Barriers and Stigma Experienced by Gay Fathers and Their Children | Pediatrics | Amerin Amy of Pediatrics

Contents:

• GLOBAL REGNN OF HUMAN RIGHTS FOR LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR PEOPLE
• ENG 112 - GAY
• DIVERSY AND INCLN: IMPACTS ON PSYCHOLOGIL WELLBEG AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENR, AND QUEER COMMUNI
• OPPRSN AND DISCRIMATN AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENRED PEOPLE AND COMMUNI: A CHALLENGE FOR COMMUNY PSYCHOLOGY
• CLDE GAY
• HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR?
• WHAT DO PEOPLE BELIEVE ABOUT GAY MAL? A STUDY OF STEREOTYPE NTENT AND STRENGTH
• “GAY RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS”: THE FRAMG OF NEW INTERPRETATNS OF INTERNATNAL HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS
• NO ‘GAY GENE’: MASSIVE STUDY HOM ON GEIC BASIS OF HUMAN SEXUALY

GLOBAL REGNN OF HUMAN RIGHTS FOR LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR PEOPLE

1 Some people, specifilly lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr (LGBT) dividuals, are many plac and circumstanc nied their claim to the full set of human rights. For example, the Internatnal Gay and Lbian Human Rights Commissn (IGLHRC) has existed for the past 16 years to secure the full enjoyment of the human rights of LGBT people and muni subject to discrimatn or abe on the basis of sexual orientatn or exprsn, genr inty or exprsn, and/or HIV stat. ”44 The UN Human Rights Commtee, which monors pliance wh the Internatnal Covenant on Civil and Polil Rights, found that laws punishg adult nsensual homosexual acts vlate the Covenant’s guarante of nondiscrimatn and privacy and held that discrimatn on the basis of sexual orientatn is prohibed unr Articl 2 and 26 of the Covenant.

46This year, LGBT advot were not allowed to jo discsns at the UN Enomic and Social Council (ECOSOC) when the Council dismissed the applitns of the ILGA and the Danish Associatn of Gays and Lbians for observer stat. The btal murr of lbian activist FannyAnn Eddy the office of the Sierra Leone Lbian and Gay Associatn occurred only a few months after she gave an impassned speech to the UN Commissn on Human Rights 2004.

ENG 112 - GAY

” She next talked about the nstant fear experienced by LGBT people, “… fear of the police and officials wh the power to arrt and ta simply bee of our sexual orientatn … fear that our fai will disown … [that we will be] forced out of [our] fay hom … wh nowhere else to go, and th bee homels, have no food, and rort to sex work orr to survive … fear wh our muni, where we face nstant harassment and vlence om neighbors and others [while the] … homophobic attacks go unpunished by thori. ”Then Eddy spoke about the nnectn between the nial of LGBT existence and the risk of HIV transmissn: “Acrdg to a recent rearch study published December 2003 by the Sierra Leone Lbian and Gay Associatn llaboratn wh Health Way Sierra Leone, 90% of men who have sex wh men also have sex wh women, eher their wiv or girliends. Kg stated at the 2000 annual nference of the Natnal Gay and Lbian Task Force, “Freedom om discrimatn based on sexual orientatn is surely a fundamental human right any great mocracy, as much as eedom om racial, relig, genr, or ethnic discrimatn.

Individuals who have a greater gree of ternalized homonegativy exprs more unfavorable sentiments about themselv due to their sexual orientatn (Os et al., 2020). Substantial evince suggts that bisexual youngsters are at an even greater risk of velopg psychologil problems than gay/lbian adolcents (Sav-Williams, 2020), given experienc of strsors associated wh “double discrimatn” (i. In a 2011 article (Chakraborty et al., 2011), was found that gay/lbian dividuals experience elevated gre of psychologil disfort parison to straight people.

GSAs foster clive school environments not only for LGBT + stunts but for all stunts, thereby ntributg to lower levels of homonegative victimizatn, fear for safety, homophobic remarks and multiple forms of bias-based bullyg (based on body weight, genr, relign, disabily, genr typily, sexualy) (Marx and Kettrey, 2016; Lsard et al., 2020). Servg our youth: Fdgs om a natnal survey of servic provirs workg wh lbian, gay, bisexual and transgenr youth who are homels or at risk of beg homels. Que (e) ryg unrgraduate medil curricula: a cross-sectnal onle survey of lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, and queer ntent cln UK unrgraduate medil tn.

DIVERSY AND INCLN: IMPACTS ON PSYCHOLOGIL WELLBEG AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENR, AND QUEER COMMUNI

An applied llaborative trag program for graduate stunts muny psychology: A se study of a muny project workg wh lbian, gay, bisexual, transgenr, and qutng youth.

Acrdg to the 2017 YRBS youth that intified as a sexual mory (lbian, gay, bisexual, or another non-heterosexual inty or reportg same-sex attractn or sexual partners) reported creased sexual partners, earlier sexual but, the e of alhol or dgs before sex, creased ndom and ntraceptive e than their heterosexual peers (Rasberry et al., 2018). Seventeen stat require discsn of sexual orientatn, wh only 10 requirg rmatn to be clive of genr and sexualy, and seven mandatg only negative rmatn be provid on homosexualy and posive rmatn solely be provid on heterosexualy (Guttmacher Instute, 2020). The laws tend to prohib the promotn of homosexualy, ny SGMY the sexual health rmatn they need and serve to further stigmatize them for their genr inty and sexual orientatn (Gay, Lbian and Straight Edutn Network (GLSEN), 2018).

Qualative; n=30 young gay, bisexual and qutng men who had experience wh school-based sex rmatn on sexual mori was exclud om the sex-tn tght school. Non-heterosexual, non-bary, and genr-nonnformg dividuals and their behavr were often pathologized the tn prented, leadg to ternalized homophobia, creased prsn, creased anxiety, and self-loathg GSMY (Arbe et al., 2016; Bodnar & Tornello, 2019; Gowen & Wg-Yanez, 2014; Hobai et al., 2019; Hobai & Kwon, 2017; Pgel et al., 2013; Steke et al., 2017). Curricula prented to stunts schools mt be evince-based and facilated by traed LGBT (lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr) affirmg tors (Gowen & Wg-Yanez, 2014; Hobai et al., 2019; Hobai & Kwon, 2017; Human Rights Campaign, 2015; Steke et al., 2017).

OPPRSN AND DISCRIMATN AMONG LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENRED PEOPLE AND COMMUNI: A CHALLENGE FOR COMMUNY PSYCHOLOGY

Clde Gay has led Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Scienc as the Edgerley Fay Dean sce Augt 2018, havg served prevly as Dean of Social Science om 2015 to 2018.

CLDE GAY

As FAS an, Gay has guid efforts to expand stunt accs and opportuny, spur excellence and novatn teachg and rearch, enhance aspects of the FAS’s amic culture, and brg new emphasis and energy to areas such as quantum science and engeerg; climate change; ethnicy, digeney, and migratn; and the humani. Prr to jog the Harvard faculty, Gay was an assistant profsor of polil science at Stanford Universy om 2000 to 2005, and an associate profsor (tenured) om 2005 to 2006. A member of the Amerin Amy of Arts and Scienc, Gay has pursued her scholarship as a fellow at the Public Policy Instute of California, the Center for Advanced Study the Behavral Scienc, and the Radcliffe Instute for Advanced Study at Harvard.

BACKGROUND:Gay men have bee fathers the ntext of a heterosexual relatnship, by adoptn, by donatg sperm to 1 or 2 lbian women and subsequently sharg parentg rponsibili, and/or by engagg the servic of a surrogate pregnancy rrier. The 2013 US Supreme Court’s legalizatn of full rights to marriage for same-genr partners provid full legimacy to fai created by lbian and gay upl and regnized that their children would be beneficiari of the sanctned legal stat of their parents. Social science rearch has documented the well-beg of children raised by same-genr parents, 1, 2 and many profsnal associatns that addrs parentg have endorsed nfince and optimism about gay or lbian parents raisg children, cludg the Amerin Amy of Pediatrics, Amic Pediatric Associatn, Amerin Medil Associatn, and Amerin Amy of Child and Adolcent Psychiatry.

HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENR?

6 Prevly, most gay men beme fathers the ntext of a heterosexual marriage; some knew that they were gay and saw marriage as the only route to parenthood; others regnized and acknowledged their homosexualy later.

9, –11 More recently, new reproductive technologi have allowed gay men to provi sperm to a woman who would rry a pregnancy for them, a surrogate rrier. Neverthels, gay men report spicn and cricism for their cisn to be parents om gay iends who have not chosen parenthood, barriers the adoptn procs, and isolatn their parental role.

16 Gay fathers have to ntend wh the still-prevalent belief that children need a mother to thrive and stereotyp associated wh gay men as ivolo, unstable, and unf parents. 15 A recent study revealed that although gay fathers did not differ om heterosexual fathers the strength and qualy of their relatnships, feelgs of rejectn and havg to jtify themselv as parents affected fathers’ feelgs of petence as parents.

WHAT DO PEOPLE BELIEVE ABOUT GAY MAL? A STUDY OF STEREOTYPE NTENT AND STRENGTH

Our objective this study was to disver whether gay men ntue to enunter barriers beg fathers and stigma var ntexts and to exame associatns between the experienc and legal and social stctur that surround the fai. mographic rmatn about the rponnt and his children;the method(s) by which the child(ren) joed the fay;whether the rponnt had faced barriers accsg pathways to parenthood; andwhether rponnts had been “ma to feel unfortable, exclud, shamed, hurt, or unwele” specific social ntexts bee of beg/havg a gay father (active stigma), or had “avoid var suatns bee of worry about people’s judgments” (anticipated stigma). We distributed a lk to the survey through targeted Facebook advertisg, an advertisement Gay Parent Magaze, Twter, Meetup groups, and direct ntacts wh lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr (LGBT) parentg groups, advocy anizatns, LGBT muny and cultural centers, surrogacy and adoptn agenci, and church groups throughout the Uned Stat.

“GAY RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS”: THE FRAMG OF NEW INTERPRETATNS OF INTERNATNAL HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS

To unrstand the fluence of the social environment on gay fathers and their children, we ed the “equaly ratgs” created by the Movement Advancement Project () based on each state’s laws for protectn of LGBT fai (eg, laws regardg adoptn and foster re by lbians and gay men, the availabily of legal domtic partnerships, civil unns, and civil marriage, regulatns about bullyg schools, etc).

We ed rankgs of specific relig groups reported by Hatzenbuehler et al, 20 which were based on the explic beliefs of each relign regardg homosexualy and marriage equaly; each relign was ranked om 0 to 4.

Pathways to fatherhood varied dramatilly on the basis of the birth date of the elst child (Fig 1), reflectg greater social acceptance of gay men beg parents recent years.

NO ‘GAY GENE’: MASSIVE STUDY HOM ON GEIC BASIS OF HUMAN SEXUALY

Approximately one-fourth of rponnts reported experiencg stigma the past year om fay members, neighbors, gay iends, and/or service provirs such as waers, service provirs, and salpeople (see Table 2).

Fathers reported few stigma experienc related to havg gay parents directed at children om fay members, neighbors, or relig, school, or health re ntexts. The amount of muny support provid to members of sexual mori has been shown to be related to the well-beg of lbian and gay adolcents, 25, 26 adults, 24, 27 and children wh lbian or gay parents, 28 cludg rat of suicidaly and psychiatric disorrs. Given their important role as lears the muny’s support for all fai, pediatricians rg for children and their gay fathers should regnize the likelihood that stigma may be a part of the fay’s experience and help both fai and muni to unteract .