Gay-Lsac, Joseph Louis (1778-1850)

Contents:

• JOSEPH-LOUIS GAY-LSAC
• SCIENTIST OF THE DAY - JOSEPH LOUIS GAY-LSAC
• GAY-LSAC'S LAW DEFN
• JOSEPH LOUIS GAY-LSAC AND HIS WORK ON GAS
• GAY-LSAC, JOSEPH LOUIS (1778–1850)
• GAY-LSAC
• GAY-LSAC’S LAW
• JOSEPH LOUIS GAY-LSAC
• LOUIS JOSEPH GAY-LSAC
• HUM GAY LSAC: BUNYI, RUM, CONTOH SOAL, DAN PENERAPAN
• JOSEPH LOUIS GAY-LSAC (1778–1850) AND ANALYTIL CHEMISTRY

JOSEPH-LOUIS GAY-LSAC

In 1804 Gay-Lsac ma several darg ascents of over 7,000 meters above sea level hydrogen-filled balloons—a feat not equaled for another 50 years—that allowed him to vtigate other aspects of gas. In 1808 Gay-Lsac announced what was probably his sgle greatt achievement: om his own and others’ experiments he duced that gas at nstant temperature and prsure be simple numeril proportns by volume, and the rultg product or products—if gas—also bear a simple proportn by volume to the volum of the reactants.

Wh his fellow profsor at the Éle Polytechnique, Louis Jacqu Thénard, Gay-Lsac also participated early electrochemil rearch, vtigatg the elements disvered by s means. Joseph-Louis Gay-Lsac, (born December 6, 1778, Sat-Léonard--Noblat, France—died May 9, 1850, Paris), French chemist and physicist who pneered vtigatns to the behavur of gas, tablished new techniqu for analysis, and ma notable advanc applied chemistry.

Early his schoolg, Gay-Lsac acquired an tert science, and his mathematil abily enabled him to pass the entrance examatn for the newly found Éle Polytechnique, where stunts’ expens were paid by the state.

SCIENTIST OF THE DAY - JOSEPH LOUIS GAY-LSAC

At Arcueil, Berthollet was joed by the ement mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace, who engaged Gay-Lsac experiments on pillary orr to study short-range forc.

GAY-LSAC'S LAW DEFN

Gay-Lsac’s approach to the study of matter was nsistently volumetric rather than gravimetric, ntrast to that of his English ntemporary John Dalton. Another example of Gay-Lsac’s fondns for volumetric rats appeared an 1810 vtigatn to the posn of vegetable substanc performed wh his iend Louis-Jacqu Thenard.

In a followg solo flight, Gay-Lsac reached 7, 016 metr (more than 23, 000 feet), thereby settg a rerd for the hight balloon flight that remaed unbroken for a half-century. In 1805–06, amid the Napoleonic wars, Gay-Lsac embarked upon a European tour wh another Arcueil lleague, the Pssian explorer Alexanr von Humboldt. Gay-Lsac’s rearch together wh the patronage of Berthollet and the Arcueil group helped him to ga membership the prtig First Class of the Natnal Instute (later the Amy of Scienc) at an early stage his reer (1806).

JOSEPH LOUIS GAY-LSAC AND HIS WORK ON GAS

Three years prevly Gay-Lsac had been appoted to the junr post of répétr at the Éle Polytechnique where, 1810, he received a profsorship chemistry that clud a substantial salary.

Rivalry between Gay-Lsac and Davy reached a climax over the de experiments Davy rried out durg an extraordary vis to Paris November 1813, at a time when France was at war wh Bra. Gay-Lsac prented a much more plete study of de a long memoir prented to the Natnal Instute on Augt 1, 1814, and subsequently published the Annal chimie. In 1815 Gay-Lsac experimentally monstrated that pssic acid was simply hydrocyanic acid, a pound of rbon, hydrogen, and nrogen, and he also isolated the pound cyanogen [(CN)2 or C2N2].

Begng 1816, Gay-Lsac served as the jot edor of the Annal chimie et physique, a posn he shared wh his former Arcueil lleague François Arago. Prevly a few c trials had been rried out to timate the strength of chlore solutns bleachg, but Gay-Lsac troduced a scientific rigour to chemil quantifitn and vised important modifitns to apparat.

GAY-LSAC, JOSEPH LOUIS (1778–1850)

The prcipl of volumetric analysis uld be tablished only through Gay-Lsac’s theoretil and practil geni but, once tablished, the analysis self uld be rried out by a junr assistant wh brief trag. In 1848 (the year of revolutns) Gay-Lsac rigned om his var appotments Paris, and he retired to a untry hoe the neighbourhood of his youth that was stocked wh his library and a private laboratory. ” In a logy livered after his ath at the Amy of Scienc, his iend, the physicist Arago, summed up Gay-Lsac’s scientific work as that of “an gen physicist and an outstandg chemist.

GAY-LSAC

Gay-Lsac is well known to morn chemists for two laws, one relatg the volume of a gas to s temperature (volume creas learly wh temperature), and the send, lled the law of bg volum, which stat that when two gas be, their volum are the rats of small whole numbers. The law of bg volum uld be ed to support John Dalton's atomic theory, published the very same year, for if water nsists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen, then one might well expect that you would need two volum of hydrogen for every one of oxygen (assumg that equal volum of gas nta equal numbers of particl, and Amao Avogadro would offer this up as his own law, Avogadro's hypothis, 1811) the non-chemist, Gay-Lsac's reer as a balloonist might be of more tert.

GAY-LSAC’S LAW

Wh fellow chemist Jean-Baptiste Bt, Gay-Lsac ma a balloon ascent of some 4 1804, llectg atmospheric sampl all the way, and the next year he ma a solo ascent and went even higher, settg an altu rerd of some 23, 000 feet that would stand for another 60 years. He also termed that the posn of the atmosphere do not change wh 1867, Louis Figuier published an image of the Bt/Gay-Lsac ascent that has proved que endurg balloong lore (send image); the illtratn has been much pied, even appearg on a tea rd (first image).

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JOSEPH LOUIS GAY-LSAC

Gay-Lsac soon took the relatnship between chemil mass implied by Dalton’s atomic theory and expand to volumetric relatnships of gas. Th, Gay-Lsac’s law relat volum of the chemil nstuents wh a pound, unlike Dalton’s law of multiple proportns, which relat only one nstuent of a pound wh the same nstuent other pounds.

The send part of Gay-Lsac’s law stat that if gas be to form gas, the volum of the products are also simple numeril rats to the volume of the origal gas. In his “Mémoire sur la baison s substanc gazs, l un avec l tr” (1809; “Memoir on the Combatn of Gaseo Substanc wh Each Other”), Gay-Lsac wrote: Th appears evint to me that gas always be the simplt proportns when they act on one another; and we have seen realy all the precedg exampl that the rat of batn is 1 to 1, 1 to 2 or 1 to 3.

The French scientist Joseph-Louis Gay-Lsac (1778-1850; view portra at the Welle llectn) ma important ntributns ncerng the physil and chemil properti of gas. Bis the work scribed this selectn, he helped tablish that the volume of a gas at nstant prsure vari simply wh s temperature [Gay-Lsac 1802], a rult known today as Charl' law.

LOUIS JOSEPH GAY-LSAC

The empiril evince prented by Gay-Lsac of gas bg simple rats by volume is remarkably nsistent wh John Dalton's ia of substanc bg atom to atom. ) The ngence between the ias of Dalton and the experiments of Gay-Lsac is obv to morn chemists, but was risted by both Dalton and Gay-Lsac.

I have add some footnot that were prent Gay-Lsac's origal paper and the Alembic Club translatn but which I neglected to clu my origal annotated versn of this paper. ) Thanks to Jim Keiser, who drew my attentn to errors Gay-Lsac's figur for the muriate of ammonium, and whose note prompted me to rrect the earlier omissn of footnot and to fix broken lks. [2]Gay-Lsac here stat an aspect of Charl' law (named after his ntemporary Jacqu Charl), a subject on which he also nducted signifint rearch.

HUM GAY LSAC: BUNYI, RUM, CONTOH SOAL, DAN PENERAPAN

[Gay-Lsac 1802] The extent to which a gas expands at nstant prsure is directly proportnal to s temperature, wh a proportnaly nstant the same for all gas. [3]Gay-Lsac offers some sight to the reason behd a well-known fact the physil scienc: gas are simple while solids and pecially liquids are plited. [Partgton 1948] The llectn of quantative data on bg mass, Dalton's program of pilg specific heats and his program of measurg atomic weights (prev chapter), and Gay-Lsac's work on bg volum n be seen as efforts to make chemistry a quantative science.

[7]Gay-Lsac summariz three opns on the qutn of bg proportns: Joseph-Louis Prot (1754-1826; see portra at the Welle llectn) believed that there were only two bg proportns possible for any pair of elements [e. [10]By the time Gay-Lsac prented this paper, most of the available evince supported the hypothis of fe proportns, and much of the evince for variable proportns uld be explaed as due to mixtur rather than pounds.

The fact that Gay-Lsac was an associate and protégé of Berthollet perhaps cled Gay-Lsac to have more nfince his work than perhaps the evince mered. What is important, however, is not so much the inty of the pounds volved the reactns (for ed, Gay-Lsac did not know the formulas of many of them, and did not report the quanti of product formed), but the fact that all the reactns the gas bed simple rats by volume. In the first example given, that of water, Gay-Lsac means (although do not say so explicly) that water ntas 200 parts of hydrogen by volume for every 100 parts of oxygen.

JOSEPH LOUIS GAY-LSAC (1778–1850) AND ANALYTIL CHEMISTRY

In ncrete terms, Gay-Lsac has enough objectivy and tegry to disagree openly wh Berthollet about the analysis of "muriate of ammonia, " even while his rpect for Berthollet seems to cloud his judgment ncerng fe proportns. Gay-Lsac llaboratn wh Louis Jacqu Thenard (1777-1857; see portra at the Welle llectn) ed siar electrochemil techniqu, often workg on siar projects at about the same time. It is difficult to expla pletely the analys Gay-Lsac reports here [Gay-Lsac & Thenard 1809]: how was oxygen reported when there was no oxygen prent?