Acrdg to past rearch, lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr (LGBT) dividuals experience a higher prevalence of psychopathology, which is attributable to the creased strs (i.e., stigma and prejudice) that they experience, as tailed by the mory strs mol (MSM). This current lerature review examed the empiril lerature regardg the rat and typ of, and risk factors for eatg disorrs and disorred eatg behavrs LGBT adults and adolcents, addn to each dividual subgroup (i.e., lbians, gay mal, bisexuals, transgenr and genr-nonnformg dividuals). LGBT adults and adolcents experience greater cince of eatg disorrs and disorred eatg behavrs than their heterosexual and cisgenr unterparts. Addnally, gay, bisexual, and transgenr adults and adolcents were all at creased risk for eatg disorrs and disorred eatg behavrs. Mixed rults were found for lbian adults and adolcents. Rults are discsed wh the amework of the MSM.
Contents:
- SPEAKG OUT: MCLE DYSMORPHIA THE GAY COMMUNY
- BODY DYSMORPHIA AND EATG DISORRS GAY MEN
- GAY MEN AND BODY IMAGE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
- BODY DYSMORPHIA THE GAY COMMUNY
- BODY DYSMORPHIA CONTU TO BE A SER ISSUE AMONG GAY MEN
- GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S HEALTH ISSU
- GAY MEN AND BODY DISSATISFACTN
- BODY DYSMORPHIA GAY MEN
- BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE AND ASSOCIATED EATG DISORR AND BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORR PATHOLOGY GAY AND HETEROSEXUAL MEN: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYS OF GNIVE, AFFECTIVE, BEHAVRAL UND PERCEPTUAL ASPECTS
SPEAKG OUT: MCLE DYSMORPHIA THE GAY COMMUNY
Why do so many gay men crave a certa body ial? Our expert discs eatg disorrs & body image issu gay men. * body dysmorphia gay community *
D: A lot of gay people are pecially nervo about agg, I thk as I get olr, jt turng 30, I’m tryg to thk a different way, as my goals are changg, I have ls time to work out, more rponsibili, have to e to grips I n go to the gym, I want to stay healthy, but need to balance out my life more.
He stggl wh the photo-heavy, body-foced vib of the onle datg scene for gay Sciallo has never had an official diagnosis of body dysmorphia or an eatg disorr, "I would be lyg if I said that I didn't still obss over the number on the sle, " he thks the gay muny is due for a reckong about appearanc. “One of the more surprisg elements that me out of the rearch is how often experienc of the body–more specifilly, whether or not an dividual felt his body was acceptable or unacceptable the marketplace of gay culture—was related to a feelg of cln or excln wh that culture, ” Carl said. Some rearch suggts that sexual mory men may be more likely to ternalise an appearance ial that is centred around lookg athletic (124) and that there may be a greater emphasis on physil appearance the gay muny, which n negatively affect body image (125) through prsure to match this ial.
BODY DYSMORPHIA AND EATG DISORRS GAY MEN
Gay men experience eatg disorrs and body dysmorphia more than any other populatn except for heterosexual women. Learn more about why this post. * body dysmorphia gay community *
2 percent of heterosexual men, but the number is far higher gay and bisexual fact, a study published 2020 the journal Body Image nducted surveys om 268 gay and bisexual teens and adult men and found BDD more than 49 percent of the study study attribut the high prevalence of BDD to the strs of livg as a sexual mory, which enpass a wi-range of anxieti, cludg the fear of rejectn, sexual orientatn ncealment, homophobia, bullyg, and threats of vlence. The study looked at the effect of 11 social media platforms over 2, 700 gay men and found that those who spent the most time on image-centric social media (thk Instagram) more likely to feel bad about their own mcl and to have an eatg Culture Is Harmg the CommunyIn many ways, gay culture self has led to the rise BDD sce is often characterized by a sire for youthfulns and a mcular physique, says Whel. And all the participants said their symptoms of secury about their body creased when they beme immersed gay male participants scribed a prsure to f to a perfect ial, and they felt strs that the muny that accepted them for beg a sexual mory would now shun them for their appearance.
“You are the expert you, ” she says, and suggts people try different typ of therapy to fd what feels Communy and Support Gay SpacEngage wh a muny that mak you feel are many gay spac that aren’t rooted the bar or club scene, where you feel you’re unr a microspe, not Gamboni. Although there is not a great al of rearch on the prevalence of BDD/MD LGBTQI+ teens, one reason mental health profsnals are ncerned about BDD/MD gay, transgenr, and/or nonbary teens is the stigma and scty they experience om judgmental, non-acceptg peers and fay members.
GAY MEN AND BODY IMAGE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
While people who intify as lbian, gay, bisexual and transgenr (LGBT) experience body image ncerns ways that are generally siar to people who intify as heterosexual, their experience and relatnship wh their body is likely to differ specific ways. * body dysmorphia gay community *
In the se of gay men, societal prsur to nform to a specific body type, particularly the ntext of the gay muny, n play a signifint role the velopment of body the gay muny, there is often an emphasis on physil appearance, and many gay men feel the need to f to a certa body type to be accepted.
Instead, I was undated wh the tegorizatns of gay men labeled based on their body type and age, and experienced an overwhelmg prsure to live up to the figureheads of the gay muny reprented pornography and popular culture, mostly ma up of mcular whe wh body image perva the gay muny, part due to the social mands for gay men to uphold high standards of bety. I long felt disnnected om the heteronormative bubble I was raised , and I later enuntered the unrcurrents of racism the gay muny upon observg numero profil on datg and hookup apps statg "No Asians, " which displaced me om both standards of bety and acceptance wh two of my own muni.
“People who have body dysmorphic disorr, are gay, and of lor have two layers of fluence of how they look, so all of that needs to be taken to acunt bee some of that needs to be alt wh for the person to fully heal, ” said Chris Trondsen, a psychotherapist and clician that specializ asssg his clients, Trondsen, who is a gay man wh BDD himself, says ’s important to intify the bety expectatns of his clients’ culture to see if their race and sexualy have fluenced how their BDD is reprented.
BODY DYSMORPHIA THE GAY COMMUNY
Some gay men feel unattractive and stggle wh eatg disorrs, which tak s toll on mental and physil health. * body dysmorphia gay community *
The tersectnaly of beg a gay man and a racial mory creas the sire for acceptance rooted years of rejectn om societal standards of masculy and bety, Trondsen explaed, and obtag a “perfect” appearance is one way to avoid rejectn and superficially mask feelgs of sufficiency.
N = 216 men (n = 112 gay men, n = 104 heterosexual men) participated an onle survey measurg the discrepancy between self-rated current and ial body fat/ mculary; drive for leanns, mculary, and thns; body satisfactn; body-related avoidance and checkg; appearance fixg; overall body image disturbance; eatg disorr and body dysmorphic disorr pathology; general everyday discrimatn experienc; and volvement wh the gay muny.
Gay men showed a greater discrepancy between self-rated current and ial body fat; higher drive for thns, body-related avoidance, appearance fixg, overall body image disturbance, eatg disorr and body dysmorphic disorr pathology; and lower body appreciatn than heterosexual men (all p ≤. In sum, rults are rather divergent, wh some studi suggtg that gay men exercise more often than heterosexual men [24, 25], which would be le wh a prevly mentned high drive for mculary, and other studi revealg that gay men unrtake equally [22] or even signifintly ls physil exercise [17, 22, 26]. Dpe the multiple, yet divergent rults on exercise behavr, only one study has examed differenc between gay and heterosexual men regardg body-related avoidance and pulsive self-monorg, cludg checkg behavr [21], and found greater levels of avoidance and checkg behavr gay men.
BODY DYSMORPHIA CONTU TO BE A SER ISSUE AMONG GAY MEN
Rearch has shown that the followg are some of the most mon health ncerns faced by gay and bisexual men. * body dysmorphia gay community *
However, other studi did not show an associatn of gay muny volvement wh body dissatisfactn [57], drive for mculary [58], and drive for thns [56], or revealed that greater levels of participatn gay-affirmative muny events predicted lower body dissatisfactn [59].
GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN'S HEALTH ISSU
Objective This study ntribut to the quantatively large, yet narrow spe rearch on body image gay men by asssg whether gay and heterosexual men systematilly differ on var dimensns of body image disturbance and associated pathology, i.e., eatg disorr and body dysmorphic disorr symptoms. Moreover, we examed the fluence of general everyday discrimatn experienc and volvement wh the gay muny on body image. Method N = 216 men (n = 112 gay men, n = 104 heterosexual men) participated an onle survey measurg the discrepancy between self-rated current and ial body fat/ mculary; drive for leanns, mculary, and thns; body satisfactn; body-related avoidance and checkg; appearance fixg; overall body image disturbance; eatg disorr and body dysmorphic disorr pathology; general everyday discrimatn experienc; and volvement wh the gay muny. Rults Gay men showed a greater discrepancy between self-rated current and ial body fat; higher drive for thns, body-related avoidance, appearance fixg, overall body image disturbance, eatg disorr and body dysmorphic disorr pathology; and lower body appreciatn than heterosexual men (all p ≤ .05). Contrary to expectatn, everyday discrimatn experienc were more strongly associated wh body image disturbance and eatg disorr/ body dysmorphic disorr pathology heterosexual men than gay men (all p ≤ .05). Gay muny volvement was not associated wh any body image disturbance-, ED-, or BDD aspect gay men (all p ≥ .20). Discsn The rults suggt greater body image disturbance gay men than heterosexual men regardg gnns, emotns, behavrs, and perceptn as well as higher eatg disorr and body dysmorphic disorr pathology. The rults also suggt the dilemma of a th, yet mcular body ial gay men. Surprisgly, discrimatn experienc and volvement wh the gay muny did not expla differenc body image disturbance. Gay men may have bee rilient to discrimatn over time, and body ials might differ across gay sub-muni. * body dysmorphia gay community *
Therefore, the prent study, we aimed to extent the rearch on body image disturbance gay men by performg a systematic multidimensnal analysis of the gnive-affective, behavral, and perceptual ponent of body image disturbance and associated pathology (ED, BDD) gay and heterosexual men. However, we predicted that gay men would show signifintly greater drive for thns and drive for leanns, and signifintly ls body satisfactn pared to heterosexual men, but equally elevated gnive drive for mculary (gnive-affective ponent of body image disturbance).
GAY MEN AND BODY DISSATISFACTN
Reprentg the pathologil extreme pursu of mculary, mcle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around sufficient mculary and an elevated drive for mculary. Dpe evince of elevated body image-related ncerns among sexual mory populatns, ltle is known about the gree of mcle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms among sexual mori, particularly based on Mcle Dysmorphic Disorr Inventory (MDDI) sr. The objective of this study was to exame the nature and severy of MD symptoms cisgenr sexual mory men and women and provi muny norms of the MDDI for the populatns. Data om participants The PRIDE Study, an existg study of health out sexual and genr mory people om the Uned Stat, were examed. Participants clud cisgenr gay men (N = 1090), cisgenr bisexual pl (bisexual, pansexual, and/or polysexual) men (N = 100), cisgenr lbian women (N = 563), and cisgenr bisexual pl women (N = 507). We lculated means, standard viatns (SD), and percentil for the MDDI total and subsle sr for cisgenr sexual mory men and women. We pared MDDI sr by sexual orientatn g lear regrsn mols, both unadjted and adjted for socmographics. Overall, the sample was 85.2% Whe, 3.0% Asian or Pacific Islanr, 2.0% Black, 0.5% Native Amerin, 3.9% multiracial, and 6.6% Hispanic/Lato/a. The mean age was 38.6 (SD = 14.3) and 69.4% had a llege gree or higher. Means (SD) for the MDDI total sre were 27.4 (7.7) for cisgenr gay men, 26.4 (6.4) for cisgenr bisexual pl men, 24.3 (6.1) for cisgenr lbian women, and 24.6 (5.5) for cisgenr bisexual pl women. There were no signifint differenc MDDI sr between cisgenr gay and bisexual pl men, or between cisgenr lbian women and bisexual pl women unadjted or adjted mols. The normative data provi sights to the experience of MD symptoms among cisgenr sexual mory men and women and n aid rearchers and clicians the evaluatn of MD symptoms and terpretatn of MDDI sr sexual mory populatns. * body dysmorphia gay community *
Furthermore, we predicted that gay men, bee of their sexual orientatn, would report more everyday discrimatn experienc than heterosexual men, and that equency of everyday discrimatn would be associated wh the above-mentned body image disturbance aspects as well as ED and BDD pathology both groups. To clarify, we fed gay muny as a group of people wh the shared characteristic of beg gay, and gay muny volvement as engagg wh other members of the gay muny and active participatn gay muny spac and activi, such as attendg pri events, visg a gay bar or readg a gay newspaper [55, 61]. Participants of all genrs aged 18 years and olr were reced om 04/2017 to 01/2018 German-speakg untri via universy e-mail distributn lists, posters, flyers, prs releas, wh a particular foc on lbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenr (LGBT) webs and Facebook groups.
Data om the Body Image Copg Strategi Inventory (BICSI) [65], the Genr-Ntral Body Checkg Qutnnaire (GNBCQ) [66], the Intifitn and Involvement wh the Gay Communy Sle (IGCS) [61] and The Everyday Discrimatn Sle (EDS) [67] have not yet been prented for our men sub-sample any other study. Intifitn and Involvement wh the Gay Communy Sle (IGCS) IGCS [61; German translatn available om the thor] asss gay and bisexual men’s affiliatn wh and perceived closens to the gay male muny, such as through readg gay newspapers or attendg gay-affirmative events.
BODY DYSMORPHIA GAY MEN
To vtigate the associatn of equency of discrimatn experienc as well as volvement wh the gay muny wh body image disturbance facets, ED pathology, and BDD pathology, we lculated Spearman’s rrelatn efficient ρ for gay men and heterosexual men separately, or the se of volvement wh the gay muny for gay men only (small effect: ρ = 0. Wh regard to body image disturbance facets, gay men showed signifintly higher sr terms of drive for thns (DTS), appearance fixg (BICSI-appearance fixg) and general body image disturbance (BIDQ) pared to heterosexual men, while heterosexual men sred signifintly higher than gay men regardg body appreciatn (BAS-2). DiscsnThe objective of the prent study was to extent the lerature on body image gay men by providg a multidimensnal analysis of perceptual, gnive-affective and behavral body image disturbance facets and associated ED and BDD pathology gay and heterosexual men.
BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE AND ASSOCIATED EATG DISORR AND BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORR PATHOLOGY GAY AND HETEROSEXUAL MEN: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYS OF GNIVE, AFFECTIVE, BEHAVRAL UND PERCEPTUAL ASPECTS
The fdgs scribed above might also be reflected by greater discrepanci between self-rated current and ial body fat gay men, however parable, though not statistilly equal, discrepanci between self-rated current and ial mculary gay and heterosexual men found our study.
The fdgs rrpond to earlier studi reportg greater discrepanci between self-rated current and ial body fat gay men than heterosexual men [93, 94], but no difference between gay and heterosexual men regardg the discrepanci between self-rated current and ial mculary [31]. Wh regard to the behavral ponent of body image disturbance, gay men reported signifintly more body-related pg strategi such as appearance-fixg or avoidance behavr, which is le wh our ial hypothis and the so far only prev study on those aspects by Cella and lleagu [21].