The Relatnship between Masculy and Internalized Homophobia amongst Atralian Gay Men - PMC

Contents:

• GENR ROL THE RELATNSHIPS OF LBIANS AND GAY MEN
• KEN HAS ALWAYS BEEN BARBIE’S GAY BT FRIEND—NOT HER BOYIEND
• IT’S A MAN’S WORLD: A QUALATIVE STUDY OF GENR AND SEXUALY AMONGST ATRALIAN GAY MEN
• REPORTED EFFECTS OF MASCULE IALS ON GAY MEN
• THE RELATNSHIP BETWEEN MASCULY AND INTERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIA AMONGST ATRALIAN GAY MEN

GENR ROL THE RELATNSHIPS OF LBIANS AND GAY MEN

The film won’t say , but a post-creds punchle about Ken’s handwrg, plete wh hearts and stars surroundg his name, tells what we need to heavily implied nature of Ken’s gayns Toy Story 3 harkens back to Hollywood’s tradnal gay bt iend-type characters.

In the Hays Co era, explic referenc to homosexualy weren’t allowed, so characters like Van Buren (Frankl Pangborn) 1937’s Easy Livg, Kip (David Wayne) 1949’s Adam’s Rib, or Addison (Gee Sanrs) 1950’s All About Eve stead were imbued wh effemate characteristics, offerg a glimpse outsi of heteronormativy whout explicly beg of the characters were the same—some were tty, others sweet. As a rult, gay men bought the doll drov, and spe Mattel ultimately rellg the doll and wipg away any trace of Earrg Magic Ken, was near-impossible to see Ken as anythg but the glor homosexual he was born to be om then on.

While there is no way to “drs gay, ” there are several dolls that seem to suggt otherwise, such as:Fashnista Ken #193, who looks very exced to tell you about his new obssn, Troye Sivan;Travel Ken Doll, who has a satchel perfect for bathho and a purple overnight bag that lerally proclaims he’s “extra;”Ken Looks Doll, servg “I’m gonna give you a makeover”-type realns while sportg black pleather pants;This Ken, who wears the least heterosexual double nim I have a feelg the new Barbie movie will put the work to nvce that Ken is a hetero du who lov nothg life more than Barbie herself, the wrg’s already on the wall: Ken is, and always will be, Barbie’s gay bt obssg! The basels claim that chemils – particularly tap water – uld turn people gay has gaed populary wh nspiracy theorists over the years, most memorably wh nservative rad host Alex Jon, who said chemils the water were “turng the igg’ ogs gay.

KEN HAS ALWAYS BEEN BARBIE’S GAY BT FRIEND—NOT HER BOYIEND

Words such as “butch”, “bear”, “femme”, or “twk” may not be faiar to LGBT dividuals that are not as socially active wh other LGBT folks, but they have been ed to scribe genr rol lbian and gay relatnships for the majory of morn tim. Even today’s relatively forward-thkg society, wh all of the rmatnal and tnal advantag provid by the Inter and related digal technologi, many people have a limed unrstandg of what means to be homosexual, bisexual, and genr dysphoric. Y, people wh genr inty issu will typilly self-intify as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual, jt as people who are perfectly fortable wh their birth sex tend to self-intify their sexual orientatn, but genr inty do not any way fluence who or what one fds romantilly and sexually sirable.

If you are terted learng more about sexual orientatn and/or genr dysphoria, there are many eful rourc provid by plac like the Los Angel Genr Center, Parents and Friends of Lbians and Gays (PFLAG), the CDC’s GLBT Rource Page, the Human Rights Campaign, and hundreds of lol GLBT-supportive webs. As Tamale puts , “the ironic tth is that is not homosexualy that is alien to Ai but the far off lands of Sodom and Gomorrah pl the many other relig pictns of other sexualy that are often quoted nmng same-sex relatns on the ntent.

IT’S A MAN’S WORLD: A QUALATIVE STUDY OF GENR AND SEXUALY AMONGST ATRALIAN GAY MEN

Morn velopments Attus toward homosexualy are generally flux, partially as a rult of creased polil activism (see gay rights movement) and efforts by homosexuals to be seen not as aberrant personali but as differg om “normal” dividuals only their sexual orientatn.

The nflictg views of homosexualy—as a variant but normal human sexual behavur on one hand, and as psychologilly viant behavur on the other—rema prent most societi the 21st century, but they have been largely rolved ( the profsnal sense) most veloped untri. The Ksey report of 1948, for example, found that 30 percent of adult Amerin mal among Ksey’s subjects had engaged some homosexual activy and that 10 percent reported that their sexual practice had been exclively homosexual for a perd of at least three years between the ag of 16 and 55. After the 1969 Stonewall rts, which New York Cy policemen raid a gay bar and met wh staed ristance, many homosexuals were embolned to intify themselv as gay men or lbians to iends, to relativ, and even to the public at large.

REPORTED EFFECTS OF MASCULE IALS ON GAY MEN

In rponse to their activism, many jurisdictns enacted laws banng discrimatn agast homosexuals, and an creasg number of employers Ameri and European untri agreed to offer “domtic partner” benefs siar to the health re, life surance and, some s, pensn benefs available to heterosexual married upl.

In one such stance, Albania repealed s sodomy statut 1995, and gay upl Amsterdam 2001 were legally married unr the same laws that ern heterosexual marriage (rather than unr laws that allowed them to “register” or form “domtic” partnerships).

However, most shared wh gay men the sire to have a secure place the world muny at large, unchallenged by the fear of vlence, the stggle for equal treatment unr the law, the attempt to silence, and any other form of civil behavur that impos send-class article was most recently revised and updated by Alison Eldridge. KeywordsGay braGay geneGenr intyHomosexualyPrimatTransgenrCed by (0)∗Bee of s subject matter, the edors utn that some rears might fd the language to be strong and the material to be full textCopyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Masculy and Homosexualy: Lerature ReviewThe current lerature matas that heteronormative masculi pict gay men as beg more feme than their heterosexual unterparts and affect perceptns of their genr and sexual inty [7, 8, 9].

THE RELATNSHIP BETWEEN MASCULY AND INTERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIA AMONGST ATRALIAN GAY MEN

Internalized homonegativy has been noted to relate to prsn, poor wellbeg, sexual discrimatn, shame, body dissatisfactn, eatg disorrs, and suicidal iatn, and rults more extreme and unbearable stat of md men than women [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. As such, is imperative that the role of genr norms (specifilly, masculy) on non-heteronormative dividuals’ experienc of genr and sexual inty be addrsed to alleviate mory strs, improve mental health, wellbeg, and qualy of life, and rce heteronormative gay men, homosexual masculy is often referred to as “straight-actg” masculy and is argued to be an emulatn of heteronormative masculy—and, arguably, heterosexualy [21, 22]. HWhile heterosexual masculy is perceived as an thentic and natural genr performance, whereas homosexual masculy is perceived as a stumed drama [23]; “homosexual men are more like women…Even the most mascule gay man is a b sissy” [24].

The social nstctn of masculy, therefore, generat a reified oxymoron out of the phras “homosexual male” and “gay man”, whereby both terms are perceived as direct opposns of each stra gay men may experience their efforts to be as heteronormatively mascule as possible, spe their homosexualy, is perpetuated by prejudice and discrimatn all areas of life that serve to ern socially acceptable exprsns of masculy. As a rult, gay men who have ternalized heteronormative masculy and the strict l there participate policg other gay men, as well as themselv through pensatory behavr, as a means of mimizg gay men’s effemacy stereotyp [19]. Furthermore, was only wh the last five years—December 2017—that Atralia passed the Marriage Amendment (Defn and Relig Freedoms) Act 2017, which legalized marriage between same-sex upl [36] to this, discrimatn agast genr and sexualy diverse groups was mon, wh arguments of gay and lbian relatnships beg unnatural [36].

Begng om the macro level of a gay man’s social elogy, heteronormative masculy permeat the psychology of how they perceive themselv, others, and the world and extends to the micro- and mo-systems that enforce heteronormative genr and sexual inti through teractns wh iends and fay members (microsystem), as well as strangers and lleagu (mosystem) [7, 19, 25, 29, 30, 31, 42].