grov SM, Heeke S, Nabet BY, Fujimoto J, Solis LM, Lu W, Xi Y, Cardnell RJ, Wang Q, Fabbri G, Cargill KR, Vok NI, Ramkumar K, Zhang B, Della Corte CM, Robson P, Swisher SG, Roth JA, Glisson BS, Sham DS, Wistuba II, Wang J, Quaranta V, Mna J, Heymach JV, Byers LA.

This is done by admisterg a qutnnaire, eher wrten or orally, to a group of rponnts, and the rpons to the qutns form the data for the study (Berends, 2006; Bt & Kahn, 2003; Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009; Gay, Mills, & Airasian, 2009; Leedy & Ormrod, 2005; McMillan & Schumacher, 2006; Mertler & Charl, 2008; Pol & Beck, 2006). The LGBT dividuals have unique experienc that are shaped by multiple factors, such as race/ethnicy, soc-enomic stat, geographil lotn and age, not jt sexual orientatn (Farmer & Yancu 2015:37) lbian, gay, bisexual and transgenr people differ om ‘tradnal’ mori two aspects: (1) they are not necsarily regnisable through physil characteristics and (2) they are still perceived many ntexts as actg agast natural procs (Takács 2015:10).

N = 914 subjects who had sexual partners of the same sex the past 12 months, the past 5 years, or sce age 18, reprentative sample of sexual mori om the non-stutnalised English-speakg USA populatn aged 18 and vtigate whether stctural stigma (livg muni wh high levels of anti-gay prejudice) creas the risk of premature mortaly for sexual mori. N = 2846 LGBT dividuals non-probabilistic and tentnally sampled analyse the associatn between ternalised homophobia, homophobic vlence, discrimatn, and muny nnectedns and alhol e and prsive symptoms LGBT dividuals(h) Aims and objectiv clearly stated(h) Study sign aquately scribed(h) Rearch methods appropriate(nr) Explic theoretil amework(l) Limatns prented(i) Implitns discsedData abstractn and synthisTwo rearchers analysed the selected publitns penntly by thematic analysis. If the distast for the gay men is high enough, employers might ci not to employ them their statistil discrimatn theory (Phelps 1972; Arrow 1973; 1998) propos that the age of average group characteristics to predict dividual productivy and set rrpondg wag n rrectly evaluate the productivy of workers who are atypil of their mory mographic characteristic.

ANTOTI V. GAY ET AL, NO. 1:2021CV01202 - DOCUMENT 48 (D.N.M. 2023)

Moreover, a study utilizg admistrative data for the perd 2008–2010 found that gay men and lbian women faced lower job satisfactn than parable heterosexual men and women (Drydakis 2015b) 2019 Eurobarometer survey suggted that more homophobia exists Greece than the EU28 average (Eurobarometer 2019). Furthermore, male members of the rearch team uld return missed lls and rerd vatns for three experiments featured measurements of the potential existence of discrimatn agast gay applints by firms if the proportn of tim they received an vatn for terviews were statistilly signifintly different om those of heterosexual applints.

The lower wag offered the perds 2013–2014 and 2018–2019 potentially pture the adverse effects of the enomic recsn on wage Mol V, is observed that the level of wage sortg to lower-paid occupatns for gay men, parison to heterosexual men, between 2006–2007 and 2013–2014 is statistilly signifint (−1.

The difference the RAG x between Experiments II and III is statistilly signifint and suggts that recers who favored heterosexual applints shared parable attus for gay addn, Table 6, is found that, Experiments II and III the level of recers’ taste- and statistil- discrimatn attus toward gay men are higher parison to the one Experiment I.

SEXUAL ORIENTATN DISCRIMATN THE LABOR MARKET AGAST GAY MEN

Moreover, by nsirg the statistil- discrimatn hypothis there are predictns that gay men will experience a greater disadvantage if the rmatn regardg their average group characteristic prov creasg unreliable or wrong (Drydakis 2018) on the out of the prent study, 2013–2014 and 2018–2019, there were risg disapprovals agast same sex relatnships and sexual orientatn openns the workplace. It is of tert to exame parable patterns for lbian women, pecially this perd where, ntrary to the earlier lerature, lbian women have been found to receive lower wag parison to heterosexual women (Drydakis and Zimmermann 2020; Drydakis 2019; Martell 2020; Bryson 2017) prent study found that recers’ biased attus toward gay men creased and that gay applints experienced higher occupatnal accs nstrats and greater wage sortg lower-paid occupatns.

One notable aspect of this lerature is the early timg of many of the health dispari, that adolcent and young adult gay and bisexual mal and adolcent and young adult mal who have sex wh other mal report elevated levels for the same health problems pared to their heterosexual peers (Centers for Disease Control and Preventn 2005; Flkner and Cranston 1998; Fergson et al. The early onset of this clter of psychosocial health problems suggts that somethg the experienc of gay mal durg childhood and adolcence shap experienc of health problems possible explanatn to acunt for the early emergence of the health problems among gay mal is the experience of vlence among the dividuals prr to adulthood. In fact, gay and bisexual youth who experience physil victimizatn durg adolcence are more likely to experience mental health problems (California Safe Schools Coaln and 4-H Center for Youth Development 2004; Elze 2002; Hershberger and D’Augelli 1995), abe substanc and engage HIV sexual risk behavr (Bontempo and D’Augelli 2002).

2002) paper therefore exam the relatnships between timg of gay-related velopmental ton, experienc of abe, and emergence of poor health out adulthood by examg the followg hypoth: (a) Earlier gay-related velopment (GRD) is associated wh creased forced sex, gay-related harassment and parental physil abe prr to adulthood. Fdgs g this variable were also nsistent wh those of the dichotomo variable ed the Harassment Durg Childhood and Adolcence Harassment was asssed g a dichotomo variable (none vers one or more occurrenc before age 17) wh “Were you harassed bee others assumed you were gay—cludg beg lled nam like ‘sissy, ’ ‘queer, ’ or ‘faggot’? E., age of first awarens of beg sexually attracted to other mal, age of first same-sex sexual activy, age of cidg that one is gay, and age of first disclosure to another person that one is gay) were entered to the is a multivariate data rctn procre that intifi subtyp of related s—analogo to clter analysis, but is advantageo bee is a mol-based procre and employs a probabilistic groupg procre which assum that the data are “generated by a mixture of unrlyg probabily distributns” (Vermunt and Magidson 2002).

GAY-RELATED DEVELOPMENT, EARLY ABE AND ADULT HEALTH OUT AMONG GAY MAL

8, and first disclosure at Profile Analysis g four gay-related velopment (age of first occurrence) factors scribg three groupsDemographic and Other Relevant CharacteristicsWe then turned to scribg the sample’s characteristics and the qutn of whether the differed between the early, middle, and late GRD groups. 01) 2Associatns between gay-related velopment and parental physil abe, harassment related to beg gay, and forced sex durg childhood and adolcencedGay-related velopmentParental physil abe (1+ tim, < 17 year old)Harassed for beg gay (1+ tim, < 17 year old)a**, b**, c**Forced sex (1+ time, < 18 year old)a, *, b**%n%n%nEarly (n = 629)27. 05) greater rpectively for dividuals who reported forced sex before the age of 18 than for those who did 4Associatns between early abe and adult health outaPartner abe (prr 5 years)Gay victimizatn (prr year)Deprsn (current)Suici attempt (age 18+)Unprotected receptive anal sex (prr year)bHIV+%n%n%n%n%n%nY—Harrassedc46.

Our fdgs make an important ntributn to this lerature bee they show that a meangful velopmental procs n be ptured g multiple ditors, and that dividuals different groups are meangfully and some s substantially different their experienc growg up and their long-term health out cludg HIV send set of fdgs suggts that the timg of GRD among gay mal appears to be related to their risk of velopg health problems. The relatnship between GRD and adult health out therefore appears to be relatively robt and nsistently predicts above and beyond the adult victimizatn third set of fdgs suggts that harassment and vlence are very mon experienc of young gay and bisexual boys and the experienc of abe are predictive of negative health out adulthood. Early gay-related harassment was found to be posively associated wh forced sex and gay-related victimizatn adulthood; early parental abe wh partner abe, gay-related victimizatn, prsn, attempted suici and HIV seroposivy; and early forced sex wh adult partner abe, gay-related victimizatn, prsn, engagement high-risk sex, and HIV seropostivy.

LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR PERSONS AND SOCENOMIC STAT

The socially produced sults occurred at what was probably an pecially vulnerable age given the lack of gay-related ternal and external supports available to most young gay the study suggts that timg of GRD and vlence experienced by gay and bisexual youth impacts their velopment, the fdgs should neverthels be nsired exploratory given several limatns associated wh this study. It nnot however be termed om the data that GRD occurred prr to adolcent parental abe, forced sex and gay-related takg the limatns to acunt, a pellg se n still be ma that the three sets of fdgs above, as a whole, support the hypothis that the experience of homophobic attacks agast gay youth ntribute to health dispari among gay men. It may be that men the early GRD groupg were more likely to be genr-role nonnformg and, as a rult, more likely to be labeled by others as gay, nont their homosexualy at younger ag, and experience rearch this area should be guid by the need to prevent the velopment of health problems among gay and bisexual adolcents and adults.

G., sexual, physil, verbal; gay vers non-gay related) and tensy of abe are implited the velopment of health problems; (3) the relatnships between vlence, timg of GRD and subsequent health out ntrast between Ain–Amerin, Lato, Asian–Amerin, Native Amerin and Csian gay and bisexual mal; and (4) the relatnships ntrast between Amerin and non-Amerin studi should be based not only on general velopmental theori but also on those more specifilly pertag to gay and bisexual dividuals. As adults, this hort wnsed route harassment by thori, as well as the Stonewall Rebelln 1969 and the Amerin Psychiatric Associatn's removal of homosexualy om the Diagnostic and Statistil Manual of Mental Disorrs 1973 (see Chapter 2 for a full historil overview) all adults, later life is known as a perd of both growth and cle (Balt et al., 1999), wh studi on the latter vastly outnumberg those on the former. DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITYAlthough the age at which gay men and lbians e out appears to be earlier today than prev horts, there remas great variabily the time of g out and evince that the procs may extend over the life urse (Brown et al., 2001; Vri and Blando, 2004).

Uneven and smaller subsampl of racial and ethnic mory LGB persons prevented fuller analys; however, wh-hort analys revealed no racial differenc the age at which participants me out to themselv and the Still Out, Still Agg: The MetLife Study of Lbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgenr Baby Boomers (MetLife, 2010) natnal survey of LGBT people aged 45–64 (n = 1, 201), the extent to which LGBT rponnts reported beg out varied signifintly. Bisexual people were ls likely to disclose their sexual orientatn than the other subpopulatns; only 12 percent of bisexual people said they were open wh anyone, pared wh 30 percent of lbians, 38 percent of gay men, and 28 percent of transgenr rponnts (MetLife, 2010) his sendary analysis of 372 men aged 50–85 the Urban Men's Health Study—a probabilistic sample of men who have sex wh men obtaed San Francis, Los Angel, Chigo, and New York g a modified random-dig dialg approach—Rawls (2004) found that almost 5 percent of the men this sample had never told someone they were gay or bisexual; half of the men had not told someone else they were gay or bisexual until after the age of 21 and about one-quarter of the men until after age 26.