The article seeks to challenge the implic equatn ma between natnal tonomy and personal eedom. Post‐socialist Mongolian inty, articulated on a notn of ristance agast Che terrorial and blogil encroachment, is acpanied by an explic, often vlent, anti‐Che disurse. This ristance agast an external enemy also has a centripetal effect on Mongolian society, and ntemporary notns of Mongolianns tend to ngeal to a homogenised inty that leav ltle space for personal reterpretatns. For those whose voic are not heard, such as Mongolian women and gay men, ‘eedom to be ethnic’ n be far om liberatg. The data I prent this article suggt that, while is routely picted as the ma danger agast which to rally, Cha n, for some people, open up spac of opportuny and liberty unattaable to them wh Mongolia.
Contents:
- GAY MONGOLIA TRAVEL GUI
- MONGOLIA GAY CULTURAL VISTAS TOUR
- MONGOLIA GAY CULTURAL VISTAS TOUR
- DIFFERENT SHAS OF BLUE: GAY MEN AND NATNALIST DISURSE MONGOLIA
GAY MONGOLIA TRAVEL GUI
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How was homosexualy viewed the Mongolian Empire?
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MONGOLIA GAY CULTURAL VISTAS TOUR
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While there is no gay scene to speak of, Mongolia offers a brilliant pe for gay upl and groups.
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MONGOLIA GAY CULTURAL VISTAS TOUR
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At the height of the Islamic Goln Age – a perd om the mid-8th century to the mid-13th century when Islamic civilisatn is believed to have reached s tellectual and cultural zenh – homosexualy was openly spoken and wrten about. Abu Nuwas (756-814), one of the great Arab classil poets durg the time of the Abbasid Caliphate, wrote publicly about his homosexual sir and relatns.
DIFFERENT SHAS OF BLUE: GAY MEN AND NATNALIST DISURSE MONGOLIA
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His homoerotic poetry was openly circulated right up until the 20th century. It was only as late as 2001 that Arabs started to blh at Nuwas’ homoerotism. And a gay urt poet.
If Nuwas and his homoerotic poetry uld reprent the height of Baghdadi culture, is natural that other Mlim societi would also be que open to homosexualy.
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Is historian Saleem Kidwai puts the fabulo book Same-Sex Love India, “Homoerotilly cled men are ntuoly visible Mlim medieval histori and are generally scribed whout pejorative ment. In the 18th century, Dargah Quli Khan, a nobleman om the Decn travellg to Delhi, wrote a fascatg acunt of the cy lled the Muraqqa-e-Dehli (The Delhi Album), which scribed jt how mundane homosexualy was Indo-Islamic society. Till the 19th century, Mlims treated homosexualy as a part and parcel of life, so much so that stunts were exposed to romantic stori of homosexual love – a posn untenable even today across parts of the Wtern word.
Of urse, theologilly, Islam did nsir homosexualy to be sful, based on the Quranic story of the people of Lut (Lot the Bible). Intertgly, though, the Shariat, the umbrella term for the var legal s and schools erng Mlim societi, have no punishment for homosexualty per se – sexual relatns between men are outlawed unr the larger bric of adultery. Even then, nvictns for homosexualy uld only be rried out if the sexual act was ttified to by four eye wns.
This was such a high bar that mentators on Islam such as Hamza Yuf have characterised the outlawg of homosexualy the Shariat as a sort of “legal fictn”. Ined, unlike medieval Europe, stanc of homosexuals beg punished are rare medieval Mlim societi.
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So what ed Mlim societi to go om olly readg homoerotic poetry to outlawg and stigmatisg same-sex love? It’s tough to nail down an exact reason but here’s an tertg cince: there are five Mlims untri where beg gay isn’t a crime.
In 1858, fact, the Ottoman Empire crimalised homosexualy (a stat hered by Turkey).
This was two years before the Brish Raj created the Indian Penal Co, Sectn 377 of which proceed to outlaw homosexualy morn-day India, Pakistan and Banglash.