The View star agre wh Supreme Court's anti-gay marriage signer |

Contents:

• HOLLYWOOD’S FIRST GAY MARRIAGE
• GAY HA
• HOW HOLLYWOOD'S FIRST OUT GAY STAR CHOSE LOVE OVER REER
• CLARK GABLE – SKELETONS THE CLOSET. SEPTEMBER 5, 2015 ADM DID YOU KNOW? 13  A LADY NAMED FRANZ DORFLER WAS RPONSIBLE FOR GETTG CLARK GABLE HIS FIRST ACTG JOB, BUT HE SOON DCHED HER FOR ACTG TEACHER JOSEPHE DILLON. JO WAS 41, PLA AND MATRONLY, BUT SHE TOOK THE 23 YEAR-OLD ASPIRG YOUNG ACTOR TO HOLLYWOOD, AND 1924 THEY MARRIED. IT WAS JO WHO CHANGED HIS FIRST NAME OM WILLIAM TO CLARK.JOSEPHE DILLONIN 1925, WHEN CLARK WAS A STGGLG YOUNG ACTOR TRYG TO GA A TOEHOLD THE DTRY, HE PARTICIPATED A BRIEF SEXUAL RELATNSHIP WH HOLLYWOOD STAR AND NOTOR GAY WILLIAM HA. SEVERAL PEOPLE WNSED THEM TOGETHER AT THE STUD, AND ALSO AT A PARTY AT THE BEVERLY WILSHIRE HOTEL WHERE THEY ENGAGED A VARIETY OF SEXUAL ACTS. IT WAS ALL PART OF GABLE’S RELENTLS TERMATN TO MAKE AS A FAMO MOVIE STAR. EVEN HIS FUTURE LOVER JOAN CRAWFORD READILY ADMTED THAT HE AND HA HAD SEX. CLARK TOLD HER SO YEARS LATER, BUT SHE WAS ALSO A CLOSE IEND OF HA AS WELL, SO SHE ALREADY KNEW. EVERYONE DID. IT WAS SIMPLY A MEANS TO AN END, NOTHG MORE. HE WAS CERTALY NOT HOMOSEXUAL. NOR WAS HE BISEXUAL. ON THE NTRARY, FACT. HE ADORED WOMEN OF ANY AGE OR TYPE.WILLIAM HAIN 1926 HE BEGAN AN AFFAIR WH ANOTHER WOMAN WHO WAS 20 YEARS HIS SENR. HER NAME WAS PLE FRERICK AND SHE WAS AN ATTRACTIVE NYMPHOMANIAC. SHE WAS ALSO RICH. THROUGH HER HE GOT JOBS, BUT SHE ALSO BOUGHT HIM A R AND PAID TO GET HIS TEETH FIXED. THEN, AS HE WOULD DO WH ALL HIS MENTORS, HE DUMPED HER ONCE SHE HAD OUTLIVED HER EFULNS.CLARK & RIA LANGHAMIN 1928, ALONG ME 45 YEAR-OLD RIA LANGHAM. SHE WAS PRETTIER THAN HIS WIFE AND RICHER, SO CLARK HOOKED UP WH HER FOR A UPLE OF YEARS. BEFORE LONG HE WAS CHEATG ON BOTH OF THEM WH ANOTHER NYMPHOMANIAC, ACTRS JOAN CRAWFORD. AND ALL THE WHILE HE WAS BEDDG EVERY OTHER WOMAN HE ULD LAY HIS HANDS ON. HE AND RIA WERE SEEN DATG SO OFTEN THAT MOST PEOPLE ASSUMED THEY WERE MARRIED TO ONE ANOTHER. EVEN LB MAYER ASSUMED AS MUCH, BUT ONCE HE FOUND OUT ABOUT JO, CLARK’S MGM BOSS ORRED HIM TO DO THREE THGS IMMEDIATELY – DIVORCE JO, MARRY RIA, AND LAY OFF JOAN. HE PUBLICLY PLIED WH THE FIRST TWO, BUT SECRETLY IGNORED THE THIRD. HE AND JOAN NTUED TO MEET SECRETLY FOR YEARS.GABLE, CRAWFORD & MAYERMEANWHILE, HIS ADORG PUBLIC HAD NO IA GABLE WAS MARRIED TO JO, LIVG WH RIA AND SLEEPG WH JOAN (AND ALL THE OTHERS). NOR DID THEY KNOW THAT JOAN WAS PREGNANT WH HIS CHILD. IT HAD TO BE CLARK’S BEE SHE AND HBAND DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS JNR WERE TRANGED, AND HAD BEEN FOR SOME TIME. AN ABORTN WAS ARRANGED, AND THE PUBLIC WERE ADVISED THAT JOAN HAD TAKEN A FALL AND LOST DOUG’S BABY. ACRDG TO THE STUD, THE ‘HAPPILY MARRIED UPLE WERE VASTATED’.MR & MRS DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS JR.MAYER HAD BEEN RECEIVG REGULAR REPORTS OF GABLE AND CRAWFORD SPENDG MOST AFTERNOONS HER MOBILE DRSG ROOM ON THE MGM LOT, THE SAME ONE THAT FAIRBANKS HAD GIVEN HER AS A PRENT. IN FACT, CUCKOLD DOUG WAS STILL PAYG THE THG OFF. THE PAPERS WERE STARTG TO POST ‘BLD EMS’ ABOUT THE ROMANCE AS WELL, SO MAYER ORRED DOUG AND JOAN TO TAKE AN ‘EXTEND EUROPEAN VATN’, A SEND HONEYMOON, SO TO SPEAK.HIS LTLE DALLIANCE WH HA ASI, GABLE WAS AN UNABASHED WOMANIZER WHO WOULD SLEEP WH ANY WOMAN IF THE OPPORTUNY AROSE. A DIRECTOR IEND SAID OF HIM: ‘HE WOULD SCREW ANYTHG. SHE DIDN’T HAVE TO BE PRETTY OR CLEAN’. WH A MONTH OF SIGNG WH MGM HE HAD IMPREGNATED WRER ALA ROGERS ST. JOHN. SHE WAS SENT ON AN ‘EXTEND VATN’ TO HAVE HIS BABY, NOT THAT HE WOULD EVER OWN UP TO BEG HIS.IN 1932 HE WAS PUT TO A FILM, POLLY OF THE CIRC, WH WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST’S MISTRS MARN DAVI. HEARST WAS BY THEN 65 YEARS OLD AND HIS RELATNSHIP WH MARN HAD BEE SEXLS, SO SHE WAS SOON VOLVED WH HER LEADG MAN. HEARST AND MGM FIXER HOWARD STRICKLG KNEW CLARK AND MARN WERE SLEEPG TOGETHER. THEY QUICKLY AND QUIETLY OFFERED HIM A PAY RISE OM $650 A WEEK TO $2,000 A WEEK, BUT ONLY IF HE WOULD STOP SEEG MARN. EX MARN.MARN DAVIIN 1933, GABLE RAN DOWN A WOMAN WH HIS R WHILE HE WAS DRIVG DNK. SHE WAS ON A CROSSWALK AND DIED AT THE SCENE. MGM FIXERS MOVED QUICKLY, PAYG OFF POLICE AND THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY, AS WELL AS SLIPPG THE AD GIRL’S FAY $125,000 TO KEEP QUIET. THEN, THE STUD GOT AN UN-NAMED MID-LEVEL EMPLOYEE TO TAKE THE RAP FOR THEIR SUPERSTAR. OFFERED A JOB FOR LIFE WH MGM, PL A SH SETTLEMENT, THE MAN SAID HE WAS DRIVG THE VEHICLE AND PPED 10 MONTHS AT AN HONOR FARM. HIS NAME HAS SCE BEEN QUIETLY EXPUNGED OM THE RERD, ALTHOUGH THERE IS A SCHOOL OF THOUGHT THAT BELIEVE HE WAS A ‘NOBODY’ PART-TIME DIRECTOR AT THE TIME – NAMED JOHN HTON.1934 SAW YET ANOTHER GABLE ‘ISSUE’, WHEN HE PUT GEO LORETTA YOUNG THE FAY WAY DURG THE TIME THEY MA THE CALL OF THE WILD. UNTIL HIS DYG DAY HE REFED TO ACKNOWLEDGE HER LTLE GIRL AS HIS OWN. NEHER DID LORETTA FOR THAT MATTER. SHE PRETEND THE GIRL WAS ADOPTED OUT OF THE GOODNS OF HER HEART. GABLE SIMPLY HAD NOTHG TO DO WH THE CHILD – EVER.LORETTA YOUNGWHEN GABLE MET CAROLE LOMBARD, WHOM HE WOULD EVENTUALLY MARRY, HER ‘BT GIRLIEND’ WAS NONE OTHER THAN BILLY HA. SHE TREATED HIM LIKE A BIG SISTER, NFIDG HIM REGULARLY. ON ONE OCSN SHE STRIPPED PLETELY NAKED ONT OF HIM HER TRAILER, SAYG, ‘I WOULDN’T DO THIS IF I THOUGHT YOU’D GET AROED, BILLY’. GABLE SOON TERMATED THEIR IENDSHIP WHEN SHE BEME HIS WIFE. AFTER ALL, BILLY WAS A NSTANT REMR THAT THE ‘KG’ HAD A ‘ONE-OFF’ HOMOSEXUAL ENUNTER WH HIM WAY BACK WHEN.CAROLE LOMBARDIN 1949 CLARK MARRIED SYLVIA ASHLEY, AFTER HIS MARRIAGE PROPOSAL WAS TURNED DOWN 1948 BY NANCY DAVIS, WHO LATER MARRIED RONALD REAGAN AND BEME AMERI’S FIRST LADY. SYLVIA WAS AN ENGLISH MOL AND ACTRS FORMERLY MARRIED TO DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS SENR. SHE WAS 45 WHEN SHE WED GABLE. THE UNN LASTED JT TWO AND A HALF YEARS.HIS FAL WIFE WAS KAY WILLIAMS, A 49 YEAR-OLD ACTRS WHO WAS STILL WED TO HIM WHEN HE SUFFERED HIS LIFE ENDG RONARY 1960. THEY HAD ONE CHILD, BORN AFTER GABLE’S ATH. THE STORY THAT WAS MARILYN MONROE’S BEHAVR DURG THE SHOOTG OF HIS LAST FILM THE MISFS THAT BROUGHT ON HIS FATAL HEART ATTACK IS TOTALLY UNTE. HE WAS ALREADY VERY ILL AND WAS ACTUALLY CHANGG A TIRE ON A JEEP WHEN HE LLAPSED.AND WH KAY WILLIAMSALA ROGERS ST JOHNROLE LOMBARDCLARK GABLEDOUGLAS FAIRBANKS JRJOAN CRAWFORDJOSEPHE DILLONKAY WILLIAMSLB MAYERLORETTA YOUNGMARILYN MONROENANCY DAVISPLE ERICKRIA LANGHAMRONALD REAGANSYLVIA ASHLEYTHE MISFSWILLIAM HA PREVDID YOU KNOW? POTS OF INTERT PT. 6 NEXTDID YOU KNOW? POTS OF INTERT PT. 7 13 COMMENTS AVARAGENE JANUARY 31, 2022 AT 9:00 AM THE PICTURE CLAIMG TO BE SYLVIA IS ACTUALLY KAY. KAY IS THE WOMAN THE LAST TWO PHOTOS.REPLY ALAN ROYLE JANUARY 31, 2022 AT 5:45 PM THANKYOU FOR BRGG THAT TO MY ATTENTN. I HAVE LETED THE FIRST SHOT. MUCH APPRECIATED.REPLY KATHI L. JANUARY 14, 2020 AT 8:42 AM THIS RMATN ABOUT GABLE IS A LOT OF SPECULATN, MY OPN. THE SOURCE FOR THE HA STORY? IT’S TREATED AS FACT BUT THERE IS NONE EXCEPT REVISNIST BGRAPHI OR FICTN PRETENDG TO BE FACT WRTEN BY THORS LIKE DARW PORTER OR STTY BOWERS. AND, I HAVE TO SAY, LABELG WOMEN AS “NYMPHOMANIACS” IS OUTRAGEO AND SEXIST. WHAT DID MR. GABLE EVER DO TO YOU TO SERVE SUCH A MEAN SPIRED BGRAPHIL SAY?REPLY ALAN ROYLE JANUARY 14, 2020 AT 1:10 PM THANKYOU FOR YOUR NOTE. IF YOU WISH TO ACCEPT THE STUD’S AND BGRAPHERS’ PORTRAYAL OF MOVIE STARS, YOU ARE EE TO DO SO, OF URSE. I PREFER TO REACH MY NCLNS AFTER PESAL OF ASSSMENTS OM ALL SOURC, SOME OF WHICH I REJECT OUT OF HAND, OTHERS I ACCEPT WHOLE OR PART. MY ASSSMENTS ARE NEHER ‘MEAN-SPIRED’ NOR FAWNG. AS FOR LABELLG SOME WOMEN AS ‘NYMPHOMANIACS’, MADAM, THE FACT IS THAT SOME ARE! THAT IS NO MORE ‘OUTRAGEO’ THAN SCRIBG PRINT TMP AS AN ‘EGOMANIAC’. IF THE P FS WEAR . PLEASE, DO NOT SPOUT POLIL RRECTNS AT ME! THE TERM IS GREATLY OVER-RATED.REPLY PL MAY 9, 2021 AT 12:59 PM IF YOU EVER DID REARCH YOU WOULD FD OUT THAT ’S ALL TEREPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 7, 2015 AT 11:32 AM ON GOOGLE: BALL INSULTS GABLE ABOUT NECKTIE. YOU’LL FD TWO ENTRI RIGHT AWAY, WHERE HE MENTNS HOW SULT ME ABOUT.REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 7, 2015 AT 5:11 AM MY SOURCE FOR BALL AND GABLE’S IAL MEETG IS HER BOOK. SHE SCRIB SLIM H., “SELLG” HER ON GABLE, WHO RETURNED OM SERVICE. THE ANECDOTE ABOUT THE TIE MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT SAME TIME. CAN’T BE CERTA IF I READ ABOUT HER BOOK[WHICH I BORROWED AND RETURNED], OR SOMEWHERE ELSE.REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 12:55 PM I THK I FALLY GOT YOUR MENT ABOUT SYPHANTS, PECIALLY AFTER WHAT YOU SAID ABOUT CAROLE LOMBARD. MAYBE GABLE FIGURED THAT BALL WAS A “NO GO”, KNEW ABOUT BOGIE, OR JT WASN’T TERTED.REPLY ALAN ROYLE SEPTEMBER 7, 2015 AT 2:54 AM I MT HAVE EXPRSED MYSELF UNCLEARLY. MANY FAMO PEOPLE, PECIALLY THE ENTERTAMENT FIELD, ARE SURROUND BY ‘Y MEN’ WHO AGREE WH EVERYTHG THEY SAY. THAT IS WHAT I MEANT BY ‘SYPHANTS’. CONSEQUENTLY, THEY ARE OFTEN ATTRACTED TO MEN AND WOMEN WHO ARE ENTIRELY OPEN WH THEM, EVEN CRIL OF THEM. I BELIEVE GABLE FELT THAT WAY ABOUT LOMBARD. AS FAR AS I KNOW GABLE AND BALL HAD NO RELATNSHIP WHATSOEVER. I DO NOT EVEN KNOW IF THEY EVER EVEN MET. QUE POSSIBLY THEY DID NOT. I RELL READG THAT HENRY FONDA HAD NEVER MET KATHARE HEPBURN UNTIL THEY MA ‘ON GOLN POND’ TOGETHER, EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD BOTH BEEN INS HOLLYWOOD FOR 50 YEARS OR SO.REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 12:17 PM HMMM. NOT SURE I UNRSTAND MENT ABOUT SYPHANTS. DO APPLY TO ANECDOT ABOUT BALL AND GABLE?REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 5:58 AM TWO ANECDOT HAVG NOTHG TO DO W/ WHAT YOU’VE POSTED, BUT TERTG.IN EFFORT TO “CURE” BALL OF BOGART, SLIM HAWKS ARRANGED SOCIAL EVENT BETWEEN GABLE AND BALL, AT HAWKS HOME, WHICH MAY HAVE CLUD OTHERS. BETTY WAS NOT TERTED; GABLE TOOK HER HOME, KISSED HER GOODNIGHT, PERD. THIS NEXT VOLV GATHERG AT HAWKS HOME. BALL EXPRSED NCERN W/ HOW SHE WOULD GET HOME. HAWKS TOLD HER TO ASK A MAN TO TAKE HER, BUT SHE DIDN’T KNOW HOW TO DO THAT; WAS TOLD,’TRY SULTG HIM.’ WHEN SHE SAW HAWKS, SHE SAID, ‘IT WORKED’, AND SHE SAID SHE ASKED MAN WHERE HE GOT HIS TIE. WHEN ASKED,’WHY DO YOU ASK?’ SHE REPLIED, ‘SO I N TELL PEOPLE NOT TO GO TO THAT STORE.’ THE MAN WAS CLARK GABLE! [IT’S POSSIBLE BOTH CINTS OCCURRED AT SAME TIME.][NOTE, UNLS I’M SURE OF EXACT QUOT, I E SGLE QUOTATN MARK ONLY.]TWOREPLY ALAN ROYLE SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 10:56 AM INTERTG. PEOPLE POSNS OF POWER OR FAME GET FED UP WH SYPHANTS (OR SO I HAVE READ), SO THEY ARE OFTEN IMPRSED BY SOMEONE WHO CHOOS TO NOT FAWN OVER THEM. THE OLD SAYG, ‘NOBODY LIK A KISS-ASS’ IS A TE ONE. I THK LOMBARD ED A SIAR APPROACH. SHE OFTEN RIDICULED HIS ‘GREAT LOVER’ IMAGE PUBLIC, YET HE ADORED HER.REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 1:38 AM OH MY GOD!REPLYLEAVE A REPLY CANCEL REPLYYOUR EMAIL ADDRS WILL NOT BE PUBLISHED.COMMENTNAME *EMAIL *WEBSESAVE MY NAME, EMAIL, AND WEBSE THIS BROWSER FOR THE NEXT TIME I MENT. IF A NEW COMMENT IS POSTED:DO NOT SEND EMAIL NOTIFITNS.SEND EMAIL NOTIFITN ONLY IF SOMEONE REPLI TO MY COMMENT(S).SEND EMAIL NOTIFITN WHENEVER A NEW COMMENT IS POSTED.ΔTHIS SE AKISMET TO RCE SPAM. LEARN HOW YOUR MENT DATA IS PROCSED.LOOKG FOR SOMETHG? 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PT219MICHAEL PATRICK POWERS ON PROMINENT DIRECTORS – PT1MICHAEL PATRICK POWERS ON RANDOM QUOTES – PT81COPYRIGHT &PY; 2023 | WORDPRS THEME BY MH THEM INSERT/ED LK
• B OF GAY ACTOR GIV RICH PORTRA OF '20S {FONT-SIZE:20PX;LOR:#999;FONT-STYLE:ALIC;MARG:0PX;MARG-TOP:10PX;}WISECRACKER: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM HAINES, HOLLYWOOD'S FIRST OPENLY GAY STAR BY WILLIAM J. MANN 444 PP., $29.95 {GRID-ROW-START:2;GRID-LUMN-START:2;GRID-LUMN-END:3;}@MEDIA (MAX-WIDTH:950PX){{GRID-LUMN-START:1;GRID-LUMN-END:2;}}{BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;MAX-WIDTH:600PX;PADDG:0PX 20PX;MARG:0PX TO;FONT-FAY:'COLABORATE LIGHT','LUCIDA SANS UNI',SANS-SERIF;MARG-BOTTOM:5PX;} A{LOR:#7B1B18;} IMG{PADDG-RIGHT:7PX;}BY {LOR:#BA0600;}SANNAH R. MANL, CRIMSON STAFF {BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;MAX-WIDTH:600PX;PADDG:0PX 20PX;MARG:0PX TO;}{DISPLAY:NONE;}@MEDIA (MAX-WIDTH:950PX){{BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;MAX-WIDTH:600PX;PADDG:0PX 20PX;MARG:0PX TO;DISPLAY:BLOCK;PADDG-TOP:20PX;PADDG-BOTTOM:20PX;MARG-TOP:20PX;BORR-TOP:1PX SOLID #EBEBEB;BORR-BOTTOM:1PX SOLID #EBEBEB;}}{DISPLAY:-WEBK-BOX;DISPLAY:-WEBK-FLEX;DISPLAY:-MS-FLEXBOX;DISPLAY:FLEX;-WEBK-FLEX-DIRECTN:LUMN;-MS-FLEX-DIRECTN:LUMN;FLEX-DIRECTN:LUMN;WIDTH:TO;-WEBK-ALIGN-EMS:CENTER;-WEBK-BOX-ALIGN:CENTER;-MS-FLEX-ALIGN:CENTER;ALIGN-EMS:CENTER;POSN:-WEBK-STICKY;POSN:STICKY;TOP:70PX;-WEBK-FLEX-DIRECTN:ROW;-MS-FLEX-DIRECTN:ROW;FLEX-DIRECTN:ROW;-WEBK-BOX-PACK:CENTER;-WEBK-JTIFY-NTENT:CENTER;-MS-FLEX-PACK:CENTER;JTIFY-NTENT:CENTER;POSN:UNSET;} {DISPLAY:LE-BLOCK;PADDG:0PX;} > SPAN{WIDTH:35PX !IMPORTANT;HEIGHT:35PX !IMPORTANT;TEXT-ALIGN:CENTER;BORR-RADI:50%;} SVG{WIDTH:25PX !IMPORTANT;HEIGHT:35PX !IMPORTANT;} .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_EMAIL > SPAN, .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_PRT > SPAN, .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_LK > SPAN{BACKGROUND-LOR:#EBEBEB !IMPORTANT;} .ADDTHIS_UNTER .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_EXPAND{WIDTH:35PX;HEIGHT:35PX;MARG:0PX;PADDG:0PX;BACKGROUND:NONE;TEXT-ALIGN:CENTER;BORR:1PX SOLID #EBEBEB;BORR-RADI:50%;LOR:#EBEBEB !IMPORTANT;} .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_PACT{DISPLAY:NONE !IMPORTANT;} {MARG:0PX 5PX;}{POSN:RELATIVE;WIDTH:100%;} P{MAX-WIDTH:600PX;MARG:0PX TO;PADDG:0PX 20PX;BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;FONT:17PX/25PX GEIA,SERIF;MARG-TOP:1EM;MARG-BOTTOM:1EM;} OL{MAX-WIDTH:600PX;MARG:0PX TO;PADDG:0PX 20PX;BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;FONT:17PX/25PX GEIA,SERIF;PADDG-LEFT:80PX;} P A, OL A, P A:VISED, OL A:VISED{LOR:#BA0600;-WEBK-TRANSN:0.3S ALL;TRANSN:0.3S ALL;-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:NONE;TEXT-RATN:NONE;} P A:HOVER, OL A:HOVER{-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;} H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6{MAX-WIDTH:600PX;MARG:0PX TO;PADDG:0PX 20PX;BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;MARG-TOP:1EM;MARG-BOTTOM:1EM;LOR:#7B1B18;}WILLIAM HA WAS NOT A VERY GOOD ACTOR, BUT HE WAS A VERY POPULAR ONE, AND HOLLYWOOD OF THE 1920S THE PRRI WERE THE SAME AS THOSE OF HOLLYWOOD TODAY--'S THE BOX OFFICE THAT UNTS. HA IS ONE OF THE NOW-FOTTEN STARS OF THE SILENT SCREEN: HANDSOME, WTY AND GOOD-NATURED, BETWEEN 1926 AND 1931 HE WAS ONE OF THE BIGGT BOX-OFFICE DRAWS HOLLYWOOD, TOP ON MGM'S ROSTER OF STARS AND ADORED BY WOMEN FILM FANS EVERYWHERE. SPECIALIZG PLAYG THE ROLE OF THE "WISECRACKER," A JOKG, LIKABLE TRICKSTER HERO WHO STARTS OUT A B OF A LOUT BUT ALWAYS LEARN HIS LSON BY THE END OF THE FILM, HA MA HIS ON-SCREEN NAME AS A ROMANTIC HERO AND HIS OFF-SCREEN REPUTATN AS ONE OF THE MOST OUTGOG, CHARISMATIC AND POPULAR FIGUR HOLLYWOOD.HA WAS ALSO GAY, AND HE SET A TREND HOLLYWOOD BY LIVG OPENLY WH HIS LOVER, JIMMIE SHIELDS. WHEN THE POLIL WATERS CHANGED AROUND THE EARLY 1930S, HA REFED TO PLAY THE STUD "GAME"--TO REPUDIATE JIMMIE, TO ENTER TO A SHAM MARRIAGE AS SO MANY OTHER ACTORS DID, TO PRETEND TO BE WHAT HE WASN'T. AND IS THIS THAT PRECIPATED HIS EARLY EX OM THE MOVI, AROUND 1934. NOW THE BGRAPHER AND JOURNALIST WILLIAM J. MANN, FASCATED BY HA'S LORFUL RISE AND FALL THE FILM WORLD AND HIS UNIQUE REFAL TO VE TO THE STUD MANDS, HAS SHAPED AROUND HIS LIFE AN TRIGUG EXPLORATN OF FIFTY YEARS OF SHIFTG TSELTOWN MOR.MANN, TAKG AN AFFECTNATE BUT REFULLY CRIL VIEW OF THE HERO OF HIS BOOK, TRAC HA'S LIFE THROUGH S MULTIPLE METAMORPHOS. ONE OF THE BOOK'S CENTRAL REVELATNS IS THAT HOLLYWOOD THE 1920S WAS A PLACE WHERE WAS POSSIBLE TO BE OPENLY GAY. HOMOSEXUALY WAS SIMPLY ACCEPTED; GAY AND STRAIGHT PEOPLE MGLED SOCIALLY AS WELL AS PROFSNALLY, AND THERE WAS A LE DIVIDG THE ON-SCREEN PERSONA OF AN ACTOR OM HIS PRIVATE LIFE. BUT WH THE ADVENT OF SOUND AND THE NSERVATIVE REACTNISM OF THE 1930S WHICH ACPANIED THE START OF THE GREAT DEPRSN, A CRACKDOWN ENSUED ON BOTH THE NTENT OF THE FILMS AND THE PRIVATE LIV OF THEIR STARS.MANN SHOWS BOTH THE LONG-TERM EFFECT OF THE FORC UPON THE MOVI--THE FAMO HAYS MORALY , WHICH NSTRAED THE MOVI TO REPRENTG A RIGIDLY FED VALUE SYSTEM WHOSE IRON GRIP DID NOT BEG TO LOOSEN UNTIL THE 1960S AND '70S--AND THE VERY PERSONAL IMPACT UPON THE ACTORS HOLLYWOOD. THE STUDS CLARED THAT BEG GAY WAS NO LONGER OKAY HOLLYWOOD, THEREBY AVOIDG THE HARSH CRICISM OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND OTHER RELIG GROUPS, AND PROVIDG SP NTROL ON THE GOSSIP NEWSPAPERS THAT WERE RAPIDLY TAKG ON AN ALARMG PENNCE. ACTORS WHO WERE MORED TO BE HOMOSEXUAL WERE ORRED TO GET MARRIED AND GIVE THE PUBLIC WHAT WANTED: A PERSONA WHO F THE ON-SCREEN IMAGE OF AN ACCEPTABLY "MANLY" MAN OR "FEME" WOMAN. MOST ACTORS ACQUICED, TO ONE GREE OR ANOTHER. WHEN HA TOLD MGM STUD HEAD LOUIS B. MAYER, A SCENE THAT HAS BEE LEGEND, THAT HE WAS ALREADY MARRIED--TO HIS LOVER, JIMMIE SHIELDS--HE FOUND HIMSELF "BOOTED OUT" OF THE MOVIE DTRY.HA'S LIFE BOTH THE MOVI AND AFTERWARD, AS "RATOR TO THE STARS," PROVIS A KEYHOLE THROUGH WHICH WE N GET A VERY TIMATE GLIMPSE OF HOLLYWOOD LIFE, GAY AND STRAIGHT, AS ONCE EXISTED BEHD THE VEIL OF SECRECY. HA KNEW EVERYONE (AND SEEMS TO HAVE HAD AFFAIRS WH MANY OF THEM). THROUGH HIS EY, AS RENSTCTED BY MANN, WE SEE THE CREASGLY HIDN WORLD OF EARLY GAY HOLLYWOOD: THE ACTORS--CARY GRANT AND RANDOLPH STT, CLTTE COLBERT AND MARLENE DIETRICH, GRETA GARBO AND RAMON NOVARRO--AND THE PEOPLE BEHD THE SCEN, SUCH AS DIRECTOR GEE COR AND JET-SETTG POSER COLE PORTER, THE TWO FOL POTS OF GAY MALE HOLLYWOOD SOCIETY THE 1930S AND 40S.THE WILLIAM HA STORY IS ALSO A LOVE STORY, ALTHOUGH S POIGNANCY DO NOT BEE FULLY APPARENT UNTIL VERY LATE HIS BGRAPHY. BOTH HA AND JIMMIE SHIELDS SEEM TO HAVE BEEN REMARKABLY PRIVATE MEN; SPE THE HUNDREDS OF HA QUOTATNS AND REMISCENC BY IENDS THAT MANN HAS DRAWN ON, MOST OF HA' MENTS TO THE WORLD FEEL LIKE "WISECRACKS"--HIS TRAMARK BRAND OF FENSIVE HUMOR--AND 'S HARD TO GET A FEELG THAT WE UNRSTAND THIS MAN'S NER LIFE. EVEN LS RMATN REMAS ABOUT SHIELDS, AND WHAT REMISCENC HIS IENDS DO OFFER SOUND RATHER MORE BOORISH THAN ENARG. (RUMOR HAS THAT HA' TRANGEMENT OM COLE PORTER, FOR STANCE, WAS PRECIPATED BY PORTER'S TCHG JIMMIE UNROLY HAVG SEX WH A SAILOR THE BH DURG ONE OF HIS ELEGANT SOIRE.)THE BGRAPHY OF WILLIAM HA IS A REMARKABLY RICH DOCUMENT OF 50 YEARS OF CHANGG HOLLYWOOD MOR, AND MANN HAS SUCCEED ADMIRABLY HIS STATED GOAL OF SHEDDG LIGHT ON THE TOO-LONG-NEGLECTED WORLD OF EARLY HOLLYWOOD GAY LIFE AND CULTURE. 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• OPENLY GAY WILLIAM HA ROSE TO HOLLYWOOD FAME THE 1920S; BUT AFTER REFG A 'LAVENR MARRIAGE' HE LEFT ALL
• GAY DISTRICT HA CY
• GAY HA COLORADO
• WHEN HOLLYWOOD STUDS MARRIED OFF GAY STARS TO KEEP THEIR SEXUALY A SECRET
• GAY DATG IN HA CY, FLORIDA, UNED STAT
• SUMMER THE CY: A GAY MUNICH WEEKEND TRIP
• THE VIEW STAR REVEALS WHY SHE AGRE WH SUPREME COURT LG FOR SIGNER WHO OPPOS GAY MARRIAGE
• MSNBC HIR ANOTHER GAY ANCHOR (WHO JT CAME OUT 2 YEARS AGO)
• GAY HA FLORIDA

HOLLYWOOD’S FIRST GAY MARRIAGE

The story of William Ha is remembered, if ’s remembered at all, as the story of the first openly gay Hollywood star.

That Ha was livg openly wh another man, thereby stroyg any possibily that he might not be gay, ially did absolutely nothg to impact Ha’ populary around town or at his home stud. Members of the Hollywood gay scene of the time believe that Billy had taken the h for Jimmy, who had been arrted a bar or a park, where he was known to cise. We know that many other stars Hollywood had gay relatnships, but most prented themselv as straight when told to.

GAY HA

Billy’s old iend Archie Leach, for stance, is acknowledged now by many bgraphers to have lived as a gay man before he me to Hollywood and to have ntued relatnships wh men after he beme Cary Grant.

In 2016, Gay was surprised, flattered and lighted to be clud The Sunday Tim/Debrett’s 500 Most Influential People the UK – somethg she uld never have imaged when she first started her life advertisg. In 2006, Gay took the cisn to set up a different kd of offerg: one that ncentrated solely on senr briefs and ndidat around the world. Gay is also Chairman of Liberty Blue, a pany lnched to look after the younger people the dtry – those perceived to be future lears.

HOW HOLLYWOOD'S FIRST OUT GAY STAR CHOSE LOVE OVER REER

In 1930, the wisecrackg matee idol William "Billy" Ha was Ameri's top box office star — and openly gay. "He beme popular as an actor not by hidg his gayns, but by actually makg that part of his persona, " Mann explas.

CLARK GABLE – SKELETONS THE CLOSET. SEPTEMBER 5, 2015 ADM DID YOU KNOW? 13  A LADY NAMED FRANZ DORFLER WAS RPONSIBLE FOR GETTG CLARK GABLE HIS FIRST ACTG JOB, BUT HE SOON DCHED HER FOR ACTG TEACHER JOSEPHE DILLON. JO WAS 41, PLA AND MATRONLY, BUT SHE TOOK THE 23 YEAR-OLD ASPIRG YOUNG ACTOR TO HOLLYWOOD, AND 1924 THEY MARRIED. IT WAS JO WHO CHANGED HIS FIRST NAME OM WILLIAM TO CLARK.JOSEPHE DILLONIN 1925, WHEN CLARK WAS A STGGLG YOUNG ACTOR TRYG TO GA A TOEHOLD THE DTRY, HE PARTICIPATED A BRIEF SEXUAL RELATNSHIP WH HOLLYWOOD STAR AND NOTOR GAY WILLIAM HA. SEVERAL PEOPLE WNSED THEM TOGETHER AT THE STUD, AND ALSO AT A PARTY AT THE BEVERLY WILSHIRE HOTEL WHERE THEY ENGAGED A VARIETY OF SEXUAL ACTS. IT WAS ALL PART OF GABLE’S RELENTLS TERMATN TO MAKE AS A FAMO MOVIE STAR. EVEN HIS FUTURE LOVER JOAN CRAWFORD READILY ADMTED THAT HE AND HA HAD SEX. CLARK TOLD HER SO YEARS LATER, BUT SHE WAS ALSO A CLOSE IEND OF HA AS WELL, SO SHE ALREADY KNEW. EVERYONE DID. IT WAS SIMPLY A MEANS TO AN END, NOTHG MORE. HE WAS CERTALY NOT HOMOSEXUAL. NOR WAS HE BISEXUAL. ON THE NTRARY, FACT. HE ADORED WOMEN OF ANY AGE OR TYPE.WILLIAM HAIN 1926 HE BEGAN AN AFFAIR WH ANOTHER WOMAN WHO WAS 20 YEARS HIS SENR. HER NAME WAS PLE FRERICK AND SHE WAS AN ATTRACTIVE NYMPHOMANIAC. SHE WAS ALSO RICH. THROUGH HER HE GOT JOBS, BUT SHE ALSO BOUGHT HIM A R AND PAID TO GET HIS TEETH FIXED. THEN, AS HE WOULD DO WH ALL HIS MENTORS, HE DUMPED HER ONCE SHE HAD OUTLIVED HER EFULNS.CLARK & RIA LANGHAMIN 1928, ALONG ME 45 YEAR-OLD RIA LANGHAM. SHE WAS PRETTIER THAN HIS WIFE AND RICHER, SO CLARK HOOKED UP WH HER FOR A UPLE OF YEARS. BEFORE LONG HE WAS CHEATG ON BOTH OF THEM WH ANOTHER NYMPHOMANIAC, ACTRS JOAN CRAWFORD. AND ALL THE WHILE HE WAS BEDDG EVERY OTHER WOMAN HE ULD LAY HIS HANDS ON. HE AND RIA WERE SEEN DATG SO OFTEN THAT MOST PEOPLE ASSUMED THEY WERE MARRIED TO ONE ANOTHER. EVEN LB MAYER ASSUMED AS MUCH, BUT ONCE HE FOUND OUT ABOUT JO, CLARK’S MGM BOSS ORRED HIM TO DO THREE THGS IMMEDIATELY – DIVORCE JO, MARRY RIA, AND LAY OFF JOAN. HE PUBLICLY PLIED WH THE FIRST TWO, BUT SECRETLY IGNORED THE THIRD. HE AND JOAN NTUED TO MEET SECRETLY FOR YEARS.GABLE, CRAWFORD & MAYERMEANWHILE, HIS ADORG PUBLIC HAD NO IA GABLE WAS MARRIED TO JO, LIVG WH RIA AND SLEEPG WH JOAN (AND ALL THE OTHERS). NOR DID THEY KNOW THAT JOAN WAS PREGNANT WH HIS CHILD. IT HAD TO BE CLARK’S BEE SHE AND HBAND DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS JNR WERE TRANGED, AND HAD BEEN FOR SOME TIME. AN ABORTN WAS ARRANGED, AND THE PUBLIC WERE ADVISED THAT JOAN HAD TAKEN A FALL AND LOST DOUG’S BABY. ACRDG TO THE STUD, THE ‘HAPPILY MARRIED UPLE WERE VASTATED’.MR & MRS DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS JR.MAYER HAD BEEN RECEIVG REGULAR REPORTS OF GABLE AND CRAWFORD SPENDG MOST AFTERNOONS HER MOBILE DRSG ROOM ON THE MGM LOT, THE SAME ONE THAT FAIRBANKS HAD GIVEN HER AS A PRENT. IN FACT, CUCKOLD DOUG WAS STILL PAYG THE THG OFF. THE PAPERS WERE STARTG TO POST ‘BLD EMS’ ABOUT THE ROMANCE AS WELL, SO MAYER ORRED DOUG AND JOAN TO TAKE AN ‘EXTEND EUROPEAN VATN’, A SEND HONEYMOON, SO TO SPEAK.HIS LTLE DALLIANCE WH HA ASI, GABLE WAS AN UNABASHED WOMANIZER WHO WOULD SLEEP WH ANY WOMAN IF THE OPPORTUNY AROSE. A DIRECTOR IEND SAID OF HIM: ‘HE WOULD SCREW ANYTHG. SHE DIDN’T HAVE TO BE PRETTY OR CLEAN’. WH A MONTH OF SIGNG WH MGM HE HAD IMPREGNATED WRER ALA ROGERS ST. JOHN. SHE WAS SENT ON AN ‘EXTEND VATN’ TO HAVE HIS BABY, NOT THAT HE WOULD EVER OWN UP TO BEG HIS.IN 1932 HE WAS PUT TO A FILM, POLLY OF THE CIRC, WH WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST’S MISTRS MARN DAVI. HEARST WAS BY THEN 65 YEARS OLD AND HIS RELATNSHIP WH MARN HAD BEE SEXLS, SO SHE WAS SOON VOLVED WH HER LEADG MAN. HEARST AND MGM FIXER HOWARD STRICKLG KNEW CLARK AND MARN WERE SLEEPG TOGETHER. THEY QUICKLY AND QUIETLY OFFERED HIM A PAY RISE OM $650 A WEEK TO $2,000 A WEEK, BUT ONLY IF HE WOULD STOP SEEG MARN. EX MARN.MARN DAVIIN 1933, GABLE RAN DOWN A WOMAN WH HIS R WHILE HE WAS DRIVG DNK. SHE WAS ON A CROSSWALK AND DIED AT THE SCENE. MGM FIXERS MOVED QUICKLY, PAYG OFF POLICE AND THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY, AS WELL AS SLIPPG THE AD GIRL’S FAY $125,000 TO KEEP QUIET. THEN, THE STUD GOT AN UN-NAMED MID-LEVEL EMPLOYEE TO TAKE THE RAP FOR THEIR SUPERSTAR. OFFERED A JOB FOR LIFE WH MGM, PL A SH SETTLEMENT, THE MAN SAID HE WAS DRIVG THE VEHICLE AND PPED 10 MONTHS AT AN HONOR FARM. HIS NAME HAS SCE BEEN QUIETLY EXPUNGED OM THE RERD, ALTHOUGH THERE IS A SCHOOL OF THOUGHT THAT BELIEVE HE WAS A ‘NOBODY’ PART-TIME DIRECTOR AT THE TIME – NAMED JOHN HTON.1934 SAW YET ANOTHER GABLE ‘ISSUE’, WHEN HE PUT GEO LORETTA YOUNG THE FAY WAY DURG THE TIME THEY MA THE CALL OF THE WILD. UNTIL HIS DYG DAY HE REFED TO ACKNOWLEDGE HER LTLE GIRL AS HIS OWN. NEHER DID LORETTA FOR THAT MATTER. SHE PRETEND THE GIRL WAS ADOPTED OUT OF THE GOODNS OF HER HEART. GABLE SIMPLY HAD NOTHG TO DO WH THE CHILD – EVER.LORETTA YOUNGWHEN GABLE MET CAROLE LOMBARD, WHOM HE WOULD EVENTUALLY MARRY, HER ‘BT GIRLIEND’ WAS NONE OTHER THAN BILLY HA. SHE TREATED HIM LIKE A BIG SISTER, NFIDG HIM REGULARLY. ON ONE OCSN SHE STRIPPED PLETELY NAKED ONT OF HIM HER TRAILER, SAYG, ‘I WOULDN’T DO THIS IF I THOUGHT YOU’D GET AROED, BILLY’. GABLE SOON TERMATED THEIR IENDSHIP WHEN SHE BEME HIS WIFE. AFTER ALL, BILLY WAS A NSTANT REMR THAT THE ‘KG’ HAD A ‘ONE-OFF’ HOMOSEXUAL ENUNTER WH HIM WAY BACK WHEN.CAROLE LOMBARDIN 1949 CLARK MARRIED SYLVIA ASHLEY, AFTER HIS MARRIAGE PROPOSAL WAS TURNED DOWN 1948 BY NANCY DAVIS, WHO LATER MARRIED RONALD REAGAN AND BEME AMERI’S FIRST LADY. SYLVIA WAS AN ENGLISH MOL AND ACTRS FORMERLY MARRIED TO DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS SENR. SHE WAS 45 WHEN SHE WED GABLE. THE UNN LASTED JT TWO AND A HALF YEARS.HIS FAL WIFE WAS KAY WILLIAMS, A 49 YEAR-OLD ACTRS WHO WAS STILL WED TO HIM WHEN HE SUFFERED HIS LIFE ENDG RONARY 1960. THEY HAD ONE CHILD, BORN AFTER GABLE’S ATH. THE STORY THAT WAS MARILYN MONROE’S BEHAVR DURG THE SHOOTG OF HIS LAST FILM THE MISFS THAT BROUGHT ON HIS FATAL HEART ATTACK IS TOTALLY UNTE. HE WAS ALREADY VERY ILL AND WAS ACTUALLY CHANGG A TIRE ON A JEEP WHEN HE LLAPSED.AND WH KAY WILLIAMSALA ROGERS ST JOHNROLE LOMBARDCLARK GABLEDOUGLAS FAIRBANKS JRJOAN CRAWFORDJOSEPHE DILLONKAY WILLIAMSLB MAYERLORETTA YOUNGMARILYN MONROENANCY DAVISPLE ERICKRIA LANGHAMRONALD REAGANSYLVIA ASHLEYTHE MISFSWILLIAM HA PREVDID YOU KNOW? POTS OF INTERT PT. 6 NEXTDID YOU KNOW? POTS OF INTERT PT. 7 13 COMMENTS AVARAGENE JANUARY 31, 2022 AT 9:00 AM THE PICTURE CLAIMG TO BE SYLVIA IS ACTUALLY KAY. KAY IS THE WOMAN THE LAST TWO PHOTOS.REPLY ALAN ROYLE JANUARY 31, 2022 AT 5:45 PM THANKYOU FOR BRGG THAT TO MY ATTENTN. I HAVE LETED THE FIRST SHOT. MUCH APPRECIATED.REPLY KATHI L. JANUARY 14, 2020 AT 8:42 AM THIS RMATN ABOUT GABLE IS A LOT OF SPECULATN, MY OPN. THE SOURCE FOR THE HA STORY? IT’S TREATED AS FACT BUT THERE IS NONE EXCEPT REVISNIST BGRAPHI OR FICTN PRETENDG TO BE FACT WRTEN BY THORS LIKE DARW PORTER OR STTY BOWERS. AND, I HAVE TO SAY, LABELG WOMEN AS “NYMPHOMANIACS” IS OUTRAGEO AND SEXIST. WHAT DID MR. GABLE EVER DO TO YOU TO SERVE SUCH A MEAN SPIRED BGRAPHIL SAY?REPLY ALAN ROYLE JANUARY 14, 2020 AT 1:10 PM THANKYOU FOR YOUR NOTE. IF YOU WISH TO ACCEPT THE STUD’S AND BGRAPHERS’ PORTRAYAL OF MOVIE STARS, YOU ARE EE TO DO SO, OF URSE. I PREFER TO REACH MY NCLNS AFTER PESAL OF ASSSMENTS OM ALL SOURC, SOME OF WHICH I REJECT OUT OF HAND, OTHERS I ACCEPT WHOLE OR PART. MY ASSSMENTS ARE NEHER ‘MEAN-SPIRED’ NOR FAWNG. AS FOR LABELLG SOME WOMEN AS ‘NYMPHOMANIACS’, MADAM, THE FACT IS THAT SOME ARE! THAT IS NO MORE ‘OUTRAGEO’ THAN SCRIBG PRINT TMP AS AN ‘EGOMANIAC’. IF THE P FS WEAR . PLEASE, DO NOT SPOUT POLIL RRECTNS AT ME! THE TERM IS GREATLY OVER-RATED.REPLY PL MAY 9, 2021 AT 12:59 PM IF YOU EVER DID REARCH YOU WOULD FD OUT THAT ’S ALL TEREPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 7, 2015 AT 11:32 AM ON GOOGLE: BALL INSULTS GABLE ABOUT NECKTIE. YOU’LL FD TWO ENTRI RIGHT AWAY, WHERE HE MENTNS HOW SULT ME ABOUT.REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 7, 2015 AT 5:11 AM MY SOURCE FOR BALL AND GABLE’S IAL MEETG IS HER BOOK. SHE SCRIB SLIM H., “SELLG” HER ON GABLE, WHO RETURNED OM SERVICE. THE ANECDOTE ABOUT THE TIE MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT SAME TIME. CAN’T BE CERTA IF I READ ABOUT HER BOOK[WHICH I BORROWED AND RETURNED], OR SOMEWHERE ELSE.REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 12:55 PM I THK I FALLY GOT YOUR MENT ABOUT SYPHANTS, PECIALLY AFTER WHAT YOU SAID ABOUT CAROLE LOMBARD. MAYBE GABLE FIGURED THAT BALL WAS A “NO GO”, KNEW ABOUT BOGIE, OR JT WASN’T TERTED.REPLY ALAN ROYLE SEPTEMBER 7, 2015 AT 2:54 AM I MT HAVE EXPRSED MYSELF UNCLEARLY. MANY FAMO PEOPLE, PECIALLY THE ENTERTAMENT FIELD, ARE SURROUND BY ‘Y MEN’ WHO AGREE WH EVERYTHG THEY SAY. THAT IS WHAT I MEANT BY ‘SYPHANTS’. CONSEQUENTLY, THEY ARE OFTEN ATTRACTED TO MEN AND WOMEN WHO ARE ENTIRELY OPEN WH THEM, EVEN CRIL OF THEM. I BELIEVE GABLE FELT THAT WAY ABOUT LOMBARD. AS FAR AS I KNOW GABLE AND BALL HAD NO RELATNSHIP WHATSOEVER. I DO NOT EVEN KNOW IF THEY EVER EVEN MET. QUE POSSIBLY THEY DID NOT. I RELL READG THAT HENRY FONDA HAD NEVER MET KATHARE HEPBURN UNTIL THEY MA ‘ON GOLN POND’ TOGETHER, EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD BOTH BEEN INS HOLLYWOOD FOR 50 YEARS OR SO.REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 12:17 PM HMMM. NOT SURE I UNRSTAND MENT ABOUT SYPHANTS. DO APPLY TO ANECDOT ABOUT BALL AND GABLE?REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 5:58 AM TWO ANECDOT HAVG NOTHG TO DO W/ WHAT YOU’VE POSTED, BUT TERTG.IN EFFORT TO “CURE” BALL OF BOGART, SLIM HAWKS ARRANGED SOCIAL EVENT BETWEEN GABLE AND BALL, AT HAWKS HOME, WHICH MAY HAVE CLUD OTHERS. BETTY WAS NOT TERTED; GABLE TOOK HER HOME, KISSED HER GOODNIGHT, PERD. THIS NEXT VOLV GATHERG AT HAWKS HOME. BALL EXPRSED NCERN W/ HOW SHE WOULD GET HOME. HAWKS TOLD HER TO ASK A MAN TO TAKE HER, BUT SHE DIDN’T KNOW HOW TO DO THAT; WAS TOLD,’TRY SULTG HIM.’ WHEN SHE SAW HAWKS, SHE SAID, ‘IT WORKED’, AND SHE SAID SHE ASKED MAN WHERE HE GOT HIS TIE. WHEN ASKED,’WHY DO YOU ASK?’ SHE REPLIED, ‘SO I N TELL PEOPLE NOT TO GO TO THAT STORE.’ THE MAN WAS CLARK GABLE! [IT’S POSSIBLE BOTH CINTS OCCURRED AT SAME TIME.][NOTE, UNLS I’M SURE OF EXACT QUOT, I E SGLE QUOTATN MARK ONLY.]TWOREPLY ALAN ROYLE SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 10:56 AM INTERTG. PEOPLE POSNS OF POWER OR FAME GET FED UP WH SYPHANTS (OR SO I HAVE READ), SO THEY ARE OFTEN IMPRSED BY SOMEONE WHO CHOOS TO NOT FAWN OVER THEM. THE OLD SAYG, ‘NOBODY LIK A KISS-ASS’ IS A TE ONE. I THK LOMBARD ED A SIAR APPROACH. SHE OFTEN RIDICULED HIS ‘GREAT LOVER’ IMAGE PUBLIC, YET HE ADORED HER.REPLY S. ALLEN SEPTEMBER 6, 2015 AT 1:38 AM OH MY GOD!REPLYLEAVE A REPLY CANCEL REPLYYOUR EMAIL ADDRS WILL NOT BE PUBLISHED.COMMENTNAME *EMAIL *WEBSESAVE MY NAME, EMAIL, AND WEBSE THIS BROWSER FOR THE NEXT TIME I MENT. IF A NEW COMMENT IS POSTED:DO NOT SEND EMAIL NOTIFITNS.SEND EMAIL NOTIFITN ONLY IF SOMEONE REPLI TO MY COMMENT(S).SEND EMAIL NOTIFITN WHENEVER A NEW COMMENT IS POSTED.ΔTHIS SE AKISMET TO RCE SPAM. LEARN HOW YOUR MENT DATA IS PROCSED.LOOKG FOR SOMETHG? 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"The 'wisecracker' was a ltle mpy, a ltle flashy, a ltle b sneaky, a ltle b ivolo, and he brought his very openly gay, unapologetic personaly to his screen performanc, even when he was playg ostensibly heterosexual. " Mann adds, "The fact that he was able to do that and bee the top box office star of 1930, 's bee he didn't pretend to be anythg other than what he was, and the dtry knew that he was gay.

Josephe DillonIn 1925, when Clark was a stgglg young actor tryg to ga a toehold the dtry, he participated a brief sexual relatnship wh Hollywood star and notor gay William Ha. After all, Billy was a nstant remr that the ‘Kg’ had a ‘one-off’ homosexual enunter wh him way back LombardIn 1949 Clark married Sylvia Ashley, after his marriage proposal was turned down 1948 by Nancy Davis, who later married Ronald Reagan and beme Ameri’s First Lady. Specializg playg the role of the "wisecracker, " a jokg, likable trickster hero who starts out a b of a lout but always learn his lson by the end of the film, Ha ma his on-screen name as a romantic hero and his off-screen reputatn as one of the most outgog, charismatic and popular figur was also gay, and he set a trend Hollywood by livg openly wh his lover, Jimmie Shields.

One of the book's central revelatns is that Hollywood the 1920s was a place where was possible to be openly gay.

B OF GAY ACTOR GIV RICH PORTRA OF '20S {FONT-SIZE:20PX;LOR:#999;FONT-STYLE:ALIC;MARG:0PX;MARG-TOP:10PX;}WISECRACKER: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM HAINES, HOLLYWOOD'S FIRST OPENLY GAY STAR BY WILLIAM J. MANN 444 PP., $29.95 {GRID-ROW-START:2;GRID-LUMN-START:2;GRID-LUMN-END:3;}@MEDIA (MAX-WIDTH:950PX){{GRID-LUMN-START:1;GRID-LUMN-END:2;}}{BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;MAX-WIDTH:600PX;PADDG:0PX 20PX;MARG:0PX TO;FONT-FAY:'COLABORATE LIGHT','LUCIDA SANS UNI',SANS-SERIF;MARG-BOTTOM:5PX;} A{LOR:#7B1B18;} IMG{PADDG-RIGHT:7PX;}BY {LOR:#BA0600;}SANNAH R. MANL, CRIMSON STAFF {BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;MAX-WIDTH:600PX;PADDG:0PX 20PX;MARG:0PX TO;}{DISPLAY:NONE;}@MEDIA (MAX-WIDTH:950PX){{BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;MAX-WIDTH:600PX;PADDG:0PX 20PX;MARG:0PX TO;DISPLAY:BLOCK;PADDG-TOP:20PX;PADDG-BOTTOM:20PX;MARG-TOP:20PX;BORR-TOP:1PX SOLID #EBEBEB;BORR-BOTTOM:1PX SOLID #EBEBEB;}}{DISPLAY:-WEBK-BOX;DISPLAY:-WEBK-FLEX;DISPLAY:-MS-FLEXBOX;DISPLAY:FLEX;-WEBK-FLEX-DIRECTN:LUMN;-MS-FLEX-DIRECTN:LUMN;FLEX-DIRECTN:LUMN;WIDTH:TO;-WEBK-ALIGN-EMS:CENTER;-WEBK-BOX-ALIGN:CENTER;-MS-FLEX-ALIGN:CENTER;ALIGN-EMS:CENTER;POSN:-WEBK-STICKY;POSN:STICKY;TOP:70PX;-WEBK-FLEX-DIRECTN:ROW;-MS-FLEX-DIRECTN:ROW;FLEX-DIRECTN:ROW;-WEBK-BOX-PACK:CENTER;-WEBK-JTIFY-NTENT:CENTER;-MS-FLEX-PACK:CENTER;JTIFY-NTENT:CENTER;POSN:UNSET;} {DISPLAY:LE-BLOCK;PADDG:0PX;} > SPAN{WIDTH:35PX !IMPORTANT;HEIGHT:35PX !IMPORTANT;TEXT-ALIGN:CENTER;BORR-RADI:50%;} SVG{WIDTH:25PX !IMPORTANT;HEIGHT:35PX !IMPORTANT;} .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_EMAIL > SPAN, .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_PRT > SPAN, .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_LK > SPAN{BACKGROUND-LOR:#EBEBEB !IMPORTANT;} .ADDTHIS_UNTER .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_EXPAND{WIDTH:35PX;HEIGHT:35PX;MARG:0PX;PADDG:0PX;BACKGROUND:NONE;TEXT-ALIGN:CENTER;BORR:1PX SOLID #EBEBEB;BORR-RADI:50%;LOR:#EBEBEB !IMPORTANT;} .ADDTHIS_BUTTON_PACT{DISPLAY:NONE !IMPORTANT;} {MARG:0PX 5PX;}{POSN:RELATIVE;WIDTH:100%;} P{MAX-WIDTH:600PX;MARG:0PX TO;PADDG:0PX 20PX;BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;FONT:17PX/25PX GEIA,SERIF;MARG-TOP:1EM;MARG-BOTTOM:1EM;} OL{MAX-WIDTH:600PX;MARG:0PX TO;PADDG:0PX 20PX;BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;FONT:17PX/25PX GEIA,SERIF;PADDG-LEFT:80PX;} P A, OL A, P A:VISED, OL A:VISED{LOR:#BA0600;-WEBK-TRANSN:0.3S ALL;TRANSN:0.3S ALL;-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:NONE;TEXT-RATN:NONE;} P A:HOVER, OL A:HOVER{-WEBK-TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;TEXT-RATN:UNRLE;} H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6{MAX-WIDTH:600PX;MARG:0PX TO;PADDG:0PX 20PX;BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;MARG-TOP:1EM;MARG-BOTTOM:1EM;LOR:#7B1B18;}WILLIAM HA WAS NOT A VERY GOOD ACTOR, BUT HE WAS A VERY POPULAR ONE, AND HOLLYWOOD OF THE 1920S THE PRRI WERE THE SAME AS THOSE OF HOLLYWOOD TODAY--'S THE BOX OFFICE THAT UNTS. HA IS ONE OF THE NOW-FOTTEN STARS OF THE SILENT SCREEN: HANDSOME, WTY AND GOOD-NATURED, BETWEEN 1926 AND 1931 HE WAS ONE OF THE BIGGT BOX-OFFICE DRAWS HOLLYWOOD, TOP ON MGM'S ROSTER OF STARS AND ADORED BY WOMEN FILM FANS EVERYWHERE. SPECIALIZG PLAYG THE ROLE OF THE "WISECRACKER," A JOKG, LIKABLE TRICKSTER HERO WHO STARTS OUT A B OF A LOUT BUT ALWAYS LEARN HIS LSON BY THE END OF THE FILM, HA MA HIS ON-SCREEN NAME AS A ROMANTIC HERO AND HIS OFF-SCREEN REPUTATN AS ONE OF THE MOST OUTGOG, CHARISMATIC AND POPULAR FIGUR HOLLYWOOD.HA WAS ALSO GAY, AND HE SET A TREND HOLLYWOOD BY LIVG OPENLY WH HIS LOVER, JIMMIE SHIELDS. WHEN THE POLIL WATERS CHANGED AROUND THE EARLY 1930S, HA REFED TO PLAY THE STUD "GAME"--TO REPUDIATE JIMMIE, TO ENTER TO A SHAM MARRIAGE AS SO MANY OTHER ACTORS DID, TO PRETEND TO BE WHAT HE WASN'T. AND IS THIS THAT PRECIPATED HIS EARLY EX OM THE MOVI, AROUND 1934. NOW THE BGRAPHER AND JOURNALIST WILLIAM J. MANN, FASCATED BY HA'S LORFUL RISE AND FALL THE FILM WORLD AND HIS UNIQUE REFAL TO VE TO THE STUD MANDS, HAS SHAPED AROUND HIS LIFE AN TRIGUG EXPLORATN OF FIFTY YEARS OF SHIFTG TSELTOWN MOR.MANN, TAKG AN AFFECTNATE BUT REFULLY CRIL VIEW OF THE HERO OF HIS BOOK, TRAC HA'S LIFE THROUGH S MULTIPLE METAMORPHOS. ONE OF THE BOOK'S CENTRAL REVELATNS IS THAT HOLLYWOOD THE 1920S WAS A PLACE WHERE WAS POSSIBLE TO BE OPENLY GAY. HOMOSEXUALY WAS SIMPLY ACCEPTED; GAY AND STRAIGHT PEOPLE MGLED SOCIALLY AS WELL AS PROFSNALLY, AND THERE WAS A LE DIVIDG THE ON-SCREEN PERSONA OF AN ACTOR OM HIS PRIVATE LIFE. BUT WH THE ADVENT OF SOUND AND THE NSERVATIVE REACTNISM OF THE 1930S WHICH ACPANIED THE START OF THE GREAT DEPRSN, A CRACKDOWN ENSUED ON BOTH THE NTENT OF THE FILMS AND THE PRIVATE LIV OF THEIR STARS.MANN SHOWS BOTH THE LONG-TERM EFFECT OF THE FORC UPON THE MOVI--THE FAMO HAYS MORALY , WHICH NSTRAED THE MOVI TO REPRENTG A RIGIDLY FED VALUE SYSTEM WHOSE IRON GRIP DID NOT BEG TO LOOSEN UNTIL THE 1960S AND '70S--AND THE VERY PERSONAL IMPACT UPON THE ACTORS HOLLYWOOD. THE STUDS CLARED THAT BEG GAY WAS NO LONGER OKAY HOLLYWOOD, THEREBY AVOIDG THE HARSH CRICISM OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND OTHER RELIG GROUPS, AND PROVIDG SP NTROL ON THE GOSSIP NEWSPAPERS THAT WERE RAPIDLY TAKG ON AN ALARMG PENNCE. ACTORS WHO WERE MORED TO BE HOMOSEXUAL WERE ORRED TO GET MARRIED AND GIVE THE PUBLIC WHAT WANTED: A PERSONA WHO F THE ON-SCREEN IMAGE OF AN ACCEPTABLY "MANLY" MAN OR "FEME" WOMAN. MOST ACTORS ACQUICED, TO ONE GREE OR ANOTHER. WHEN HA TOLD MGM STUD HEAD LOUIS B. MAYER, A SCENE THAT HAS BEE LEGEND, THAT HE WAS ALREADY MARRIED--TO HIS LOVER, JIMMIE SHIELDS--HE FOUND HIMSELF "BOOTED OUT" OF THE MOVIE DTRY.HA'S LIFE BOTH THE MOVI AND AFTERWARD, AS "RATOR TO THE STARS," PROVIS A KEYHOLE THROUGH WHICH WE N GET A VERY TIMATE GLIMPSE OF HOLLYWOOD LIFE, GAY AND STRAIGHT, AS ONCE EXISTED BEHD THE VEIL OF SECRECY. HA KNEW EVERYONE (AND SEEMS TO HAVE HAD AFFAIRS WH MANY OF THEM). THROUGH HIS EY, AS RENSTCTED BY MANN, WE SEE THE CREASGLY HIDN WORLD OF EARLY GAY HOLLYWOOD: THE ACTORS--CARY GRANT AND RANDOLPH STT, CLTTE COLBERT AND MARLENE DIETRICH, GRETA GARBO AND RAMON NOVARRO--AND THE PEOPLE BEHD THE SCEN, SUCH AS DIRECTOR GEE COR AND JET-SETTG POSER COLE PORTER, THE TWO FOL POTS OF GAY MALE HOLLYWOOD SOCIETY THE 1930S AND 40S.THE WILLIAM HA STORY IS ALSO A LOVE STORY, ALTHOUGH S POIGNANCY DO NOT BEE FULLY APPARENT UNTIL VERY LATE HIS BGRAPHY. BOTH HA AND JIMMIE SHIELDS SEEM TO HAVE BEEN REMARKABLY PRIVATE MEN; SPE THE HUNDREDS OF HA QUOTATNS AND REMISCENC BY IENDS THAT MANN HAS DRAWN ON, MOST OF HA' MENTS TO THE WORLD FEEL LIKE "WISECRACKS"--HIS TRAMARK BRAND OF FENSIVE HUMOR--AND 'S HARD TO GET A FEELG THAT WE UNRSTAND THIS MAN'S NER LIFE. EVEN LS RMATN REMAS ABOUT SHIELDS, AND WHAT REMISCENC HIS IENDS DO OFFER SOUND RATHER MORE BOORISH THAN ENARG. (RUMOR HAS THAT HA' TRANGEMENT OM COLE PORTER, FOR STANCE, WAS PRECIPATED BY PORTER'S TCHG JIMMIE UNROLY HAVG SEX WH A SAILOR THE BH DURG ONE OF HIS ELEGANT SOIRE.)THE BGRAPHY OF WILLIAM HA IS A REMARKABLY RICH DOCUMENT OF 50 YEARS OF CHANGG HOLLYWOOD MOR, AND MANN HAS SUCCEED ADMIRABLY HIS STATED GOAL OF SHEDDG LIGHT ON THE TOO-LONG-NEGLECTED WORLD OF EARLY HOLLYWOOD GAY LIFE AND CULTURE. BUT 'S THE OTHER THREADS NNG THROUGH HA' LIFE WHICH GIVE THE BOOK S IMPACT: HA' CHANGG IENDSHIPS, HIS PASSNATE LOVE FOR HIS TERR SIGN BS, HIS TTY TREATMENT BY THE SNDAL PRS AND HIS VOTN TO JIMMIE. THROUGH THAT TIMATE, PERSONAL STORY, MANN IS ABLE TO SUCCSFULLY BRG HOME THE IMPACT OF WHAT STARTED OUT AS HIS BOOK'S CENTRAL NARRATIVE: THE SOCPOLIL STORY OF THE "STUTNALIZATN OF THE HOLLYWOOD STORY OF HOW AN DTRY CHANGED, HOW A MUNY OF ARTISTS AND EE THKERS TURNED S BACK ON S OWN THE FACE OF ANIZED, TRADNALIST PRSURE." BUT 'S THE PERSONAL TAILS THAT H HOME THIS STORY OF AN ENARG IF IMPERFECT WISECRACKER, ONE WHOSE FEW REMAG IENDS TODAY REMEMBER HIM, ABOVE ALL ELSE, NOT FOR HIS JOK BUT FOR HIS QUIET {FONT-SIZE:16.5PX;LE-HEIGHT:26PX;BOX-SIZG:NTENT-BOX;MAX-WIDTH:600PX;PADDG:0PX 20PX;MARG:0PX TO;MARG:1EM TO;} A{LOR:#7B1B18;}WANT TO KEEP UP WH BREAKG NEWS? 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Homosexualy was simply accepted; gay and straight people mgled socially as well as profsnally, and there was a le dividg the on-screen persona of an actor om his private life. The studs clared that beg gay was no longer okay Hollywood, thereby avoidg the harsh cricism of the Roman Catholic Church and other relig groups, and providg sp ntrol on the gossip newspapers that were rapidly takg on an alarmg pennce.

Actors who were mored to be homosexual were orred to get married and give the public what wanted: a persona who f the on-screen image of an acceptably "manly" man or "feme" woman. Mayer, a scene that has bee legend, that he was already married--to his lover, Jimmie Shields--he found himself "booted out" of the movie 's life both the movi and afterward, as "rator to the stars, " provis a keyhole through which we n get a very timate glimpse of Hollywood life, gay and straight, as once existed behd the veil of secrecy. Through his ey, as renstcted by Mann, we see the creasgly hidn world of early gay Hollywood: the actors--Cary Grant and Randolph Stt, Cltte Colbert and Marlene Dietrich, Greta Garbo and Ramon Novarro--and the people behd the scen, such as director Gee Cor and jet-settg poser Cole Porter, the two fol pots of gay male Hollywood society the 1930s and William Ha story is also a love story, although s poignancy do not bee fully apparent until very late his bgraphy.

OPENLY GAY WILLIAM HA ROSE TO HOLLYWOOD FAME THE 1920S; BUT AFTER REFG A 'LAVENR MARRIAGE' HE LEFT ALL

)The bgraphy of William Ha is a remarkably rich document of 50 years of changg Hollywood mor, and Mann has succeed admirably his stated goal of sheddg light on the too-long-neglected world of early Hollywood gay life and culture. They lived together for the next 47 years as the first openly gay uple 1930, he was rated the biggt box-office attractn the untry.

Mayer, then the head of Goldwyn Studs, gave Ha an ultimatum — choose eher Shields or a “lavenr marriage” which Ha would marry a woman, name only, to nceal his refed to hi the fact he was gay and was subsequently fired om the stud, effectively endg his reer.

GAY DISTRICT HA CY

For the extroverted and outgog, there are a number of events that are anized by proprietors of all Gay District Ha Cy cludg paras and tours that teach about the quiet history of the gay muny there. Gay regns create primarily wh ci wh fewer on nohels tablishg the suburbs surroundg ci and this creas LGBT populatns major ci exactly where this optn life-style is prime for nsumerizatn. Bee gay lotns are not external seclud but are stead parts of ci the nnectn between the LGBT muny and the larger populatn of the cy performs favor of a lot areas exist as a rult of a shift perceptn of LGBT om beg a ‘sexual viance' to an ‘alternative liftyle' wh the transn om the nightlife bars and clubs to day life certa neighborhoods.

The unrstated prence of the Gay District Ha Cy is terms of the advertisg of such, even so, the premis of clubs and bars for gays beg really clearly earmarked as such to ease issu for foreigners and newers alike.

Characteristics that fe gay plac differ om cy to cy as a oute of the varied laws, like those regardg marriage and hog, that prevail var untri and nsequently ci.

GAY HA COLORADO

Gay meetg plac Ha Cy (showg 1) Sprt Gas Statn Ha Cy [Ha Cy] the bounds of 1013 Hson Ave, Ha Cy you won't be on your own, 's jt about the most packed gay lotns the area due to the variety of gay plac they feature, a few of them are offerg strange ems that perhaps you have never experimented wh jt before. If you are livg USA and you also rema not aware of the gay arena, you n always be a part of them whout notice and they will be ready for you.

WHEN HOLLYWOOD STUDS MARRIED OFF GAY STARS TO KEEP THEIR SEXUALY A SECRET

Clost gay lotns to Ha Cy Big Kmart Cyprs Garns Blvd [Cyprs Garns] the bounds of Cyprs Garns Blvd, Wter Haven you won't be on your own, 's jt about the most packed gay regns si the town bee of the selectn of lotns they provi, some of them are offerg weird thgs which maybe you have never attempted well before.

If you are livg USA and you also rema not aware of the gay scenar, you n sign up for them anytime and they will be prepared for you. If the thg you need is surely an enunter at available areas on the mystil urse, you are able to fd out many spots and gay meetg plac of this kd jt the rtrictns of almost every primary area at USA.

GAY DATG IN HA CY, FLORIDA, UNED STAT

Big Lots Hwy Wter Haven [Lake Hammock Village]In the event you don't jt like a gay nightclub you might have a lot of other bars that you will probably love a lot more.

SUMMER THE CY: A GAY MUNICH WEEKEND TRIP

ABC Fe W and Spirs [Davenport]Prr to turng up, se you have traveled a great al you will be aware that is strongly advised that you simply vtigate the current ndns of this gay lotn. Lotns Ha Cy by Category We ri a world that has diverse cultur and is possible for a gay relatnship to exist between two folks who belong to var cultur.

Gay lotns and LGBT persons general have a signifint artistic si to them wh paras showsg the artistilly exprsive clatn of LGBT people and the areas gettg distctly cultured wh referenc to their optn way of life. Gay snas, are far more hip and tailored towards the young mob as they are sexier and a lot more hip wh betiful men and entertag mob a ntrast to the snas far off loli.

THE VIEW STAR REVEALS WHY SHE AGRE WH SUPREME COURT LG FOR SIGNER WHO OPPOS GAY MARRIAGE

Beg a gay was not an simple pot, but the globe trends are alterg and soon would be a better spot for you to live and e across a excellent pann. It is beg wnsed that unlike straight guys gyms, gay mal hold themselv vered and observe nscientns while alterg om towel to undi to steer clear of any unwanted gogglg.

MSNBC HIR ANOTHER GAY ANCHOR (WHO JT CAME OUT 2 YEARS AGO)

The primary objective of gay anizatns is to make sure the rights of all persons regardls of their genr inty and sexual orientatn.

As a person wh gay sexual preferenc, you will have to work hard orr to reta all your timate relatnships robt. Bt Match Powered by Whepag Premium Bt Match Powered by Whepag Premium Powered by Whepag Premium Gay Allene Ha Parker, CO Other Addrs Geetown, CO •.

Christe N Stjacqu Fd more ntact rmatn for Gay HaPREMIUM Top 3 Rults for Gay Ha CO 1 The bt rult we found for your search is Gay Allene Ha age 60s Parker, CO. 2 The send bt rult is Gay Lynn Heaney age 50s San Anton, TX the El Chaparral Fertile Valley neighborhood.

GAY HA FLORIDA

Queerns uld be appreciated on stage, but the every day liv of major stars was often hidn sham unns known as "lavenr marriag, " acrdg to Stephen Tropiano, profsor of Screen Studi at Itha College and thor of The Prime Time Closet: A History of Gays and Lbians on marriag were arranged by Hollywood studs between one or more gay, lbian or bisexual people orr to hi their sexual orientatn om the public.

They date back to the early 20th century and rried on past the gay liberatn movement of the 1960s.